MILITARY PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHOLOGY OF TERRORISM.docx

   TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER ONE MILITARY SCIENCES Fundamentals of Military Sciences Biochemical Sciences Genetics Medicine Engineering Geophysics Psychometrics Ergonomics Mathematics Sociology Political Sciences Economics Management Sciences Mass Communications Anthropology Organizational Behaviour Psychology Framework of Military Psychology Historical Antecedent of Military Psychology CHAPTER TWO ELEMENTS OF MILITARY PSYCHOLOGY Personnel Management Training Human Factor Engineering Environmental Stressors Leadership and Team Effectiveness Individual and Group Behaviour Clinical Research Services and Facilities Special Tasks and Situations Work Settings and Employers Education Facilities Medical Centers, Hospitals and Clinics Military Schools and Bases Overseas Deployment Operational and Policy Office Politics CHAPTER THREE MILITARY ORGANIZATIONS AND SERVICE Historical Background Divisions of Military Organization and Service The Army Army Ranks and Grades The Navy Naval Ranks and Grades The Air Force Air Force Rank and Grades The Marine Marine Ranks and Grades The Cyber Force United States of America Cyber Command (USCYBERCOM) China People's Liberation Army Strategic Support Force (SSF or PLASSF): The Paramilitary Professional Norms in the Military Hand Salute Mark of Respect Guards and Sentinel Paying Call Sticks and Side Arms Mess Calls Changes in Customs Military Uniform Professional Distinguishing Pride and Comfort of Service Identification CHAPTER FOUR MILITARY ENGINEERING AND ERGONOMICS History of Military Engineering and Ergonomics Functions/Uses of Military Engineering and Ergonomics Construction Mining Demolition Mapping and Intelligence Supply and Maintenance CHAPTER FIVE SOURCING OF WEAPONRY Implications of Internally Sourced Weaponry for Nation and Security Factors Enhancing Internal Sourcing of Weaponry CHAPTER SIX MILITARY INTELLIGENCE Early History of Military Intelligence Contemporary History of Military Intelligence Classifications of Military Intelligence Counter intelligence Strategic intelligence Counter intelligence Methods and Steps in Military Intelligence Collecting Intelligence Processing Intelligence Disseminating CHAPTER SEVEN MILITARY COMMUNICATION Historical Background of Military Communication First Development Stage Second Development State Third Development Stage Prospect (Future Trends) of Military Communication Radio-Wave Propagation Techniques Reduction in Resources Consumption Digital Electronics Use of Common Circuits Communication through Heavenly Bodies and Satellites CHAPTER EIGHT MILITARY COMMUNICATION EFFECTIVENESS Functions of Military Communication Information provision Control Motivation Emotive Barriers to Effective Military Communication Perception Filtering Language Ambiguity Information Overload Improving Communication Process in the Military CHAPTER NINE MILITARY STRATEGIES AND TACTICS Dimensions of Military (Warfare) Strategy and Tactics Operational dimension Logistic dimension Social dimension Technological dimension Factors Influencing Military Strategy and Tactics CHAPTER TEN MILITARY WARFARE Offensive warfare Defensive warfare War Propaganda CHAPTER ELEVEN PRINCIPLES OF WAR PLANNING AND MANOEUVRING CHAPTER TWELVE MILITARY AND REVOLUTION Perspectives of Military Revolution Guerrilla Actions Characteristics of Guerrilla Campaign/Movement Military Government/Administration Military Administration of Developed Countries (DCs) Military administration/government during combat Military administration/government after combat Military Administration of Less Developed Countries (LDCs) Military Coup D’état CHAPTER THIRTEEN PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING AND PERSONALITY IN MILITARY Personality Variables in Military Big Five Dimensions of Personality Conscientiousness Emotional stability Openness to experience Agreeableness Extraversion Jung’s Psychological Types and Myers-Briggs Type-Indicator (MBTI) Extroversion versus Introversion Sensing versus Intuition Thinking versus feeling CHAPTER FOURTEEN RETIREMENT AMONG MILITARY PERSONNEL Form of Retirement in Military Service Formal retirement Voluntary retirement Compulsory retirement Attitudes and Emotions of Military Personnel toward Retirement Impact of Retirement on Military Personnel Coping with Military Retirement Counseling Programmes for Military Retirees CHAPTER FIFTEEN ABNORMALITIES IN THE ARMED FORCES Conditions Determining Abnormality Distress perspective Impairment Risk to the individual himself/herself or to other people Socially and culturally unacceptable behaviour Theories/Causes of Abnormality Biological theory Psychological theory Socio-cultural Theory CHAPTER SIXTEEN MENTAL HEALTH ISSUES IN THE ARMED FORCES Some Common Concerns in Mental Health/Status of Soldiers Appearance and behaviour Orientation Content of thought Thinking style and language Affect and mood Perceptual experiences Sense of self Motivation Cognitive functioning Insight and judgment Combat-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Reducing Combat-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Soldiers CHAPTER