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This Excel file is a WORK IN PROGRESS on Indo-European basic lexicon, aligning PIE reconstructions from IEW, LIV and Mallory-Adams with intermediate reconstructions of IE sub-families found in several other sources (mainly Brill / Leiden etymological dictionaries): see dedicated sheet for details on sources. Reconstructions with a green background have more complete data than those with a white background. This DRAFT database is intended as a stepping stone for researchers who want to explore external genetic relationships between Indo-European languages and other language families.
Proto-Indo-European Lexicon (PIE Lexicon) is the generative etymological dictionary of Indo-European languages. The reconstruction of Proto-Indo-European (PIE) is obtained by applying the comparative method, the output of which equals the Indo-European (IE) data. Due to this the Indo-European sound laws leading from PIE to IE, revised in Pyysalo 2013, can be coded using Finite-State Transducers (FST). For this purpose the foma finite-state compiler by Mans Hulden (2009) has been chosen in PIE Lexicon. At this point PIE Lexicon generates data of some 120 Indo-European languages with an accuracy rate of over 99% and is therefore the first dictionary in the world capable of generating (predicting) its data entries by means of digitized sound laws.
Vestnik slavianskikh kul’tur [Bulletin of Slavic Cultures]
Searching for the Lexical Core of Proto-Indo-European Language2020 •
The existing reconstruction of PIE does not distinguish nuclear and peripheral languages and vocabulary. However, there are signs that a number of branches are peripheral, in particular, the well-studied Germanic branch. The paper makes an attempt to find the lexical core of PIE, basing on structurally similar languages: Balto-Slavic (the authors are also developing a reconstruction of its vocabulary — in particular, the Swadesh list), Greek, Italo-Celtic and Indo-Iranian. The technique of searching for roots common in all four branches is described. The study has identified, for instance, such roots with *g, *g', *gh, *g'h, *gw (42 examples for the latter), as well as *(s)gh-(22 examples) and *sk'- (10 examples) — sources of the initial *x- in Slavic. Several hundred of such 4-way matching roots are already found, more than 1000 are expected. The authors also reveal lexicographic and organizational problems encountered in the course of reconstruction.
Welcome to Proto-Indo-European Linguistics – Urindogermanische Sprach-forschungen, a new digital journal in Indo-European linguistics. The timing of the founding of the journal in 2016 is no coincidence, as Indo-European linguistics celebrates the 230th anniversary of Sir WILLIAM JONES's announcement of the descent of the Indo-European languages from a common source, now known as Proto-Indo-European. This year also marks the 200th anniversary of a key work of FRANZ BOPP (1816) and coincides with the 100th anniversary of BEDŘICH HROZNÝ's announcement and proof of the Indo-European (IE) character of Hittite in 1915 and 1917 respectively. Beyond these celebrations there is an even more compelling reason to launch a new journal: the recent publication of the glottal fricative theory (GFT), containing the recently revised Proto-Indo-European (PIE) reconstruction theory, and its groundbreaking ramifications. The GFT originally appeared in JOUNA PYYSALO's dissertation System PIE: The Primary Phoneme Inventory and Sound Law system for Proto-Indo-European in 2013 and has now been digitally tested and proven to be correct in Proto-Indo-European Lexicon (PIE Lexicon) at http://pielexicon.hum.helsinki.fi. PIE Lexicon, the computerised version of the GFT, presents the first purely comparative reconstruction theory implemented as an operating system ever in the history of Indo-European linguistics. In practice, the entire PIE reconstruction has been revised to only contain comparative components exclusively inferred by means of the principle of postulation, i.e. FICK's rule of two witnesses. The reconstruction of the GFT is therefore the inductive equivalent of the IE data, and hence PIE Lexicon is capable of automatically generating the data from PIE on the basis of digitised sound laws. This logical equivalence of Indo-European and Proto-Indo-European means that at this very moment the field is in a transition phase from Indo-European linguistics into Proto-Indo-European linguistics, a development reflected in the title of the new journal, Proto-Indo-European Linguistics.
2021 •
In this article we present a new reconstruction of Indo-European phylogeny based on 13 110-item basic wordlists for protolanguages of IE subgroups (Proto-Germanic, Proto-Slavic, etc.) or ancient languages of the corresponding subgroups (Hittite, Ancient Greek, etc.). We apply reasonably formal techniques of linguistic data collection and post-processing (onomasiological reconstruction, derivational drift elimination, homoplastic optimization) that have been recently proposed or specially developed for the present study. We use sequential phylogenetic workflow and obtain a consensus tree based on several algorithms (Bayesian inference, maximum parsimony, neighbor joining; without topological constraints applied). The resulting tree topology and datings are entirely compatible with established expert views. Our main finding is the multifurcation of the Inner IE clade into four branches ca. 3357–2162 bc: (1) Greek-Armenian, (2) Albanian, (3) Italic-Germanic-Celtic, (4) Balto-Slavic–Ind...
