Jorge Von Hauenschild

Jorge von Hauenschild From Amateur Collector to Professional Archaeologist in a Remote Corner of Argentina D H e n ri k B. Li ndskoug CONICET, Museo de Antropologia, Facultad de Filosofia y Humani­ dades, Universidad Nacional de Cordoba, Av. Hipolito Yrigoyen 1 74, CP 5000, Cordoba Capital, Cordoba, Argentina, phone: + 54 351 4331058 ext 311 ; email: henrikblindskoug@gmail.com Abstract The vo n H a u e n sch i l d col lecti o n was o ne of the fo u nd i ng col lecti ons of the M useo de Antropologfa, a u n iversity m use u m at the Facu ltad d e F i l osoffa y H u manidades, U n ive rsidad N acional d e C o rd o ba, located i n Cordoba Cap ital, ce ntral Arge ntina. T h e co l l ectio n is o n e of t h e larg­ est at the m u s e u m with over 4000 objects from the nearby p rovi n ce of Santiago d e l Este ro , a p l ace al most u n exam i ned by Arge nti nean archaeologi sts s i n ce the early works i n i tiated by the Wagner brothe rs i n the 1920s. Santiago has bee n seen a s a margi nal place i n the nati o nal Argenti nean history and perceived as an i m pove rished and remote p lace , b u t d u ri n g part of the early 20th ce n t u ry, Santiago was t h riving, especial l y at the ti me of the large rai l road con structions i n the co u ntry. Santiago was al so the home of the G e rm an - b o rn e ngineer, J o rge vo n Hauensch i l d fo r 30 years . He fo rmed the " von Hauensc h i l d Collec­ ti o n " by excavati ng p re - h i sto rical to mbs i n the p rovi nce i n h i s q uest for archaeologi cal treas u res. The col lecti o n has been al most u n to u ched si n ce the d eath of vo n Hauensc h i l d i n 195 1 . Research o n the h i story of the co l l ecti o n shows the traj ectory of vo n Hauensc h i l d from a mere amate u r to a p rofessi o n al archaeologist. Begi n n i n g as a co l l ecto r of c u ri o u s th i ngs, he transiti o n ed i n to a modern archaeol ogist perfo rm i n g syste m atic archaeol ogical i n vestigations. During the early part of the twentieth century, in a remote province in Santiago del Es­ tero, Jorge von Hauenschild ( 1 877- 1 95 1 ), a German immigrant to the South Ameri­ can continent, awakened an interest in the local archaeology of his new homeland. Over a 20 year period, von Hauenschild collected local archaeological objects from his new home province in Santiago del Estero. The collection grew to comprise 4000 Collections: A Journal for Museum and Archives Professionals, Volume 8, Number 2, Spring 2012, pp. 127-150. Copyright © 2012 AltaMira Press. All rights reserved. 1 27 1 28 F ROM AMAT E U R COLLECTO R TO PRO F ESSIONAL ARCHAEO LOG IST & objects. Today this collection forms part of the Museo de Antropologia, a university museum at the National University of Cordoba (UNC) in central Argentina. The von Hauenschild Collection consists mostly of archaeological objects from the province Santiago del Estero, but some ethnographic objects also form part of the collection, as well as an extensive correspondence, photos, drawing, books and maps all belonging to von Hauenschild and donated to the museum after his death. Today this collection is seen as one of the founding collections at the museum and it is also one of the larg­ est within the museum's care. The collection remained nearly untouched for 50 years before intense work was initiated. A large part of the information gathered about the life of von Hauenschild comes from his personal archive, where both personal corre­ spondences and official letters can be found alongside several unfinished documents designated for publication, but also various newspaper-clippings from his lifetime. This personal archive is located in the archive of the Museo de Antropologia, UNC in Cordoba. This paper includes reference to materials in the personal archive of von Hauenschild, hereafter referred to as PAH. When possible, specific reference is made to the holdings within the collection; however, in cases where the documents have no number, reference is made to the archive in general. This material has been used to reconstruct von Hauenschild's life and the history of his collection with the museum. The collection has been practically untouched since von Hauenschild died. As a result, a lot of information about the collection has been lost due to the changes within the institution (renaming of the institution, its change in focus, and subsequent closure before reconstruction and re-opening). From Germa ny to a Remote Corner of South America In 1877, Jorge von Hauenschild (originally Georg) was born in village of Tscheidt, Upper Silesia, in Germany, an area populated with both Polish and Germans, and a much disputed area. His father, Max von Hauenschild, was a landowner and district administrator in the Cosel district. Jorge was early marked out for a military career and entered the cadet school, Walstatt; and later Lichterfelde; in Berlin at the age of 1 5. In 1 895 he obtained the rank of lieutenant, but soon afterward, in 1 903, he abandoned the career and began to study engineering in Dresden where he studied for five years. In 1 908, von Hauenschild emigrated to Argentina, where his first employ­ ment was as an engineer at F. C. al Pacifico, a train company in Buenos Aires. Later, he also worked as an engineer in various infrastructural construction companies, mostly in Southern Argentina. In May 1 909, he married Paulina Runge ( 1 8881 972) in Mendoza. They never had children. In 1 920 he obtained employment at the Departamento Nacional de Higiene in a campaign against malaria in Santiago del Estero. He worked closely with the province of Santiago del Estero on differ- & H E N RI K B. LI N DSKOUG Figure 1. 129 Jorge von Hauensch i l d (left) and u n known person i n the fiel d . Construction o f the water manage ment system i n Rfo Dulce. Photo from the col lection of photos belonging to the von Haue n schild col lection. I mage courtesy of the von Hauenschild col lection at the Museo de Antropologfa, FFy H , U N C . ent engineering projects, mostly to do with hydraulic engineering. He moved to La Banda in Santiago, where he spent much of his life. In 1 925 von Hauenschild received a contract from the General Department of Irrigation to perform catch­ ment studies of the water of Rio Dulce in Santiago. He worked until 1 926 on various works of irrigation and water management in Rio Dulce. In 1 926 he managed to get new employment at the Escuela Industrial de la Nacion de Santiago del Estero1 as a teacher, a job which he held until 1 948 when he went to Cordoba. Given that many of the archaeological settlements are found near water, von Hauenschild must have encountered various archaeological objects during his time in the field, experience