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The current article explores how political changes in the past 130 years have shaped and reshaped three major museums in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH). The overall aim is to describe structural processes of national museum building in BiH and the ways the museological representation of history is connected to state and nation making and to political transitions and crises. The analysed museums are the National Museum of BiH, the History Museum of BiH, and the Museum of the Republic of Srpska. The source material analysed consists of the directories and the titles of exhibitions; secondary material, which describes previous exhibitions; and virtual museum tours.The article illustrates that during the Austrian- Hungarian Empire, which established the National Museum in 1888, the museum played an important part in the representation of Bosnian identity (bosnjastvo). After World War II, in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, all three analysed museums were summoned to interpret the past in accordance with the guidelines of the communist regime. Since the 1990s, a highly ethnicized process of identity building and of the musealization of heritage, and history permeates all three museums analysed here. When it comes to the central exhibition-themes following the 1990s war, one could conclude that whereas the National Museum and the History Museum highlight the recent creation of an independent BiH and ostracize BIH-Serbs, the Museum of the Republic of Srpska asserts the ostensible distinctiveness of the Republic of Srpska and excludes the narratives about BiH as a unified and independent nation- state. If an agreement about the future of BiH and its history is to be reached, a step towards multivocal historical narratives has to be made from both sides.
Etnološka tribina, 2014
In this paper I analyze monuments dedicated to labor and the labor movement that were built during the socialist period in the former Yugoslavia. Due to their supposed commemorative character, these monuments have often been lefout of scholarly surveys and analyses. A( er presenting an overview of the pre-World War II era labor-themed sculpture in the European and Yugoslav contexts, I will analyze the role of this genre of memorialization in the construction of the official narrative of social memory in socialist Yugoslavia. Thee three thematic units defined in this paper shall be presented through an analysis of selected case studies that point to the specificity of the conceptual and formal approach to the topic of work and labor in socialist Yugoslavia. *** U članku se analiziraju spomenici posvećeni radu i radništvu nastali u razdoblju socijalizma na području bivše Jugoslavije, koji su, s obzirom na pretpostavljen komemorativan karakter spomenika, u dosadašnjim pregledima i analizama često izostavljani. Nakon pregleda kiparskog tretmana teme radništva u javnoj plastici u razdoblju prije Drugog svjetskog rata u europskom i jugoslavenskom kontekstu, analiziraju se funkcije tog spomeničkog žanra u konstrukciji službenog narativa društvenog sjećanja u socijalističkoj Jugoslaviji. Pritom su izdvojene tri tematsko-problemske cjeline predstavljene analizom odabranih spomeničkih primjera koji ukazuju na specifičnosti idejnog ili formalnog pristupa temi rada i radništva u socijalističkoj Jugoslaviji.
Regaining the Past, Pavilion in Venice (chapter), 2022
Before, during the existence of the Yugoslav state and in the post-Yugoslav pe- riod, the common cultural (and art) space was shaped by the similar languages, culture, connections, mentality, territory, economic relations, (foreign) influences and art production. After the dissolution of Yugoslavia in disastrous war conflicts, a large eco- nomic and cultural crisis hit the whole Balkan region. The cruelty of the Bos- nia war together with the embargo, economic crisis, severe inflation and protests caused a collective cultural trauma in all the former Yugoslav countries. Simul- taneously, a high level of (narrative) fragmentation occurred in all institutions as a consequence of the crisis in society. It was reflected in the dysfunctionality of institutions and eventually in their closing down. After the dark period of the 1990s, in 2000, Serbia dived into progressive dem- ocratic changes and an unblocked transition process that would become a source of great disappointment in Serbian society. During all the changes and fluctua- tions, Yugoslavia (the idea and the state) was perceived as the main culprit for the crisis and a huge mistake in the newest history. The individual memory and private space of citizens in Serbia was still crowded with memories of the previous period, but translating them into the cul- tural memory became doubtful. For that kind of translation, and for revitalisation of that part of the culture, a space for speech, discussion and search for meaning would be essential, initiated and placed in institutions of culture. In my research I have investigated if and how Yugoslavia continued to ex- ist in cultural institutions as a phenomenon, through the values of its ideology and its common and wide