Tariqul Islam

Solutions: Advance Business Research ( HRM 513) session 2017-18 1 (a) What do you mean Business Research? What is the advantage and disadvantage of Business Research? Distinguish between a reporting study and a descriptive study. Business research is a process of acquiring detailed information of all the areas of business and using such information in maximizing the sales and profit of the business. Such a study helps companies determine which product/service is most profitable or in demand. In simple words, it can be stated as acquisition of information or knowledge for professional or commercial purpose to determine opportunities and goals for a business.  Advantages of Business Research:  Business research helps identify opportunities and threats.  It helps identify problems and using this information wise decisions can be made to tackle the issue appropriately.  It helps to understand customers better and hence can be useful to communicate better with the customers or stakeholders.  Risks and uncertainties can be minimized by conducting business research in advance.  Financial outcomes and investments that will be needed can be planned effectively using business research.  Such a research can help track competition in the business sector.  Business research can enable a company to make wise decisions as to where to spend and how much.  Business research can enable a company to stay up-to date with the market and its trends and appropriate innovations can be made to stay ahead in the game.  Business research helps to measure reputation      Disadvantages of Business research Business research can be a high cost affair Most of the time, business research is based on assumptions Business research can be time consuming Business research can sometime give you inaccurate information, because of a biased population or a small focus group.  Business research results can quickly become obsolete because of the fast changing markets **** Distinguish between a reporting study and a descriptive study comparison Meaning Reporting study Reporting study means a research conducted formulating a problem for more clear investigation. Objective Discovery of ideas and thoughts. Describe characteristics and functions. Overall Design Research process Flexible and simple Rigid and complex Unstructured Structured for Descriptive Study Descriptive research is a research that explore and explain an individual, group or a situation. MD.TARIQUL ISLAM 1 Sampling Non-probability sampling Probability sampling Statistical Design No pre-planned design for analysis. Pre-planned design for analysis. 1. (b) What is research methodology? Write down a comprehensive research methodology. Research methodology is the specific procedures or techniques used to identify, select, process, and analyze information about a topic. In a research paper, the methodology section allows the reader to critically evaluate a study's overall validity and reliability. The most important methodological choice researchers make is based on the distinction between qualitative and quantitative data. Qualitative data takes the form of descriptions based on language or images, while quantitative data takes the form of numbers. A Comprehensive research Methodology: Step 1: Explain your methodological approach . What research problem or question did you investigate, and what kind of data did you need to answer it?    Quantitative methods (e.g. surveys) are best for measuring, ranking, categorizing, identifying patterns and making generalizations Qualitative methods (e.g. interviews) are best for describing, interpreting, contextualizing, and gaining indepth insight into specific concepts or phenomena Mixed methods allow for a combination of numerical measurement and in-depth exploration Depending on your discipline and approach, you might also begin with a discussion of the rationale and assumptions underpinning your methodology.      Was your aim to address a practical or a theoretical research problem? Why is this the most suitable approach to answering your research questions? Is this a standard methodology in your field or does it require justification? Were there any ethical or philosophical considerations? What are the criteria for validity and reliability in this type of research? In a quantitative experimental study, you might aim to produce generalizable knowledge about the causes of a phenomenon. Valid research requires a carefully designed study with controlled variables that can be replicated by other researchers. In a qualitative ethnographic case study, you might aim to produce contextual real-world knowledge about the behaviors, social structures and shared beliefs of a specific group of people. As this methodology is less controlled and more interpretive, you will need to reflect on your position as researcher, taking into account how your participation and perception might have influenced the results. Step 2: Describe your methods of data collection Once you have introduced your overall methodological approach, you should give full details of the methods you used to conduct the research. Outline the tools, procedures and materials you used to gather data, and the criteria you used to select participants or sources. Quantitative methods Surveys describe where, when and how the survey was conducted.     