which would have also provided a good understanding of the local terrain. The Archaeological H eritage of Santiago del Estero The archaeological heritage in the Santiago del Estero province in Argentina was not thoroughly investigated compared with many other regions in Argentina. D if- 1 30 F ROM AMAT E U R COLL ECTOR TO PROFES SI ONAL ARCHAEO LO G I ST & ficult heritage laws and their application in the province resulted in few archaeo­ logical expeditions. The first scholars to actually show interest in the archaeologi­ cal heritage in Santiago del Estero were Emilio Roger Wagner ( 1 868- 1 949) and Duncan Ladislao Wagner ( 1 864- 1 937) who are known as the Wagner brothers (Martinez et al 2003, 2008). Several of the first-generation archaeologists in Argentina - such as Fran­ cisco P. Moreno ( 1 852- 1 9 19), Samuel Lafone Quevedo ( 1 835- 1 920), Adan Qui­ roga ( 1 863 - 1 904) and Juan B. Ambrosetti ( 1 865- 1 9 1 7) - were aware of the ar­ chaeological heritage in Santiago del Estero but never took notice of it (Martinez et al. 2003, 2008; Taboada 20 1 1 ). The Wagner brothers were the first to show and disseminate their discoveries and to attempt to demonstrate the importance of the archaeology in Santiago del Estero. Despite their mistaken understandings of the origins of Chaco-Santiago civilization (Wagner and Wagner 1 934, Martinez et al 2003, Ocampo 2005), the Wagner brothers were the first to excavate the tombs in a systematic way, although modern archaeologists would have seriously criticized the ways in which they worked at the time. Archaeological contexts were destroyed and scientific infor­ mation lost. They excavated several hundred tombs, yet there is no information, maps, drawings or other records of the archaeological sites that were excavated. neither is there information about the manner of the excavations, presenting is­ sues of archaeological praxis. Von Hauenschild criticized this openly in 1 94 1 (El Indio 15 February 1 94 1 , PAH document 1 1 8). The practice in the last part of the 1 9th century and first part of the 20th century was to find "beautiful" objects or "museum pieces" that could be put on display in museums or in private collections. Many obj ects, such as broken pottery and bones, were discarded. Attention was paid to acquiring objects for collections, which in many cases were associated with the collectors who wanted to fill their personal curiosity cabinets, a place where strange objects and extraordinary items were displayed to the public, this giving the collector a particular social status. At the time, stratigraphical excavations were seldom done. Most excavations were simply done with a shovel. Many objects, as noted above, were discarded. If human remains were found, sometimes they were saved, but most often thrown away. Of those body parts saved, usually attention was paid to the cranium, but en­ tire skeletons were saved only in very few cases. While a hundred years ago archae­ ologists would excavate 200 tombs in a number of months, using these techniques; today work progresses very slowly as attention is paid to all materials found on site. Excavating a tomb might take up to a week, or even longer, depending on the circumstances, and such activity provides the archaeologist access to much more detailed information about past societies. Such new methods and improved tech- & H E N R I K B. L I N DSKOUG 131 niques provide the modern archaeologist with a range of new information that can help to make better interpretations and clarify questions about our past. After the Wagner brothers had drawn attention to the Chaco- Santiaguefia civilization, several scholars became interested in the archaeological heritage of Santiago del Estero. O ne of these was von Hauenschild who a couple of years later started his own explorations. In addition to von Hauenschild, Dr. Henry Reichlen ( 1 9 1 4-2000) from the University of Fribourg in Switzerland, came to Santiago del Estero in 1 938 ( PAH documents 1 07, 1 08, 1 09, 1 1 1 , 1 1 4) to explore the archaeo­ logical heritage of the province. The architect Hector Greslebin ( 1 893- 1 97 1 ),2 pro­ fessor of archaeology at the Instituto Nacional del Profesorado Secundario, went to Santiago del Estero to study its prehistory in 1 93 1 . While there, Greslebin visited the Wagner museum and several private collections, among them the collections of von Hauenschild, Rafael Delgado, and Dr. Jorge Argafiaraz ( PAH document 50) . He also conducted some excavations in Beltran (El Indio 1 5 February 1 94 1 , PAH document 1 1 8). In addition to the academic elite, the public was interested in the prehistory of Santiago del Estero. The public was interested in how the archaeological remains unearthed in Santiago del Estero were interpreted and followed the scholarly dis­ cussion in the 1 940s (Ocampo 2005: 1 1 5). Investigations or expeditions, as they were called at the time, were made in the 1 940s by Antonio Serrano ( 1 899- 1 982), who served as Director of the Instituto de Arqueologia, Linguistica y Folklore, "Dr. Pablo Cabrera" at the UNC. (Von Hauenschild later became employed there as Ayudante Investigador.) Investigations in Santiago del Estero have been carried out by others including Victor Nufiez Reguiero, Roque Manuel Gomez ( 1 970; 2009), Jose Togo,3 and more recently by Constanza Taboada. Other Collectors in Santiago del Estero Von Hauenschild was not the only one who did archaeological excavations and collected archaeological artifacts. As mentioned above, the Wagner brothers did extensive work in Santiago del Estero, especially around Mistol Paso in the De­ partment of Avellaneda where they lived. The Wagner brothers' collection was later donated to the Museo Arcaico de Santiago del Estero where Emilio Wagner got a position as director and Duncan was vice director.4 Other collectors worth mentioning during the same epoch, who owned large collections were Rafael Del­ gado ( 1 889- 1 95 7) and Dr. Jorge Argafi.araz, which both belong to the intellectual elite of Santiago at the time (PAH document 50) . Today we can find at least part of the Argafiaraz collection at the Museo de Antropologia, UNC in Cordoba where the von Hauenschild collection is also located. 