cultural space, as a notion, motif and theme of proj- ects and events, in spite of all the aforementioned circumstances. I intended to present the importance of the Yugoslav legacy (as a symbolic heritage above all) from the perspective of creating continuity and finding (making) meaning about the past as a way of overcoming cultural trauma. The main categories and points of view I have chosen as the methodolo- gy of this research could be called an interdisciplinary cultural study approach, 336ꢀRegaining the Past. Yugoslav Legacy in the Period of Transition... involving content analysis, the notions of representation and interpretation, and the discovery of a symbolic or concrete presence/ absence. The material for my research comprised catalogues from exhibitions and sub- sequent publications, articles from newspapers and magazines, academic litera- ture, nonofficial interviews, videos, comments on exhibitions, comments as part of the programme in institutions, the personal interpretations of the actors (art- ists, academics, curators, activists, audience) expressed in informal interviews and meetings, noted or recorded, so that they could be incorporated into my research. The text is divided into four parts: State of the Art, Historical Context, Of- ficial Institutions and Alternative Institutions, preceded by the Introduction at the beginning, and followed by Conclusions at the end (together with a list of ref- erences and illustrations and a summary in English, Polish and Serbian). In the first chapter, State of Art, containing an overview of books, articles and projects that are connected with the theme of my work, I present different as- pects of its formulation and content. The second chapter titled Historical Context outlines the history of South Slavic unity with an overview of Yugoslav history. For the analytical part of my research I have chosen three official and three alternative institutions to describe and illustrate the place and role of the Yugoslav narrative and legacy in cultural institutions: the official ones are the Serbian pavil- ion in Venice (Paviljon Republike Srbije u Veneciji), the Museum of Contempo- rary Art in Belgrade (Muzej savremene umetnosti u Beogradu), and the Museum of Yugoslavia (Muzej Jugoslavije), while the nonofficial (alternative) ones are the Centre for Cultural Decontamination (Centar za kulturnu dekontaminaciju/ CZKD), the Inex squat, and the Catch-22 (Kvaka 22) alternative cultural centre. My assumption was that choosing from the different types of institution could help create a wider image and form the basis for a more complete map of institu- tions in Serbia in the post-Yugoslav period. The analytical part titled Official Institutions contains three chapters describ- ing three institutions. The first of these chapters discusses the Pavilion of the Republic of Serbia in Venice, formerly the Pavilion of Yugoslavia (in all of its state emanations). I have decided to investigate the Serbian (formerly Yugoslav) pavilion in Venice as the only institution where Yugoslavia still exists in the framework of interna- tional art and culture manifestations (even just as a living memory and context). The second chapter is dedicated to the Museum of Contemporary Art in Bel- grade, opened in 1965 as the most prominent cultural institution representing Yu- goslav and Serbian art of the 20th century. The Museum of Contemporary Art appears to be the institution–symbol of Yugoslav art and culture creation. The third chapter presents the Museum of Yugoslavia, the only institution in the former Yugoslav space fully dedicated to a representation of Yugoslavia. Summaryꢀ337 This institution has shown enormous capacity for transformation, communicating the possibility of a new modern institution. The analytical part devoted to alternative institutions also contains three chapters, preceded by a short introduction explaining and describing alterna- tive institutions as a phenomenon. The first chapter in the part titled Alterna- tive Institutions is discusses the Centre for Cultural Decontamination (Centar za kulturnu dekontaminaciju / CZKD). Being one of the oldest nonofficial organisa- tions in Serbia, having emerged from a decisive protest against the regime of Slo- bodan Milošević in 1995, the CZKD was my choice for the alternative institution of the older generation. As the second case I decided to describe the Inex squat and cultural centre established in a building of the Inex Film Company. The final chapter of the analytical part on alternative institutions presents the case of Kvaka 22, as an example of the youngest generations of artists and cul- tural workers, activists and citizens, and their approach towards culture and art, past and present. In the Conclusions I have presented the common denominators of all the de- scribed institutions from the perspective of the Yugoslav legacy, and the wider context as a common space for them all. I have also accentuated the conclusion about the significance of cooperation between institutions in the field of cultural memory, but not only. The phenomenon of relatedness and interconnectedness ap- pears to be crucial for the resolution of the cultural crisis.