How did you design the questions and what form did they take (e.g. multiple choice, rating scale)? How did you find and select participants? Did you conduct surveys by phone, mail, online or in person, and how long did participants have to respond? What was the sample size and response rate? MD.TARIQUL ISLAM 2 You might want to include the full questionnaire as an appendix so that your reader can see exactly what data was collected. Experiments Give full details of the tools, techniques and procedures you used to conduct the experiment.    How did you design the experiment (e.g. between-subjects or within-subjects)? How did you find and select participants? What tools or technologies did you use in the experiment? In experimental research, it is especially important to give enough detail for another researcher to reproduce your results. Existing data Explain how you gathered and selected material (such as publications or archival data) for inclusion in your analysis.    Where did you source the material? How the data was originally produced? What criteria did you use to select material (e.g. date range)? Qualitative methods Interviews or focus groups Describe where, when and how the interviews were conducted.     How did you find and select participants? How many people took part? What form did the interviews take (structured, semi-structured, and unstructured)? How long were the interviews and how were they recorded? Participant observation Describe where, when and how you conducted the observation.    What group or community did you observe and how did you gain access to them? How long did you spend conducting the research and where was it located? How did you record your data (e.g. audiovisual recordings, note-taking)? Existing data Explain how you selected case study materials (such as texts or images) for the focus of your analysis.   What type of materials did you analyze? How did you collect and select them? Step 3: Describe your methods of analysis Next, you should indicate how you processed and analyzed the data. Avoid going into too much detail—you should not start presenting or discussing any of your results at this stage. Quantitative methods In quantitative research, your analysis will be based on numbers. In the methods section you might include:    How you prepared the data before analyzing it (e.g. checking for missing data, removing outliers, transforming variables) Which software you used to analyze the data (e.g. SPSS or Stata) Which statistical methods you used (e.g. regression analysis) MD.TARIQUL ISLAM 3 Quantitative methods example Before analysis the gathered data was prepared. The dataset was checked for missing data and outliers. For this the “outlier labeling rule” was used. All values outside the calculated range were considered outsiders. The data was then analyzed using statistical software SPSS. Qualitative methods In qualitative research, your analysis will be based on language, images and observations. Methods might include:    Content analysis: coding and categorizing themes and ideas Narrative analysis: looking at storytelling structures and tropes and interpreting their meaning Discourse analysis: looking at communication and meaning (including language, images, and nonverbal interactions) in relation to their social context Qualitative methods example The interviews were transcribed and open coded to categorize key themes and identify patterns. Each theme was analyzed to gain a deeper understanding of participants’ perceptions and motivations. Step 4: Evaluate and justify your methodological choices Your methodology should make the case for why you chose these particular methods, especially if you did not take the most standard approach to your topic. Discuss why other methods were not suitable for your objectives, and show how this approach contributes new knowledge or understanding. You can acknowledge limitations or weaknesses in the approach you chose, but justify why these were outweighed by the strengths. Lab-based experiments can’t always accurately simulate real-life situations and behaviors, but they are effective for testing causal relationships between variables. Unstructured interviews usually produce results that cannot be generalized beyond the sample group, but they provide a more in-depth understanding of participants’ perceptions, motivations and emotions. Tips for writing a strong methodology Focus on your objectives and research questions The methodology section should clearly show why your methods suit your objectives and convince the reader that you chose the best possible approach to answering your problem statement and research questions. Throughout the section, relate your choices back to the central purpose of your dissertation. Cite relevant sources Your methodology can be strengthened by reference to existing research in the field, either to:    Confirm that you followed established practices for this type of research Discuss how you evaluated different methodologies and decided on your approach Show that you took a novel methodological approach to address a gap in the literature Write for your audience Consider how much information you need to give, and don’t go into unnecessary detail. If you are using methods that are standard for your discipline, you probably don’t need to give lots of background or justification. But if you take an approach that is less common in your field, you might need to explain and justify your methodological choices. Discuss obstacles If you