132 F ROM AMAT E U R COLLECTOR T O PRO FE S S I O NAL ARCHAEOLOG I ST & Negation of the Archaeological Heritage in Sa ntiago del Estero During the 1 930s, the intellectual elite of Buenos Aires were working with Argen­ tinean prehistory at two prestigious universities in Argentina, the University of Bue­ nos Aires (UBA) and La Plata Universities which house research institutes Museo Etnografico de Juan B. Ambrosetti and Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo de La Plata, respectively. Due to centralization and economic resources, most of the ar­ chaeological research projects are located in Buenos Aires, although investigations are done in other provinces of Argentina. However, those working with prehistory in Argentina did not consider the archaeological heritage of Santiago del Estero important. In a conference organized in Buenos Aires in 1 939 where the prehistory of Santiago del Estero was discussed, the mounds - which are prehistoric burial tombs - were considered natural formations by some of the scholars and the asso­ ciated heritage were considered of minor importance.5 Von Hauenschild and a few others, including the Wagners, understood the significance of the archaeological remains left by the people that once populated the area. Von Hauenschild, in fact, criticized the point of view of the academic elite in Buenos Aires. (See, for example, PAH document l l 5 and Relaciones 1 940.) The scholars in Buenos Aires opposed the view of the Wagner brothers and their ideas about the civilization of Chaco-Santiago. The conference program, in fact, seems to disclose an indication that pre-selection occurred in order to mar­ ginalize the Wagners' point of view (Martinez et al 2003: 242). The Wagners were also criticized by the archaeologists in Buenos Aires due to the lack of photos, maps, plans, field diaries, and scientific relevance of their fieldwork. I ntellectual Elite in Santiago del Estero The Wagner brothers did send collections to France from Santiago del Estero, espe­ cially to the Musee d'Ethnographie du Trocadero, which was the first ethnographi­ cal museum in Paris, founded in 1 878. It was here that Georges-Henri Riviere, with the help of Alfred Metraux, George Bataille, and Paul Rivet, organized the first pop­ ular pre-Columbian exhibition in France in 1 920. The Wagners sent ceramics from the Chaco-Santiago civilization, helping the Trocadero museum to strengthen and construct the European social image of " The Other:' At the Trocadero, most of the objects were displayed as art objects. They were displayed as exotic examples of art from the New World for their aesthetic values and not for the cultural "native" con­ text (Ocampo 2005: 1 04) . In 1 924 Emilio began working at the museum in Santiago, and was appointed director in 1 927; his brother was appointed vice director and thereby they strength­ ened the links with the Trocadero museum in Paris and other European museums collecting ethnographical/archaeological objects from South America. The Wagners & H E N RI K B. LI N DSKOUG Figure 2 . 133 A sh owcase with objects from the van Hauensch i l d collection exhibited at the I n d ustrial fai r i n Buenos Ai res. Fi rst pu blished by La Prensa (1 2 April 1934). I m age courtesy of the van H auensch i ld collection at the Museo de Antropologfa, FFyH , U N C . collected a huge number of items for the institution. In 1 934 the museum in San­ tiago held 1 7,000 objects; later, the collection grew to 65,000 (Ocampo 2005: 1 06). With the help and guidance of the Wagner brothers, however, von Hauenschild became interested in the prehistoric inhabitants of the province of Santiago del Estero. The correspondence between von Hauenschild and the Wagners reveals the extent to which rifts were forged among those with interests to in Santiago's archeology. Von Hauenschild had developed a friendly relationship with Duncan moreso than with Emilio. In a letter from 1 934 (PAH document 65) written in a friendly tone, Duncan Wagner asks von Hauenschild to show him some tombs. Another letter from 1 936 to the Museum of the American Indian indicates that von Hauenschild still had inti­ mate contact with the Wagners, asking the museum to contact the Wagners in order to acquire artefacts from Santiago for their collection (PAH document 92). A change in relation is noted in a letter from von Hauenschild to Antonio Serrano. In response to a query by Serrano to come and visit the museum in Santiago, von Hauenschild in­ dicated that he had developed a friendship with the late Duncan Wagner, but had no relationship with Emilio (PAH document 1 29). 1 34 Figure 3. F ROM AMAT E U R C O L L ECTOR TO PRO FE S S I O N A L ARCHAEO LOG I ST & Jorge von Hauenschild in his private museum in his h ouse in La Banda, Santiago del Estero, 1937. Fi rst published by Mundo Argentina (24 of N ove m be r, 1937). I mage courtesy of the von Hauensch i l d collection at the Museo de Antropologfa, FFyH , U N C . An Interest i n Archaeology Awakens Around 1 925, von Hauenschild became interested in the prehistory of Santiago del Estero, at about the time that the Wagner brothers started their investigations in Santiago. Having settled in Santiago del Estero in 1 904, they began studying the material culture. The ceramics unearthed in Santiago del Estero were "documents" of an ancient unknown civilization which they called the "Chaco-Santiaguefi.a Civi­ lisation" (Martinez et al. 2003, 2008). The Wagners made their way into the elite of the Santiago province. Their reputations grew in popularity, both in intellectual circles and among the common folk, because of their discoveries. Meanwhile von Hauenschild started to perform his own excavation along the left margin of the Rio Dulce. He began first in the company of the Wagners and then he undertook inde­ pendent investigations in 1 928 (Lindskoug 2008a; 2008b ). During these interwar years, it is easy to imagine how strained relations might be between the Wagner brothers (of French heritage) and the German-born von Hauenschild. The opinion of von Hauenschild regarding Duncan and Emilio is obvious through the PAH, while the opinion of the Wagners is evident in several of their preserved writings (Martinez et al 2003). The First Explorations Von Hauenschild's first explorations were done in Quiroga6 about 14 km north of La Banda, continuing north to Chaupi Pozo. South of Quiroga, von Hauenschild 135 & H E N RI K B. LI N DS KO U G f1 �' Santiago del Estero '• La Banda "• £$ter?' Santiago del Cap�<tl Vllmar ,• • H•ltrAn ', e Famandor found a n extensive archaeological site extending close to the irrigation sys­ tem La Cuarteada. Here, he discovered traces of two important "pueblos:' The largest was in Quiroga and the other in front of Chaupi Pozo and a smaller settlement in between these two sites ( PAH document 78, 79) . Th e first archaeological surveys were done in a zone around 200 km from the "settlements of Chaco" along­ side the left margin of the Rio Dulce. An area of around 50 km was explored from SE to NW Several indications Qkm �m ..,f1,,Dkm Figure 5 . ( below) Jorge van Haue nschi ld (right) in the field at the Rio Du lce . Photo Figure 4. (above) Map of the province of from the van H auenschild collectio n . I m age Santiago del Estero with some of the sites cou rtesy of the van Hauenschild collection m entioned i n the text. Map by author. at the Museo de Antropologfa, F Fy H , U N C . 