Foreign elements in the Proto-Indo-European vocabulary
Foreign elements in the Proto-Indo-European vocabulary (MA thesis/Prize paper) 2017. University of Copenhagen2017 •
A comparative loanword study The present thesis scrutinizes a number of loan etymologies (135 in total) for PIE lexical items with the aim to establish data available for further elucidation of the prehistoric speech community. Extensive methodological considerations are given in the first chapter, including sources, the problems of identifying points of tangency for extinct languages, and the trichotomy between heritage, borrowings, and chance resemblance that constitutes a central distinction in the science. The remainder of the chapter discusses other sources of information that may contribute to the identification of ancient contact situations, in particular derived linguistic approaches, archaeology, and genetics. Chapters two and three are introductions. The second chapter is a general introduction to the language families and isolates, different from Indo-European, that are treated in the paper. These are NW Caucasian, NE Caucasian, Hurro-Urartian, Kartvelian, Uralic (and Yukaghir), Semitic (and Afro-Asiatic), Sumerian, and finally a short note on isolates, extinct languages, and other language families (Altaic and Dravidian). The third chapter has two components. It first sets out to provide an overview of proposed homeland theories and their associated loanword components, treating the Pontic-Caspian Steppes, Central Asia, Anatolia, and Transcaucasia. The second half introduces affinity and adstrate theories connecting PIE with other language families. In addition to the families mentioned in chapter two, a short note on macro-families is added at the end. All of these are included to familiarize the reader with the context in which most loanword etymologies have been proposed. The next two chapters constitute the core of the thesis and discusses previously proposed evidence of borrowings and, occasionally, genetic affinity. Chapter four is a wordlist of 131 individual etymologies (4 are reserved for the treatment of numerals). Each entry provides the standard IE etymology and suggested external comparanda before a discussion attempts to establish the plausibility of external relations. Chapter five is basically an extension of the wordlist, but treats the numerals in sequence to explore their mutual relationship. Chapter six analyses the consequences of the etymologies in the previous chapters. A few correspondences are best categorized as older than PIE and are presented as possible evidence of more profound relations. While emphasis is on borrowings from external sources, a short note is also given on the stratificational implications of loanwords in the opposite direction. Borrowings are then arranged according to the internal stratification of PIE, after which discussions of the source languages follow. The items are finally divided into semantic spheres to analyze the systemic implications of borrowings into PIE. The present study concludes that PIE shows signs of extensive borrowing from neighboring languages, and further that some of these are part of broader developments in the speech community, most saliently the formation of the decimal system, the transition to agriculture and adoption of domesticated animals, and ultimately external marriage alliances. The hope is that the concise treatment of this phenomenon will contribute the increased use of borrowings and their descriptive powers as evidence of features in PIE. Download at www.loanwords.prehistoricmap.com where you’re also invited to add comments. Note that the interactive parts of the page pend further work (blame it on the day job and small children) Loanwords in PIE - a new methodological approach, including 135 proposed borrowings and semantic field analyses. Semitic, Uralic and Caucasian comparanda. MA thesis and prize paper
Some Problems of Indo-European Lexicography, In: Meaning and Lexicography, edited by Jerzy Tomaszczyk and Barbara Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk, Amsterdam-Philadelphia 1990, John Benjamins Publishing Co., pp. 315-325.
Some Problems of Indo-European Lexicography1990 •
2012 •
Abstract There are two competing hypotheses for the origin of the Indo-European language family. The conventional view places the homeland in the Pontic steppes about 6000 years ago. An alternative hypothesis claims that the languages spread from Anatolia with the expansion of farming 8000 to 9500 years ago.
2009 •
nouns marked by -ti-, nouns in the religious sphere marked by -uand collectives marked by *-h. B. In addition to characterization by means of order and categories of selection, the sentence was also delimited by Intonation based on variations in pitch. 9. Proto-Indo-European Syntax 295 To the extent that the pitch phonemes of PIE have been determined, a high pitch may be posited, which could stand on one syllable per word, and a low pitch, which was not so restricted. NOTE. The location of the high pitch is determined by Lehmann primarily from the evidence in Vedic; the theory that this was inherited from PIE received important corroboration from Karl Verner’s demonstration of its maintenance into Germanic (1875). Thus the often cited correlation between the position of the accent in the Vedic perfect and the differing consonants in Germanic provided decisive evidence for reconstruction of the PIE pitch accent as well as for Verner’s law, as in the perfect (preterite) forms of the r...
Archives on Veterinary Science and Technology
A Review on the Role of Veterinary Public Health and Its Current Challenges1996 •
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カプ=マルタンに構想されたル・コルビュジエの架構と装飾 その2:「蜂窩」の崩壊、あるいは環境の装飾2023 •
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JURNAL ILMU DAN TEKNOLOGI PERIKANAN TANGKAP
Operasi penangkapan dan penanganan hasil tangkapan pole and line KM Sari Usaha 09Social Science Research Network
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Evaluation of Platelet Indices and Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) as Predictors of Acute Ischemic Stroke Severity and Outcome2022 •
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