Život umjetnosti 96/2015
Monuments dedicated to WWII events in socialist Yugoslavia are here correlated with the broader geographic space that they signify. The analysis has been based on the selected examples from Croatia, Slovenia, and Serbia, which reflect three types of relationship between the monument as the signifier and the memorial territory as the signified – the primary object of memorialization, defined by the specificity of the partisan experience of war and the demand for preserving the authentic memorial sites and objects. Innovations in the concepts and formal aspects of these monuments reflected the desire to establish a different relationship with each new generation of users, with the aim of transmitting social memory as efficiently as possible in the given socio-political context. /// Spomenici posvećeni događajima iz Drugog svjetskog rata nastali u socijalističkoj Jugoslaviji dovode se u suodnos sa širim geografskim prostorom kojeg markiraju. Analiza je zasnovana na odabranim primjerima iz Hrvatske, Slovenije i Srbije kojima se opisuju tri prepoznata modela odnosa spomenika kao označitelja i memorijalnog teritorija kao označenog, primarnog objekta memorijalizacije, uvjetovanog specifičnošću partizanskog iskustva rata i zahtjevom za čuvanjem autentičnih lokacija i objekata sjećanja. Inovacije u koncepcijama i formalnim aspektima spomeničkih rješenja proizlaze iz potrebe za uspostavljanjem drugačijih odnosa s novom generacijom korisnika s ciljem što uspješnijeg prenošenja društvenog sjećanja u zadanom društveno-političkom kontekstu.
Ninth information report on war damage to the cultural heritage in Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina, Doc. 7464, 1996
Wer ist Walter? International Perspectives on Resistance in Europe during World War II, 2024
Yugoslavia officially became an object of history when the Museum of Yugoslav History was founded (1996), pushing it into the past without the possibility of embedding the Yugoslav experience into policies of the future, i.e. the process of reshaping post-Yugoslav societies. The founding of a museum dedicated to a non-existing country only five years after its break-up during the bloodiest European war in the second half of the twentieth century was a purely political act. By no means was it the result of a thought out cultural policy, or the desire for musealization of Yugoslavia and socialist heritage. After the disintegration of Yugoslavia, there has been a revision of history: two resistance movements have been introduced into the public discourse — Partisan and Chetnik — and the socialist period has been labelled as “totalitarian”. We examined the Museum of the Revolution’s practices, and then observed the changes that have occurred in the way of displaying and interpreting the same items in the newly founded institution — the Museum of (History of) Yugoslavia. We have also considered the struggle of curators seeking objective presentation of facts regardless of political context and demands, lack of interest by the founders, and the absence of state and social consensus. Museum of Yugoslavia, which inherits an unwanted and dissonant legacy, opened the museum’s collections dealing with the fight against fascism and share them with artists, scientists, curators and various communities who will read and interpret it in different ways. The main opportunity for the Museum of Yugoslavia is to universalize the Yugoslav experience, which is more than relevant in today’s world, when people oppressed by increasing poverty, crises, and fear of new wars and conflicts need to be shown historical examples of resistance as a motivation for some new resistance to the injustices we are witnessing.
REGAINING THE PAST. YUGOSLAV LEGACY IN THE PERIOD OF TRANSITION, 2022
Before, during the existence of the Yugoslav state and in the post-Yugoslav pe- riod, the common cultural (and art) space was shaped by the similar languages, culture, connections, mentality, territory, economic relations, (foreign) influences and art production. After the dissolution of Yugoslavia in disastrous war conflicts, a large eco- nomic and cultural crisis hit the whole Balkan region. The cruelty of the Bos- nia war together with the embargo, economic crisis, severe inflation and protests caused a collective cultural trauma in all the former Yugoslav countries. Simul- taneously, a high level of (narrative) fragmentation occurred in all institutions as a consequence of the crisis in society. It was reflected in the dysfunctionality of institutions and eventually in their closing down. After the dark period of the 1990s, in 2000, Serbia dived into progressive dem- ocratic changes and an unblocked transition process that would become a source of great disappointment in Serbian society. During all the changes and fluctua- tions, Yugoslavia (the idea and the state) was perceived as the main culprit for the crisis and a huge mistake in the newest history. The individual memory and private space of citizens in Serbia was still crowded with memories of the previous period, but translating them into the cul- tural memory became doubtful. For that kind of translation, and for revitalisation of that part of the culture, a space for speech, discussion and search for meaning would be essential, initiated and placed in institutions of culture. In my research I have investigated if and how Yugoslavia continued to ex- ist in cultural institutions as a phenomenon, through the values of its ideology and its common and wide cultural space, as a notion, motif and theme of proj- ects and events, in spite of all the aforementioned circumstances. I intended to present the importance of the Yugoslav legacy (as a symbolic heritage above all) from the perspective of creating continuity and finding (making) meaning about the past as a way of overcoming cultural trauma. The main categories and