1 36 F ROM AMAT E U R COLL ECTOR TO PROFES S I O N A L ARCHAEO LOG I ST & were found that the area had been occupied earlier. The topography of the settle­ ments revealed the location of former rivers. Von Hauenschild stated in an inter­ view that ". . . the very large settlement, up to 1 00 hectares, with perfect organization and well marked streets oriented according to the four cardinal points" was found and investigated ( PAH document 82). After this, von Hauenschild managed to locate several archaeological sites. He worked extensively at Acosta, Quiroga, Chaupi Pozo, Bocatoma, La Cuarteada, Vilmer, Soria, and Bajadita. Most objects in the collection originated from these sites. From Amateu r to Professionalism Von Hauenschild's early fieldwork can be viewed as the activity of an amateur pri­ vate collector in search of the treasures of ancient civilizations. Over time, von Hau­ enschild continued with extensive fieldwork. Subsequently, his way of working in the field changed, as noted in his correspondence with the archaeological society of Argentina and international professionals. First, he created his own museum in his house in La Banda. By 1 934, this museum, the Museo Arqueol6gico y Paleontol6gico del Ing. Hauenschild, housed a collection of over 2000 objects, mostly ceramics and lithics (Lindskoug 2008a). By 1 948, the holdings had increased to over 4000 objects. In addition to growth, better documentation indicated a move toward increased professionalism. Von Hauens­ child also had an interest in the diffusion and extension of his collection; he said in a newspaper interview that most visitors to the museum were school children and visiting tourists (Lindskoug 2008a). Von Hauenschild's attention to professionalism can be read in his private cor­ respondence. In a 1 934 letter, Alfredo Castellano urged von Hauenschild to take photos of the finds, map the site, make drawings of the sections and the stratigraphy, and take samples from every layer during the excavation of the archaeological sites. Seven years later, von Hauenschild argued in a newspaper article that to perform excavations, all modern scientific methods must be used, such as comparative ar­ chaeology, palaeontology, geology, and ethnography (El Indio, 1 5 February 1 94 1 , PAH document 1 1 8). In the same article, h e openly criticized the Wagner brothers for how they worked in the field, indicating that their poor methods resulted in sig­ nificant loss of scientific information. The Wagners had excavated several hundred tombs but there were no records about the excavations. In fact, the Wagner museum does not even possess a complete catalogue of the objects found. Von Hauenschild continued in his critique, indicating that his own profes­ sionalism can be glimpsed through descriptions he made of archaeological sites in the field. These were recorded in his publications of 1 94 1 (El Indio no. 7, 15 April & H E N R I K B. LI N DS KO U G Figure 6 . 137 Surrounded b y archaeological objects from h i s excavations, Jorge von Hauenschild i n his study read i n g La Civilazi6n Chaco-Santiaguena by the Wagner brothers. Fi rst publ ished by Mundo Argentina (24 of N ovem ber, 1 937). I mage courtesy of the von H auenschild col lec­ tion at the Museo de Antropologfa, FFyH , U N C . 1 94 1 , PAH document 1 22). Von Hauenschild had obtained a great knowledge of ge­ ology and of the importance of the stratigraphic layers for the interpretation of the objects. A geological cross section was also made in proximity to the archaeological remains. Von Hauenschild described poor conservation of human remains, noting that most often the only thing remaining at archaeological sites is a greyish powder. His last publications reflected high standards for the time (von Hauenschild 1 949b, 1 95 1 ). Von Hauenschild sent several objects for analysis to different specialists throughout Argentina. He used the latest archaeological methods to extract infor­ mation from the objects found in the excavations. He let Jose Imbelloni analyze the collection of craniums ( Hauenschild 1 949b: 49) . He sent other human remains to be analyzed by Carlos Rusconi in Buenos Aires around 1 933 or 1 934 (PAH docu­ ment 68) and also an animal-bone flute, which was classified as gunaco (Hauens­ child 1 943b: 1 32 ) . In 1 946, von Hauenschild contacted Amparo Tartaglia in Cor­ doba to perform analyses of ceramic material to determine the provenance of the 138 F ROM AMAT E U R COLL ECTOR T O PROFES S I O N A L ARCHAEO LOG I ST & clay source ( PAH document 1 8 1 , 1 82, 1 85, 1 86, 1 87). He also sent material to the Direcci6n de Minas Geologia y sus Industrias, Cordoba, Laboratorio Quimico to ob­ tain information about the chemical composition of the ceramics in the collection (PAH document 294). Von Hauenschild sent beads or part of a necklace to Martin Doello Jurado to determine its provenance (von Hauenschild 1 943b: 1 32). Such analyses, requested by von Hauenschild and performed by others, indi­ cate that von Hauenschild was moving toward a greater professionalism. This path clearly distinguishes him from his contemporaries. To have others analyze the min­ eral content in ceramics was an uncommon practice by the archaeological commu­ nity in Argentina, including the Wagner brothers. Dea lings with the Argentinean Archaeolog ica l Com m u nity The year 1 942 marks a turning point in von Hauenschild's life. During this year von Hauenschild wrote to several university departments of anthropology, archaeology, and ethnology, indicating his desire to find a new home for his collection and a new job for himself (PAH document 123, 1 24, 12 5). His reasons for actually selling the col­ lection were not stated. He turned to Instituto Miguel Lillo at Universidad Nacional de Tucuman (UNT), the most prestigious university in northwestern Argentina at that time. In turn, they directed him to the UNT's Instituto de Antropologia.7 UNT's In­ stituto de Antropologia began discussions to buy the collection; however a change of rector (and his administration) at the university halted the process. For several years, von Hauenschild tried to get employment at UNT. The po­ litical situation in Argentina was very unstable, leading to a turbulent climate in the academic world. Finally in August 1 946, von Hauenschild hired as Organizador de la Secci6n Arqueologia, Aux. del Segundo grado at the Instituto de Antropologia, Facultad de Filosofia y Letras8 with a salary of 300 pesos per month ( PAH document 1 95, 1 96, 1 97, 1 98, 1 