encountered difficulties in collecting or analyzing data, explain how you dealt with them. Show how you minimized the impact of any unexpected obstacles. Pre-empt any major critiques of your approach and demonstrate that you made the research as rigorous as possible. MD.TARIQUL ISLAM 4 1(c) What might be the steps for research to come up with a right type of research and solution for the organization? Step 1 – Formulate Your Question   Your research may start as a general idea or a specific question, statement or thesis. Know what you want to focus on before you begin. Step 2 – Get Background Information    Read about your topic using websites or encyclopedias. It introduces you to the topic, helps you to focus on its key elements and can help you decide to broaden or narrow your focus. These sources often include bibliographies that you can “piggyback” to find more sources on your topic. Step 3 – Focus and Refine Your Topic   Think about how you want to explore the topic. Ask yourself: o Is my research intended for a general group or class or is it more specialized? o Can or should I limit my topic by time period or place? Step 4 – Research Tools   You need the right tool for the job. Using our research guides can help you find these answers. Ask yourself: o What types of materials do I need? o How recent should my materials be? o How long do I have to do my research? o What subjects are covered by my topic? Step 5 – Select Your Tool and Begin    Use the library’s resources to find journal articles, eBooks and videos. Use our library catalog to find books or DVDs. If you are using websites, make sure they are quality resources – not just the first result! Step 6 – Get Stuck, Get Help!   Never fear, we are here to help you with your research questions! Stop by, call: 827-2434 or email: libraryhelp@trocaire.edu. Step 7 – Gather Your Materials   Are your best resources books, journals or websites? Does the Library have the book or article or will you have to borrow it from ILL or Academic SHARE? o Remember that you have a deadline and that getting all of your materials may take some time. Step 8 – Evaluate Your Resources   You may be overwhelmed by the amount of information you find. To find “good” resources for your paper, you must analyze and carefully select them. o Journal articles have gone through peer-review before being published. o Books are also edited before publication. o Use the CRAAP test for website evaluation. Step 9 – Stay organized MD.TARIQUL ISLAM 5   Give yourself enough time to conduct your research, so you can understand your topic enough to write effectively on it. Keep track of your research so you don’t have to scramble to find it later. o Use our research log or graphic organizer to help you stay on track. Step 10 – Write and Review Your Paper   Make sure your paper is formatted correctly – APA, MLA or another style an instructor requires. Check to make sure all of your sources have been cited and your research is properly listed at the end of your paper. 2(a) Define Literature review? How do you Write Literature Review in a new field of research? A literature review or narrative review is a type of review article. A literature review is a scholarly paper, which includes the current knowledge including substantive findings, as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic. The analytical features of a literature review might:     Give a new interpretation of old material or combine new with old interpretations, Trace the intellectual progression of the field, including major debates, Depending on the situation, evaluate the sources and advise the reader on the most pertinent or relevant research, or Usually in the conclusion of a literature review, identify where gaps exist in how a problem has been researched to date. 2(b) What are the important guidelines for Constructing Questionnaire? Differentiate between survey and Survey & Experiment? MD.TARIQUL ISLAM 6 Questionnaire Design Process 1. State the information required- This will depend upon the nature of the problem, the purpose of the study and hypothesis framed. The target audience must be concentrated on. 2. State the kind of interviewing technique- interviewing method can be telephone, mails, personal interview or electronic interview. Telephonic interview can be computer assisted. Personal interview can be conducted at respondent’s place or at mall or shopping place. Mail interview can take the form of mail panel. Electronic interview takes place either through electronic mails or through the internet. 3. Decide the matter/content of individual questions- There are two deciding factors for thisa. Is the question significant? - Observe contribution of each question. Does the question contribute for the objective of the study? b. Is there a need for several questions or a single question? - Several questions are asked in the following cases:  When there is a need for cross-checking  When the answers are ambiguous  When people are hesitant to give correct information. 