points of view I have chosen as the methodolo- gy of this research could be called an interdisciplinary cultural study approach, 336ꢀRegaining the Past. Yugoslav Legacy in the Period of Transition... involving content analysis, the notions of representation and interpretation, and the discovery of a symbolic or concrete presence/ absence. The material for my research comprised catalogues from exhibitions and sub- sequent publications, articles from newspapers and magazines, academic litera- ture, nonofficial interviews, videos, comments on exhibitions, comments as part of the programme in institutions, the personal interpretations of the actors (art- ists, academics, curators, activists, audience) expressed in informal interviews and meetings, noted or recorded, so that they could be incorporated into my research. The text is divided into four parts: State of the Art, Historical Context, Of- ficial Institutions and Alternative Institutions, preceded by the Introduction at the beginning, and followed by Conclusions at the end (together with a list of ref- erences and illustrations and a summary in English, Polish and Serbian). In the first chapter, State of Art, containing an overview of books, articles and projects that are connected with the theme of my work, I present different as- pects of its formulation and content. The second chapter titled Historical Context outlines the history of South Slavic unity with an overview of Yugoslav history. For the analytical part of my research I have chosen three official and three alternative institutions to describe and illustrate the place and role of the Yugoslav narrative and legacy in cultural institutions: the official ones are the Serbian pavil- ion in Venice (Paviljon Republike Srbije u Veneciji), the Museum of Contempo- rary Art in Belgrade (Muzej savremene umetnosti u Beogradu), and the Museum of Yugoslavia (Muzej Jugoslavije), while the nonofficial (alternative) ones are the Centre for Cultural Decontamination (Centar za kulturnu dekontaminaciju/ CZKD), the Inex squat, and the Catch-22 (Kvaka 22) alternative cultural centre. My assumption was that choosing from the different types of institution could help create a wider image and form the basis for a more complete map of institu- tions in Serbia in the post-Yugoslav period. The analytical part titled Official Institutions contains three chapters describ- ing three institutions. The first of these chapters discusses the Pavilion of the Republic of Serbia in Venice, formerly the Pavilion of Yugoslavia (in all of its state emanations). I have decided to investigate the Serbian (formerly Yugoslav) pavilion in Venice as the only institution where Yugoslavia still exists in the framework of interna- tional art and culture manifestations (even just as a living memory and context). The second chapter is dedicated to the Museum of Contemporary Art in Bel- grade, opened in 1965 as the most prominent cultural institution representing Yu- goslav and Serbian art of the 20th century. The Museum of Contemporary Art appears to be the institution–symbol of Yugoslav art and culture creation. The third chapter presents the Museum of Yugoslavia, the only institution in the former Yugoslav space fully dedicated to a representation of Yugoslavia. Summaryꢀ337 This institution has shown enormous capacity for transformation, communicating the possibility of a new modern institution. The analytical part devoted to alternative institutions also contains three chapters, preceded by a short introduction explaining and describing alterna- tive institutions as a phenomenon. The first chapter in the part titled Alterna- tive Institutions is discusses the Centre for Cultural Decontamination (Centar za kulturnu dekontaminaciju / CZKD). Being one of the oldest nonofficial organisa- tions in Serbia, having emerged from a decisive protest against the regime of Slo- bodan Milošević in 1995, the CZKD was my choice for the alternative institution of the older generation. As the second case I decided to describe the Inex squat and cultural centre established in a building of the Inex Film Company. The final chapter of the analytical part on alternative institutions presents the case of Kvaka 22, as an example of the youngest generations of artists and cul- tural workers, activists and citizens, and their approach towards culture and art, past and present. In the Conclusions I have presented the common denominators of all the de- scribed institutions from the perspective of the Yugoslav legacy, and the wider context as a common space for them all. I have also accentuated the conclusion about the significance of cooperation between institutions in the field of cultural memory, but not only. The phenomenon of relatedness and interconnectedness ap- pears to be crucial for the resolution of the cultural crisis.
International Scientific Conference, Problems and Development Perspectives of Post-Soviet Countries Museums. Tbilisi, Georgia: ICOM National Committee in Georgia, 2015
The National Museum has been chosen as an example by this paper because it is the most vulnerable institution with a large number of employees, high maintenance costs and usolved status. The first chapter of the paper presents the Museum significane and problems effecting it. In the next chapter, the Museum is positioned in relation to the European practices, while the final chapter presents the methodology of drafting a business plan that can be applied to cultural institutions, in this particular case to resolve the status and sustainable management of the National Museum.
Foreword: A European Project, 2011
Academia Letters, 2022
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CDLB 2014:2 (preprint)
Biophysical Journal, 2019
Chemical Geology, 2002
Revue Thomiste, 2003
Biodiversity Data Journal
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Journal of geodesy, 2017