99). Here, he worked alongside Antonio Serrano, the director of the Instituto de Arqueologia, Lingiiistica y Folklore "Dr. Pablo Cabrera," UNC. In December of that same year, von Hauenschild quit his job at UNT ( PAH document 203, 204). According to an undated document in the archive, von Hauenschild quit for several reasons: first, he had finished organizing a large part of the collection;9 second, there was a lack of space for his work; and third, there was not enough time to complete the work at hand ( PAH document 27 1 ) . In 1 947, von Hauenschild was in close contact with Serrano in Cordoba about employment at the Institute there. This time the hire was approved but it couldn't be implemented until sufficient money could be gathered. When von Hauenschild got the job in Cordoba, it took several months until he actually moved. Serrano wrote him several times and asked him to come to Cordoba to take charge of his & H E N RI K B. LI N DSKOUG 139 Figure 7 . A stereotypical i m age o f a n archaeologist at that ti m e showing Jorge von Hauen­ sch i l d smoking a pipe i n his private m useum i n La Banda. First publ ished by Mundo Argentina (24 of N ovem ber, 1 937). I m age courtesy of the von Hauenschild collection at the Museo d e Antropologfa, FFy H , U N C . post. During this time, von Hauenschild remained in contact with UNT about a possilbe position at that university. In December 1 947, Osvaldo Luis Paulotti, inter­ im director at the Instituto de Antropologfa UNT, urged von Hauenschild to accept the position in Cordoba, indicating that he would try to create a post in Tucuman (PAH document 234). Paulotti also indicated that, while the budget hadn't been ap­ proved, there was activity toward hiring professors from abroad despite the climate at universities during a turbulent and unstable political environment in Argentina. In March 1 948, Paulotti wrote von Hauenschild again about a post as associate pro­ fessor of Prehistory and Archaeology with a salary of 800 pesos per month (PAH document 243). However, von Hauenschild, never left Cordoba, where he contin­ ued to work until his death in 1 95 1 . 1 40 F ROM AMAT E U R COL LECTO R TO PRO FE S S I O NAL ARCHAEOLO G I ST & Von Hauenschild and the l n stituto de Arqueologia, Lingi.iistica y Folklore "Dr. Pa blo Ca brera" in Cordoba The first contact with the Instituto de Arqueolog{a, Lingii{stica y Folklore "Dr. Pablo Cabrera," UNC was a postcard indicating that Antonio Serrano had received two publications von Hauenschild had sent him ( 1 943a, 1 943b) ( PAH document 1 26). Soon after, Serrano wrote to von Hauenschild and offered to publish an article, in the Institute's series "Publicaciones" about the archaeological heritage in Santiago del Estero. Serrano gave him free rein with the extension of the article and also of­ fered that the Institute in Cordoba would pay for photos or drawings of the material (PAH document 1 28). Serrano was also interested in obtaining some objects for the museum collection. Serrano's goal was to obtain specimens from all over the country for his Institute, but especially from the center of the country. Von Hauen­ schild indicated that this request could be arranged if Serrano would undertake a journey to Santiago del Estero, where he might easily obtain archaeological objects (PAH document 1 29). Serrano not only asked if he could obtain material for the !collections but also asked von Hauenschild to talk to Emilio Wagner, Director of the Museum in Santiago, so that Serrano might examine their collections when he comes to Santiago del Estero. He told von Hauenschild in a letter that he intended to create the best research center in central Argentina in Cordoba. (This exchange demonstrated the nature of collecting in the 1 940s when archaeological heritage was seen as a commodity that could be bought and sold.) In 1 944, Serrano contacted the Rector of the UNC to create a position for von Hauenschild and to buy his collection (PAH document 1 43, 1 44, 145). Serrano pushed for these actions until 1 947 when his proposal to purchase von Hauens­ child's collection was approved, and Serrano also pressed for von Hauenschild to be hired as Assistant Investigator of the Instituto de Arqueolog{a, Lingiiistica y Folklore (PAH document 227; Ferreyra 2006: 1 26). The securing of the position was straight­ forward: Von Hauenschild was paid a monthly salary of 350 pesos. Subsequently, Serrano urged von Hauenschild to come to Cordoba and take charge of his post, which he did in January or February 1 948. As to the collection, however, Serrano had asked the university for 1 0,000 pesos to purchase the von Hauenschild; but the funding proved problematic. After a long struggle with the university system, the payment was completed in 1 948. Von Hauenschild in the I nternational Arena Von Hauenschild developed many contacts with anthropologists and archaeologists all over the world, as far away as Colombia, the United States, Sweden, Germany, and Switzerland. He also had an extensive network of other investigators in the & H E N RI K B. L I N DSKOUG 141 same field throughout Argentina and i n Chile. Among the most noted are Salva­ dor Canals Frau ( 1 893- 1 958), Antonio Serrano ( 1 899- 1 982), Jose Imbelloni ( 1 8851 967), Alberto Rex Gonzalez ( 1 9 1 8-20 1 2) in Argentina; Grete Mostny ( 1 9 1 4- 1 99 1 ) i n Chile; Gerhard Lindblom ( 1 887- 1 969), Sigvald Linne ( 1 899- 1 986), Stig Ryden ( 1 908- 1 965), and Magnus Morner ( 1 924-20 1 2) in Sweden; and Karin Hissink ( 1 907- 1 98 1 ) and Hermann Trimborn ( 1 90 1 - 1 986) in Germany. He was in contact with investigators working in Colombia and was very in­ terested in an archaeological find by Dr. Victor Oppenheim in the valley of the river Rancheria, as evidenced by the presence of the newspaper clipping and a companion letter he wrote (La Prensa, 1 March 1 94 1 , PAH document 1 1 9, and PAH document 1 20). Like many people working in this field during these years, von Hauenschild was particularly interested in diffusion and migration of concepts and technologies. Most anthropologists, archaeologists, and ethnographers thought that cultures and cultural inventions were spread through migration and diffusion when different cultural groups met called the "kulturkreiste" school. Von Hauenschild had also been in contact with museums in the United States. In 1 936, The Museum of the American Indian wrote to von Hauenschild after that they had seen his article in La Prensa (7 April 1 935). They were inter­ ested in knowing if von Hauenschild had published any more articles of the ce­ ramics from Chaco-Santiago. They were also highly interested in acquiring ce­ ramic objects for their museum. They asked if von Hauenschild