4. Overcome the respondents’ inability and unwillingness to answer- The respondents may be unable to answer the questions because of following reasons The respondent may not be fully informed  The respondent may not remember  He may be unable to express or articulate 5. Decide on the structure of the question- Questions can be of two types: . Structured questions- These specify the set of response alternatives and the response format. These can be classified into multiple choice questions (having various response categories), dichotomous questions (having only 2 response categories such as “Yes” or “No”) and scales (discussed already). a. Unstructured questions- These are also known as open-ended question. No alternatives are suggested and the respondents are free to answer these questions in any way they like. 6. Determine the question language/phrasing- If the questions are poorly worded, then either the respondents will refuse to answer the question or they may give incorrect answers. Thus, the words of the question should be carefully chosen. Ordinary and unambiguous words should be used. Avoid implicit assumptions, generalizations and implicit alternatives. Avoid biased questions. Define the issue in terms of who the questionnaire is being addressed to, what information is required, when is the information required, why the question is being asked, etc. 7. Properly arrange the questions- To determine the order of the question, take decisions on aspects like opening questions (simple, interesting questions should be used as opening questions to gain co-operation and confidence of respondents), type of information (Basic information relates to the research issue, classification information relates to social and demographic characteristics, and identification information relates to personal information such as name, address, contact number of respondents), difficult questions (complex, embarrassing, dull and sensitive questions could be difficult), effect on subsequent questions, logical sequence, etc. 8. Recognize the form and layout of the questionnaire- This is very essential for self-administered questionnaire. The questions should be numbered and pre-coded. The layout should be such that it appears to be neat and orderly, and not clattered. 9. Reproduce the questionnaire- Paper quality should be good. Questionnaire should appear to be professional. The required space for the answers to the question should be sufficient. The font type and size should be appropriate. Vertical response questions should be used, for example: Do you use brand X of shampoo?   Yes No 10. Pre-test the questionnaire- The questionnaire should be pre-tested on a small number of respondents to identify the likely problems and to eliminate them. Each and every dimension of the questionnaire should be pre-tested. The sample respondents should be similar to the target respondents of the survey. 11. Finalize the questionnaire- Check the final draft questionnaire. Ask yourself how much will the information obtained from each question contribute to the study. Make sure that irrelevant questions are not asked. Obtain feedback of the respondents on the questionnaire. MD.TARIQUL ISLAM 7 BASIS FOR COMPARISON SURVEY EXPERIMENT Meaning Survey refers to a technique of gathering information regarding a variable under study, from the respondents of the population. Experiment implies a scientific procedure wherein the factor under study is isolated to test hypothesis. Used in Descriptive Research Experimental Research Samples Large Relatively small Suitable for Social and Behavioral sciences Physical and natural sciences Example of Field research Laboratory research Data collection Observation, interview, questionnaire, case study etc. Through several readings of experiment. 2(c) What is three –prolonged approach? Differentiate between qualitative research & quantitative research? Underlying the three-pronged strategy (3PS) is the commitment to provide world class customer satisfaction to our clients through an in-depth understanding of their relevant business requirements and delivery of innovative solutions and services to meet their evolving business needs. The three prongs of the strategy are: 1. Resourcing: Leveraging our deep accounting and technology expertise, Relevant consultants bring proven solutions and business best-practices to each and every client engagement. 2. Solutions: The latest technology development may or may not be the most relevant solution to your organization’s needs. Relevant employs a technology-agnostic, best-of-breed approach for evaluation and selection methodology – one focused only on what we know is verified to deliver results to your organization. 3. Services: We support our clients’ goals through planning, implementation, and management of technology across the full technology lifecycle. Our specialized support teams bring business-driven services and solutions to every partnership, reducing risk and improving total cost of ownership (TCO). BASIS FOR COMPARISON QUALITATIVE RESEARCH QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH Meaning Qualitative research is a method of inquiry that develops understanding on human and social sciences, to find the way people think and feel. Quantitative research is a research method that is used to generate numerical data and hard facts, by employing statistical, logical and mathematical technique. Nature Holistic Particularistic Approach Subjective Objective Research type Exploratory Conclusive Reasoning Inductive Deductive Sampling Purposive Random Data Verbal Measurable MD.TARIQUL ISLAM 8 Inquiry Process-oriented Result-oriented Hypothesis Generated Tested Elements of analysis Words, pictures and objects Numerical data Objective To explore and discover ideas used in the ongoing processes. To examine cause