SEVENTEEN SUBSTANCE/DRUG USE IN MILITARY SYSTEM Categories of Substance (Drug) Depressants Barbiturates Opiates Stimulants Amphetamines Cocaine Caffeine Hallucinogens Marijuana LSD (Lysergic Acid Diethylamide) Substance/Drug Use: Implications for Armed Forces Personnel Substance/Drug Use Disorders Health Effects of Drug/Substance Tolerance and Dependence CHAPTER EIGHTEEN STIGMATIZED PERCEPTION IN MILITARY SYSTEM Gender (Women) Issues in the Military Contributions of Women in the Military Women in intelligence activity Humanitarian services Women in active war Salvage projects Communication Leadership and conflict management Gender Problems in the Armed Forces Sexual harassment and exploitation Poor quota and enlistment of women Double standards Active participation Effects of marital status Ethnic and Racial Perception in the Military Effects of Ethnic and Racial Stigmatization in the Military Prejudice and discrimination Segregation Denial of one’s heritage Religious Perception in the Military Effects of Religious Prejudice in the Armed Forces CHAPTER NINETEEN MILITARY AND THE CIVIL SOCIETY Relationship that Retard Civil Society Superiority complex Violation of human rights Corruption Economic sabotage Destruction of rule of law Factional prejudice Instrumental purposes Relationship Enhancing Civil Society and Military Professionalism Use of civilian inspectorate Use of the military to protect democracy Military and emergency services Constraints to Effective Relationship between Military and Civil Society Improving on Constraints to Effective Military-Civil Society Relationship CHAPTER TWENTY LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT FOR DEFENSE ORGANIZATION Self-Motivation and Self-Leadership for the Military Dimensions of Leadership Competency leadership Behavioural leadership Behavioural leadership Transformational leadership Romance Leadership CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE MILITARY TEAM, ORGANIZATION, AND STRUCTURE Nature of the Team and Organizational Structure of the Military Military-Affiliated Groups Enhancing Military Team Effectiveness Factors Influencing Military Team’s Effectiveness Team environment and organization Characteristics of team design Team processes Team roles Team cohesiveness Limitation of Military Team: The Coping and Alternative Strategies Building and Maintaining Military Team CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT FOR MILITARY PERSONNEL Need for Military Training Organizational analysis Task/Job analysis Personnel analysis Dimensions and Methods of Training Information Acquisition Orientation Lecture Audio-visual aids Structured insight Ethics training Psychomotor Skills Job instruction training Vestibule training Coaching Apprenticeship training On the job training Interpersonal Skills and Attitudes Change Job rotational training Role playing Behaviour modeling Sensitivity training Decision Making and Problem Solving Management game Conference method Case study CHAPTER TWENTY-THREE STRESS MANAGEMENT AND MILITARY SERVICE Responsiveness and Adaptation to Military Stress Alarm reaction Resistance Exhaustion Causes and Consequences of Military Distress Work-Related Stressors Physical environment Role-related stressors Role conflict Role ambiguity Workload Task control Interpersonal stressors Sexual harassment and assault Workplace threat Organizational stressors Non-Work Stressors Time-based conflict Strain-based conflict Role behaviour conflict Variations in Experiencing Military Stress Implications of Military Stress Physiological consequences Psychological consequences Behavioural consequences Managing Military Stress Removing the stressor Withdrawing from the stressor Change stress perceptions Control the consequences of stress Social support CHAPTER TWENTY-FOUR POWER, POLITICS, AND MILITARY IMPLICATIONS Models of Military Power Legitimate power Reward power Coercive power Expert power Referent power Determinants of Military Power Effectiveness Substitutability Centrality Discretion Visibility Effects of Applications of Military Power Military Politics Effects of Military Politics Dimensions of Military Politics Blaming and attacking option Information control Coalition formation Networking Impression management Reciprocity obligations Factor Influencing Military Politics Enhancing Military Power through Military Politics Provision of resources Regulatory measures Information flow management Harnessing change systems Working with supporters Opportunities for negotiation CHAPTER TWENTY-FIVE SOCIAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL INFLUENCES OF MILITARY Obedience in the Military Legal liability Times change Attitudinal dissonance Obligations to Obey Military Rules and Orders Promise-keeping Obligation to keep contracts Obedience as a functional imperative Some Common Arguments for Military Obedience Military Indoctrination CHAPTER TWENTY-SIX PSYCHOLOGICAL OPERATIONS/WARFARE Perspectives of Psychological Operations/Warfare Strategic psychological operations (PSYOP) Tactical psychological operations (PSYOPS) Operational systems Psychological Operations (PSYOPS) Procedures Operational Psychology Military attacks Offensive operations