was interested in exchanging of some of his duplicate pieces with material from the Museum's duplicate collections ( PAH document 9 1 ) . In the same letter, the museum asked if he was interested in the exchange, and if so, invited him to inform them of speci­ mens and areas from which he would like to acquire obj ects.10 This was common practice during the first part of the 20th century in museums: museum directors exchanged duplicates or otherwise less desirable museum pieces with other mu­ seums. Fortunately, this custom is no longer practiced by museums, per ICOM's code of ethics (2006). International Contacts with the Museum World in Sweden and Denmark Swedish investigators established an early interest in the South American conti­ nent, especially Argentina. In particular, museum professionals in the Scandinavian countries viewed these areas, including those where von Hauenschild worked, as uncharted territory. The discoveries of the Wagner brothers had reached many mu­ seums in Europe - through donations - which functioned as publicity to lure the museums to purchase artefacts from them. Erland Nordenskiold, Director of the Ethnographic Department of Goteborg Museum,1 1 did pioneering work concern­ ing northwestern Argentina, the Chaco region in Paraguay, and Bolivia (Lindberg 1 42 F ROM AMAT E U R COLLECTOR TO PRO FE S S I O NAL ARCHAEOLO G I ST & 1 996). Nordenskiald's disciples from Sweden and the Ethnographic Museum con­ tinued to work in these areas and build extensive reference collections from all over the South American continent. Stig Ryden, a disciple of Nordenskiald, who later be­ came Curator of the Museum after Nordenskiald's death, worked extensively both in Candelaria12 and Tiawanaku, Boliva. Von Hauenschild supplied Ryden and the Ethnographic Museum with ceramic samples in 1 94 7. On May 22, 1 947, W A. Ruysch van Gorkum, Chair at ETHNOS - Archivo de Etnologia, Antropologia y Arqueologia, wrote to von Hauenschild ( PAH docu­ ment 208). Van Gorkum told von Hauenschild that he would visit Santiago del Estero, on the 8th or 9th of June, along with Magnus Marner. 13 Van Gorkum also contacted Oreste di Lullo ( 1 898- 1 983) - an intellectual based in Santiago and con­ cerned with medicine, policy, and history - offering Marner to give a lecture about relations between Sweden and the South American states during the 1 9th century. Van Gorkum also asked von Hauenschild to send some ceramic samples to the Eth­ nographical Museum in Gothenburg. Stig Ryden, curator at the museum, had asked for samples from Chaco-Santiago and van Gorkum didn't have any samples to send. This matter was arranged and Marner brought the samples to Sweden (PAH docu­ ment 2 1 8). Van Gorkum later sent material to the Ethnographic Museum in Gothenburg as Ryden had asked. This collection arrived in 1 948, consisted of 42 archaeological objects from Argentina, only one from Santiago del Estero and single items from Catamarca, La Rioja, Tucuman and Salta. As a collection, they bear the number 1 948 . 1 . The object from Santiago del Estero came from Estacion Fernandez, a place where von Hauenschild had collected objects. While it's uncertain as to whether or not this very object was collected by von Hauenschild, the possibility exists. As to the possibility of ceramic samples from von Hauenschild, further research might clarify the provanance.14 In exchange for the collection, an arrangement was made for publication of Etnologiska Studier 15 (Fasth 2003:35). Von Hauenschild had close contact with his Swedish colleagues until his death. They wrote often and exchanged publications. Von Hauenschild was also in contact with Sigvald Linne and Gerhard Lindblom at the Ethnographical Museum in Stockholm. Stig Ryden was later employed at the Ethnographical Museum in Stockholm and there he received more artefacts from von Hauenschild. The col­ lections donated include 1 949. 1 0, consisting of 38 objects from Santiago and some publications by von Hauenschild. Collection 1 956. 1 , contains 3 1 objects, includ­ ing casts of archaeological objects from the Museo Arqueol6gico in Santiago del Estero. The Archives of the National Museum of Copenhagen in Denmark contain correspondence from the 1 930s between Director Thomson and the engineer Thor Oluf Andersen. Such correspondence indicates the shared interests between the men. Andersen lived in Buenos Aires, and was a friend of both von Hauenschild & H E N R I K B. LI N DSKOUG 1 43 and the Wagners. Along with Andersen, this group was planning an archaeological expedition to Santiago on behalf of the National Museum. The expedition was never carried out, however, in the correspondence Andersen tells Thomson that von Hau­ enschild always kept a piece of ceramic potsherd in his pocket. 16 The Arrival of the von Ha uenschild Collection i n Cordoba It was a problematic task to transport the collection from von Hauenschild's pri­ vate museum in his home in La Banda, to Cordoba. Most of the objects were ce­ ramic and very fragile. The breadth of the collection - 200 funeral urns, for ex­ ample - made the transport a risky event, due both to the length of the journey (over 500 km) and the road conditions at the time. To minimize the cost of trans­ portation Serrano wrote to von Hauenschild (PAH document 23 7) saying that he thought that the collection should be transported in trucks with a lot of straw in or­ der to avoid packing material. Since the collection had over 4000 objects, the trans­ portation was divided into four separate occasions, according to documents found in the archive. 17 The transportation was arranged by Andres Carlos Seeven. The cost of each single transport was 500 pesos; altogether the cost of transportation was 2000 pesos. It was a high cost compared to the monthly salary of von Hauenschild (300 pesos). The transportation was done on the following dates: 28 May, 4 June, 25 June, and 2 July. During the same time as the collection was being transported to Cordoba, von Hauenschild went out on a survey.18 According to the discovered documents, the trucks were filled with straw to protect the objects. There are no photos or documents concerning the contents themselves, thus it is impossible to know if the objects arrived safely or if some were broken during transport. The circle was now closed. Von Hauenschild had managed to get a job at a uni­ versity and his collection was now part of the Institute. He had gone from a mere am­ ateur to a professional archaeologist working at a well-known university. Von Hauen­ schild died on 2 November 1 95 1 after a long illness. He was buried 3 November 1 95 1 in the cemetery of Carlos Paz where h e had lived since 1 909 with wife, Paula (PAH document 320). His tomb is simple, unnoticeable, and neglected for years, much like the tombs he had once excavated. 