and effect relationship between variables. Methods Non-structured techniques like Indepth interviews, group discussions etc. Structured techniques such as surveys, questionnaires and observations. Result Develops initial understanding Recommends final course of action 3 (a) what is Cronbache’s alpha test? What is the importance of conducting the test? Cronbach’s alpha is a measure of internal consistency, that is, how closely related a set of items are as a group. It is considered to be a measure of scale reliability. A “high” value for alpha does not imply that the measure is unidimensional. If, in addition to measuring internal consistency, you wish to provide evidence that the scale in question is unidimensional, additional analyses can be performed. Exploratory factor analysis is one method of checking dimensionality. Technically speaking, Cronbach’s alpha is not a statistical test – it is a coefficient of reliability (or consistency).Cronbach’s alpha can be written as a function of the number of test items and the average inter-correlation among the items. Below, for conceptual purposes, we show the formula for the Cronbach’s alpha: Importance: 1) Measure of internal consistency ("reliability"). 2) Commonly used on multiple Likert questions in a survey/questionnaire. 3) It is considered to be a measure of scale reliability. 4) Provide strengthen a survey 3. (b) Describe the major contents for writing an article? Study Design and Purpose: The writer should identify the study design (i.e. was it longitudinal? Qualitative? Quantitative? Etc.). The writer should clearly state the study’s purpose and research question. If a setting is provided for the study it should be mentioned here. Theoretical Foundations: The writer will state any theories that grounded the study. Level of Evidence: Identify the level of evidence based on the accepted hierarchy of evidence in the field. Sample: The writer should explain how the sample was selected. Any inclusion or exclusion criteria should be listed. The demographics of the final sample will then be stated. Ethics/Informed Consent: The writer will state whether the sample gave informed consent and if any internal or external review boards ensured the ethicality of the study. Data Collection: The writer will list all variables measured. Then, methods of measurement or data collection will be explained. It is important to be as detailed as possible about variables and methods of collection. MD.TARIQUL ISLAM 9 Data Analysis: The writer will list all tools used in the process of data analysis. A detailed explanation of data analysis will be provided. Results/Significance: The writer will summarize the study’s findings and explain whether or not they were statistically significant. Evaluation: The writer will list strengths and weaknesses identified by the researchers of the study; they will then identify any additional strengths or weaknesses of the study not listed by the researchers. Any other limitations of the study should be mentioned here. 3(c) Explain the following analysis Test of Normality: Normality test is used to determine whether sample data has been drawn from a normally distributed population (within some tolerance). A number of statistical tests, such as the Student's t-test and the oneway and two-way ANOVA require a normally distributed sample population. If the assumption of normality is not valid, the results of the tests will be unreliable.. Normality Test Summary Shapiro-Wilk Common normality test, but does not work well with duplicated data or large sample sizes. KolmogorovSmirnov For testing Gaussian distributions with specific mean and variance. Lilliefors Kolmogorov-Smirnov test with corrected P. Best for symmetrical distributions with small sample sizes. AndersonDarling Can give better results for some datasets than Kolmogorov-Smirnov. D'Agostino's KSquared Based on transformations of sample kurtosis and skewness. Especially effective for “non-normal” values. Chen-Shapiro Extends Shapiro-Wilk test without loss of power. Supports limited sample size (10 ≤ n ≤ 2000). Exploratory Factor Analysis: Exploratory factor analysis is a statistical technique that is used to reduce data to a smaller set of summary variables and to explore the underlying theoretical structure of the phenomena. It is used to identify the structure of the relationship between the variable and the respondent. Exploratory factor analysis can be performed by using the following two methods: R-type factor analysis: When factors are calculated from the correlation matrix, then it is called R-type factor analysis. Q-type factor analysis: When factors are calculated from the individual respondent, then it said to be Q-type factor analysis. Reliability and Validity: BASIS FOR COMPARISON VALIDITY RELIABILITY Meaning Validity implies the extent to which the research instrument measures, what it is intended to measure. Reliability refers to the degree to which scale produces consistent results, when repeated measurements are made. Instrument A valid instrument is always reliable. A reliable instrument need not be a valid instrument. Related to Accuracy Precision Value More Comparatively less. Assessment Difficult Easy MD.TARIQUL ISLAM 10 4(a) what do you mean by Hypothesis? How to write and prove hypothesis in quantitative research? A research question is essentially a hypothesis asked in the form of a question.” “It is a tentative prediction about the nature of the relationship between two or more variables.” “Hypotheses are always in declarative sentence form, and they relate, either generally or specifically, variables to variables.” In the world of statistics and science, most hypotheses are written as "if...then" statements. For example someone performing experiments on plant growth might report this hypothesis: "If I give a plant an unlimited amount of sunlight, then the plant will grow to its largest possible size  States the expected relationship between variables.  