Defensive operations Tactical offense Manoeuvring CHAPTER TWENTY-SEVEN NUCLEAR WEAPONS Nuclear Warheads Operations and Delivery Nuclear Warfare Strategy Perceptions Nuclear Weapons’ Governance, Control, and Law Disarmament Nuclear testing and fallout Effects of Nuclear Proliferation Human health Public opposition Costs and technology spin-offs Non-nuclear weapons uses CHAPTER TWNTY-EIGHT BIOLOGICAL WARFARE/WEAPONS Ontology Biological Weapons Historical Use Terrorism Implications of Biological Weapons Modern Biological Weapons Operations: The Prospects Offensive actions and warfare Anti-personnel Anti-agriculture Entomological warfare Defensive actions and Warfare Research and development into medical counter-measures Role of public health and disease surveillance Common epidemiological clues that may signal biological attack Identification of bioweapons Genetic Warfare Summary of Bio-military CHAPTER TWENTY-NINE CHEMICAL WEAPONS Brief Descriptions of Chemical Weapons Perceptions of Chemical Weapons Dimensions of Chemical Weapons Toxic chemicals and its precursors dimensions Munitions dimension Design and intended purpose dimension Prohibition dimension Chemical Weapons (CW) Agent Group and Persistency Rate of Action Countries with chemical weapons stockpiles India Iraq Japan Libya Russia Syria United States Israel North Korea Iran Pakistan China France United Kingdom Chemical Weapons’ Dangers and Disposal Radiological Warfare Weaponized Effects of Radiological Attack CHAPTER THIRTY PSYCHOLOGY OF TERRORISM Historical Background of Terrorism Terrorism before 19th century Terrorism before 20th Century Terrorism in the 21st century Classifications of Terrorism Terrorism during peace period Terrorism during conflict period Types of Terrorism Demonstrative terrorism Destructive terrorism Suicide terrorism CHAPTER THIRTY-ONE TERRORISM MOTIVATION Political Religious Socioeconomic Goals of Terrorist Groups Psychological Theories of Terrorism Motivation Rational choice theory Logics of Terrorism Strategic logic of terrorism Social logic of suicide terrorism Individual logic of suicide terrorism Social solidary theory Rational Choice and Social Solidary Theories Integrated Social Cognitive-Learning Theory Theories of Aggression/Violence in Terrorism Psychoanalytic theory Frustration-Aggression (drive) theory Logics of Terrorism Strategic logic of terrorism Social logic of suicide terrorism Individual logic of suicide terrorism CHAPTER THIRTY-TWO PERSONALITY AND COGNITIVE ISSUES IN TERRORISM Unconscious drive Narcissism Psychopathology Antisocial personality Suicidal tendency Extremist vs. Terrorist Terrorism Inducing Factors Socialization Ideology Injustice Identity Belonging Radicalization and Cognitive Perspectives of Terrorism Role of Ideology in Terrorism Role of Culture on Ideology and Terrorism CHAPTER THIRTY-THREE DYNAMICS AND PERFORMANCE PROCESSES IN TERRORISM Social Facilitators of Terrorism Diffusion of Responsibility Deindividuation Obedience Social identity Cognitive readjustment Vulnerabilities of Terrorist Group Internal Factors Internal mistrust Boredom/inactivity Internal power competition Major disagreements External Factors External support Constituencies Inter-group conflict Terrorists’ Organization, Recruitment and Performance Organization Recruitment Performance Role of Leadership in Terrorism Selflessness Charisma Leadership Responsibilities in Terrorist Organization Maintain a collective belief system Socialization of organizational routines Control of communication flow Manipulate incentives for followers Prevent exploitation of internal conflict Keep action and goals going CHAPTER THIRTY-FOUR TERRORISTS PROCEDURES AND STRATEGIES Commemorative strikes Political goals Prisoners of war status Blackmail Covert penetration of the security Media clandestine interview Propagating propaganda Hostage taking Suicidal mission Alternating between “hard” and “soft” targets Targets of Terrorism Security agency Government and non-governmental institutions Leaders Commercial enterprises Terrorists also target democracy Rival criminals also target one another in terrorism Political opponents Measures against Terrorism Defensive (Antiterrorism) measures Offensive (Counterterrorism) measures Combined Measures Attrition and Waning of Terrorists Groups/Organizations Internal vulnerabilities Counter-operation measures Defeat Strategic shift Structural and systemic entropy Miscellaneous factors CHAPTER THIRTY-FIVE DESIGNATION AND LISTING OF TERRORISTS GROUPS European Council’s Criteria for Listing (Declaring) of Terrorist Persons and Terrorist Groups/Organizations Procedure for listing and delisting Proposal for listing/delisting Examination by working party Approval by the Council Notification Options are open to a listed person, group or entity USA’s Designation and Listing Criteria of Terrorists Groups/Organization Legal Criteria for Designation under Section 219 of the INA as amended Legal Ramifications of Designation Other Effects of Designation Revocations of Foreign Terrorist Organizations Some Earlier Known Foreign Terrorist Organizations/Groups Some Currently Known Foreign Terrorist Organizations/Groups CHAPTER THIRTY-SIX RATIONAL THINKING REFERENCE