19 The Collection Keeps Growi n g A second part of the von Hauenschild collection was donated to the Institute on 23 May 1 976 through Emma Weigelt, Paula's sister's daughter (niece of von Hauens­ child). This donation was made four years after the death of von Hauenschild's wife 1 44 Figure 8. FROM AMAT E U R COLLECTO R TO PROFESSIONAL ARCHAEOLOG I ST F u neral u rns from the von H auensch i l d collectio n , located in Reserva B, Reserva Patrim onial del M useo de Antropologia, Facultad de Fi losofia y H u manidades , U n iversidad N acional de Cordoba. Photo cou rtesy of the author. & & H E N RI K B. L I N DSKOUG 1 45 ( PAH document 38 1 ), and consisted mostly of books, archaeological, and ethno­ logical material. Three lists were found with documents of the registered material, one with the archaeological/ethnological material which consists of 69 items. Far more than 69 items were donated, however, as some objects have the same inven­ tory numbers. In fact, the donation total is closer to 200 items. The collection was in a state of neglect and disorder. Innumerable objects had been decontextualized and exhibited as art, and their heritage had deteriorated. The I nstitution, the Collection a n d the Collector: How the Collection was Col lected The von Hauenschild collection was formed at a time when collecting frenzy was apparent in many parts of the world. European institutions and museums collected to strengthen their dominant position in the world; moreover, a colonial paradigm informs the way in which the collections were gathered and displayed. Political, economic, and social prestige is tightly bound to the collections in many European museums; the Museo de Antropologfa, UNC is no exception. Founded on the same premises and modelled after the European institutions, the museum's first director, Antonio Serrano, wanted to create a center for the study of the prehistory of the Argentinean nation. This feat was accomplished and, through the incorporation of the von Hauenschild collection, the Institute and Museum managed to appropriate an important part of the Argentinean prehistory ignored by the intellectual elite in Buenos Aires. The von Hauenschild collection consists primarily of ceramics, which is re­ lated to the fact that ceramic is one of the materials often best preserved in the ar­ chaeological register, along with lithic objects. However, the preference at the time was to collect ceramic "masterpieces" which could offer a collector some sense of social prestige. Such social standing must have been important for von Hauens­ child, of German descent, in order to be able to position himself in the Argentinean society, even while pro-European attitudes were present in the Argentinean society and immigrants were welcome there. Yet, due to the international conflicts, atti­ tudes differed: in fact, when Antonio Serrano wrote to the Rector of the university, asking for the establishment of von Hauenschild's position, Serrano noted that the archeologist was of German descent but ws also a man of democratic values ( PAH document 143, 1 44, 1 45, 227) . At this time, the discipline of anthropology, most strongly connected to European colonialism, developed as a need to understand, interpret, and dominate "the other" - in this case, the "other" from the Americas. This era in Argentina was characterized by the establishment of archaeology and anthropology in universities; archaeology is closely related to anthropology. In many cases the Argentinean state invited European scholars to the universities in 1 46 FROM AMAT E U R COLLECTOR TO PRO F ESSIO NAL ARCHAEOLOG I ST & Argentina with a desire to Europeanize the country according to the standard of the Argentinean elite. The European immigration was immense in the first part of the twentieth century and was encouraged by the Argentinean government. It was im­ portant to a "new" nation and especially after the negation of indigenous rights and extermination of the indigenous people in the conquest of the desert. Influential an­ thropologists and archaeologists took part and started to collect for the Argentinean university museums (Stagnaro 1 993). Von Hauenschild, a resident in Santiago del Estero for almost 30 years, aimed to strengthen the image of the prehistory of Santiago and to demonstrate reasons for provincial pride in spite of depopulation, deforestation, profiteering, and neglect of one of the culturally rich provinces in Argentina. Early railway projects left many ghost-towns, and the canal projects changed the course of Rio Dulce, in which von Hauenschild had taken an active part as an engineer. Von Hauenschild's collection can be seen as a scientific collection. As a col­ lector, he was selective and interested in ceramics, as evidenced by his publications and the materials he sent for analysis. He made efforts to keep up with the latest archaeological interpretations and methods to create a new, vivid image of the pre­ history of Santiago del Estero. The collection can be compared with many other private collections from the same era that were collected under other paradigms. Von Hauenschild's aim was to form a scientific collection to answer questions about the prehistory of Santiago del Estero. And while he may have started his path of collecting as a simple grave robber, he ended it as a professional using the modern archaeological methods for that time. Acknowledg ments I especially want direct my thanks to Dario Quiroga, conservator at the Museo de Antropologia; Mirta Bonnin, our former director at the the Museo de Antropologia; and Adriana Munoz, Latin American curator at the Museum of World Culture in Sweden. All of them have assisted me during the investigation of the von Hauen­ schild collection. However any mistakes in this paper are my own responsibility. Notes 1. The Industrial school of Santiago de! Estero is sometimes called Escuela Industrial de la Nacion in Santiago del Estero. 2. Part of his collection was donated to the Museo de Antropologia, UNC. 3. Victor Nunez Reguiero ( 1 934-2009) never published any of the results of his investigations in Santiago de! Estero, but the Museo de Antropologia, UNC, where he worked when he excavated & H E N RI K 8. LI N DSKOUG 1 47 in Santiago del Estero in the 1 960s, has a collection with objects from his excavations. See Togo 2008 for investigations about archaeological research and the colonial past in Santiago del Es­ tero. 4. The museum was created in 1 9 1 7 as Museo Arcaico de Santiago del Estero and has been renamed several times. In 1 930 the name was changed to Museo Arqueol6gico Provincial, fol­ lowed, in 1 952 by the Museo Arqueol6gico Emilio y Duncan Wagner. Since 1 992, it has been called Museo de Ciencias Antropol6gicas y Naturales "Emilio y Duncan Wagner:' 5. See Relaciones de la Sociedad Argentina de Antropologia, N°2, 1 940, Buenos Aires, where many of the papers from the conference in 1 939 were published. 