Is testable  Is stated as simply and concisely as possible  Is derived from the problem statement and supported by the literature aligns with the research question(S)  Uses precise terminology: Group comparison, Correlation 4(b) what do you mean by focus group discussion? Discuss the importance of FGD in business research? A focus group discussion (FGD) is a good way to gather together people from similar backgrounds or experiences to discuss a specific topic of interest. A Focus Group Discussion (or FGD) is a qualitative research method in the social sciences, with a particular emphasis and application in the developmental program evaluation sphere. ... The moderator asks broad questions to elicit responses and generate discussion among the participants. Organizations use focus groups to gather customer insight into current or prospective products, services or ideas. A defined objective for the focus groups helps to ensure you gather targeted, helpful information.Focus group interviews should be incorporated into of an organization’s strategy for customer service, marketing or product development and should have very defined goals.For example, I worked with a pediatric hospital that was trying to improve the customer experience for parents of hospitalized children.We performed a focus group and gleaned information from parents about the accommodations that were available for parents.The results of the focus group interviews helped us design parent lounges that met the unique needs of parents who often spend days, weeks or even months with a sick child in the hospital.+ see notes for another objectives. 4(C) 5.a)What is research paper? A research paper is a common form of academic writing. Research papers require writers to locate information about a topic (that is, to conduct research), take a stand on that topic, and provide support (or evidence) for that position in an organized report. Precaution of writing a research paper MD.TARIQUL ISLAM 11 Slide 1: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Slide 2: ASSIGNMENT ON THE PRECAUTIONS USED FOR WRITING RESEARCH REPORTS Slide 3: The report data must always be in a original form. The material presented in the report must be self contained. Good readability requires that there are no grammatical mistakes in the report. The experimental data must always be collected without any preconceived notion of what it should look like. Slide 4: The basic aim of the report is to communicate the objectives of the work done, the procedures used in suffient detail so that the work can be reproduced and discussed for results and conclusions. It is important to emphasize only on the significant developments that are general and then progress to developments that become more specific to the problem-solving. Some theory may be needed to motivate the particular measurements that are made to understand. The experimental data collected and the result obtained must be presented without any bias, modifications, alterations. Slide 5: Research usually requires with use of advanced concepts and a variety of experimental technique. The title of the report should reflect the content and emphasis of the project and it should be as short as possible. A clear relationship between the current project and the scope and limitations of earlier work should be made so that the reasons for the project and the approaches used will be understand. The citation style used in the report must be identical to be followed by a respected journal in the required field and this style should be followed consistently all through the report. Slide 6: Proper layout of the report should be throughout and also in accordance with objective of research problem. Graphs and schematics already published in a work can be reproduced. When a researcher uses programs written by others with or without modifications the report must clearly bring out the prominence with proper references and must also reflect the extent of modification introduced by researcher. The report should have appendices that contain all the details of data ,and an example of calculation of quantities that have been reported in the body of the report but that had to be obtained from the observations or raw data. Slide 7: Tabulation of data, equations, charts, figures can be used effectively to present results clearly and concisely. Preparation of a comprehensive written research report is an essential part of a valid research experience. The conclusions of the report should be brief and to the point. Any suggestions for follow-up work could consists of better ways of making the measurement, improvement in methods or theory etc. The experimental details should be suffiently detailed that other experienced researchers would be able to repeat the work and obtain comparable results. Slide 8: CONCLUSION In spite of all has been stated above, one should always keep in view the fact report-writing is an art which is learnt by practise and experience, rather than by mere doctrination. 5.c) Online social Survey An online survey is a questionnaire that the target audience can complete over theInternet. Online surveys are usually created as Web forms with a database to store the answers and statistical software to provide analytics. Advantages  Low costs. Due to drastically lower overhead, collecting data does not have to cost you thousands of dollars.  Automation and real-time access. Respondents input their own data, and it is automatically stored electronically. Analysis thus becomes easier and can be streamlined, and is available immediately. MD.TARIQUL ISLAM 12  Less time. Rapid deployment and return times are possible with online surveys that cannot be attained by traditional methods. If you have bad contact information for some respondents, you’ll know it almost right after you’ve sent out your surveys.  Convenience for respondents. They can answer questions on their schedule, at their pace, and can even start a survey at one time, stop, and complete it later.  Design flexibility. Surveys can be programmed even if they are very complex. Intricate skip patterns and logic can be employed seamlessly. You can also require that respondents provide only one response to singlechoice questions, which cuts down on error.  No interviewer. Respondents may be more willing to share personal information because they’re not disclosing it directly to another person. Interviewers can also influence responses in some cases. Disadvantages  Limited sampling and respondent availability. Certain populations are less likely to have internet access and to respond to online questionnaires. It is also harder to draw probability samples based on e-mail addresses or website visitations.  Possible cooperation problems. Although online surveys in many fields can attain response rates equal to or slightly higher than that of traditional modes, internet users today are constantly bombarded by messages and can easily delete your advances.  No interviewer. A lack of a trained interviewer to clarify and probe can possibly lead to less reliable data. ******===Differences between Structured, Semi-structured and Unstructured data: PROPERTIES STRUCTURED DATA SEMI-STRUCTURED DATA UNSTRUCTURED DATA Technology It is based on Relational database It is based on XML/RDF It is based on character and table binary data Transaction Matured transaction and various Transaction is adapted from DBMS not No transaction management and management concurrency technique matured no concurrency Version Versioning over tuples,row,tables Versioning over tuples or graph is possible Versioned as whole It is sehema dependent and less It is more flexible than structuded data but less it very flexible and there is flexible than flexible than unstructured data abbsence of schema It is very difficult to scale DB It’s scaling is simpler than sstructured data It is very scalable management Flexibility Scalability schema Robustness Very robust New technology, not very spread — Query performance Structured query allow complex Queries over anonymous nodes are possible Only textual query are possible joining MD.TARIQUL ISLAM 13 ****Main Criticisms of Qualitative Research (2015-16)  Subjectivity leads to procedural problems  Replicability is very difficult  Unreliable  Researcher bias is built in and unavoidable  In-depth, comprehensive approach to data gathering limits scope  Labor intensive  Time consuming  Expensive  Very unreliable *** general Strategies for Qualatitive data analysis(2015-16) 1 Developing research questions and linking them to study designs 1.2 Developing research questions and study objectives 1.3 Deciding on a study design 1.4 Promoting ethical and participatory research Qualitative data analysis Qualitative data analysis is a process that seeks to reduce and make sense of vast amounts of information, often from different sources, so that impressions that shed light on a research question can emerge. It is a process where you take descriptive information and offer an explanation or interpretation. The information can consist of interview transcripts, documents, blogs, surveys, pictures, videos etc. You may have been in the situation where you have carried out 6 focus group discussions but then are not quite sure what to do with the 30 pages of notes you collected during the process. Do you just highlight what seems most relevant or is there a more systematic way of analysing it? Qualitative data analysis typically revolves around the impressions and interpretations of key researchers. However, through facilitation, study participants can also take an active role in identifying key themes emerging from the data. Because qualitative analysis relies on researchers’ impressions, it is vital that qualitative analysis is systematic and that researchers report on their impression in a structured and transparent form. This is particularly important considering the common perception that qualitative research is not as reliable and sound as quantitative research. Qualitative data analysis ought to pay attention to the ‘spoken word’, context, consistency and contradictions of views, frequency and intensity of comments, their specificity as well as emerging themes and trends. We now explain three key components of qualitative data analysis. MD.TARIQUL ISLAM 14