6. "Paraje" in Spanish. 7. Refers to the Institute of Anthropology which was founded by Alfred Metraux as Instituto de Etnologia in 1 928 and was one of the most prestigious Anthropology departments in Argentina at the time, along with the similar museums or departments at Universidad de Buenos Aires and Universidad Nacional de La Plata both in the province of Buenos Aires. A native of Switzerland, Alfred Metraux studied at Gi::iteborgs hOgskola (later Gi::iteborg University) under Erland Nord­ enskii::il d. For Metraux's importance see Munoz 2003. 8. His title translates as "Organizer of the archaeological section at the Institute of Anthropology, Faculty of Philosophy and Letters:' 9. According to the undated documents, the only things not organized were the small ceramic fragments. This approach is akin to the spirit of the time: archeologists considered fragments of no use. This is not the position of modern day archaeologists who know the importance of such items. 10. If an exchange ever took place, nothing about it can be found anywhere in von Hauenschild's archive (see PAH documents 9 1 , 92 and 93). Perhaps an exchange took place between the Wag­ ner museum and the Museum of the American Indian, since most probably the museum in the USA contacted this museum. This, however, is the author's own speculation. 1 1 . The Ethnographical department at the Gi::iteborgs museum later became an independent mu­ 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. seum in 1 946 called the Gi::iteborg Ethnographic Museum, which closed in 2000, for construc­ tion of its new museum, the Museum of World Culture, which opened to the public in 2004. Candelaria is situated in the Salta province in Northwest Argentina. Magnus Mi::ir ner was another Swedish scholar interested in Latin American historical develop­ ment. He had studied Argentina and the Jesuit expulsion from the Missiones area and wrote his dissertation about this historical development (Mi::ir ner 1 953). According to Jan Amnehall, Head of Collections at Museum of World Culture, there has been no reference to Jorge von Hauenschild found in the collection (April 2008). Etnologiska Studier (in English, Ethnological Studies) was a publication from the Ethnographical Museum in Gi::iteborg (Gothenburg). Personal communication from archaeologist Svend A. Buus (December 20 1 0 ) . Letters sent between Andersen and Thomson, 18 September 1 936; 2 1 December 1 936; 16 January 1 937; 25 January 1 937, Archive of National Museum of Copenhagen, Denmark. 1 7 . Found in Plan de Gastos 1 948. (Budget 1 948). The Archive of Museo de Antropologia, UNC. 1 8 . He left on 10 May from Cordoba. The cost of this survey was 300 pesos. See Plan de Gastos 1 948. Vale n°5. The Archive of Museo de Antropologia, UNC. 19. A visit to the cemetery in August 2008 in Villa Carlos Paz showed that the grave had been aban­ doned for years; no one had paid for the maintenance for several years according to the admin­ istration of the cemetery, which had problems locating the grave. Secci6n 1, Tabion 7, Posa 3 1 . 148 FROM AMAT E U R COLLECTOR TO PRO FESSIONAL ARCHAEO LOG IST & Referen ces Fasth, Natalia. 2003. La Candelaria- Preservation and Conservation of an Archaeological museum Collection from North- Western Argentina at the Museum of World Culture, Sweden. Goteborg University, Department of Environmental Science and Conservation, Institute of Conservation. Unpublished MA thesis. Ferreyra, Carlos Alfredo. Museo, Ciencia y Sociedad en la Cordoba moderna. El Museo Historico Pro­ vincial y el Museo de Antropologia: pensamento y practica. Publicaciones, Universidad Nacional de Cordoba. Gomez, Roque Manuel. 1 970. Alfarerias intrusivas en las culturas indigenas de Santiago del Estero. Universidad Nacional de Cordoba, Instituto de Antropologia. Publication XXXI. Gomez, Roque Manuel. 2009. Arqueologia santiaguefia. Un disefio de investigacion para el Formativo Inferior: fase explorativa. In Revista del Museo de Antropologia 2:53-66. von Hauenschild, Jorge. 1 943a. Revista de la Junta de Estudios Historicos de Santiago del Estero Ano I, N° 1. Santiago del Estero. von Hauenschild, Jorge. 1 943b. Los Aborigenes de Santiago del Estero. In Revista de la Junta de Estu­ dios Hist6ricos de Santiago del Estero, Ano I, N° 2.: 1 1 6- 1 3 7, Santiago del Estero. von Hauenschild, Jorge. 1 949b. Ensayo de clasificaci6n de la documentation arqueol6gica de Santiago del Estero. Universidad Nacional de Cordoba. von Hauenschild, Jorge. 1 95 1 . Injluencias Paranaenses y Pampeanas. Universidad Nacional de Cor­ doba. International Council of Museums ( ICOM) 2006. ICOM Code ofEthics for Museums. Lindberg, Christer. 1 996. Erland NordenskiOld-ett indianlif. Kungliga Vitterhets Akademins Serie: Svenska Larde. Bokforlaget Natur & Kultur, Stockholm. Lindskoug, Henrik, B. 2008a. Mysteries from the inside of the earth, heritage hidden away in the depths of a deposit-A study in collection management of the von Hauenschild collection at the Museo de Antropologia, UNC, Argentina. IMS-programme, Museion, Goteborg University, Sweden. Unpublished Master's Thesis. Lindskoug, Henrik B. 2008b. En la sombra de la arqueologia argentina: Jorge von Hauenschild y la formacion de la coleccion von Hauenschild del Museo de Antropologia (Universidad Nacional de Cordoba). I n Revista del Museo de Antropologia, 1 ( 1 ):6 1 -70. Lindskoug, Henrik B. 2009. Redescubriendo el patrimonio Santagueno en el subsuelo de la unviveri­ dad. La coleccion von Hauemschild en el Museo de Antropologia, FFYH, UNC. Paper presented at VI Jornadas de Encuentro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas. Facultad de Filosofia y Humanidades Centro de Investigaciones "Maria Saleme de Burnichon" Universidad Nacional de Cordoba, Argentina: Cordoba. 2009. Accessible online: http://publicaciones.ffyh. unc.edu.arI index. php/6encuentro/article/viewFile/ 1 85/23 7 Martinez, Ana Teresa, Constanza Taboada and Luis Alejandro Auat. 2003. Los Hermanos Wagner: entre ciencia, mito y poesia. Arqueologia, campo arqueol6gico macional y construcci6n de iden­ tidad en Santiago del Estero 1 920-1 940. Ediciones Universidad Catolica de Santiago del Estero. Santiago del Estero. Martinez, Ana Teresa, Constanza Taboada and Luis Alejandro Auat. 2008. The Wagner Brothers. French Archaeologists and the Original Myths in Early Twentieth-Century Argentina. In Ar­ chives, Ancestors, Practices. Archaeology in Light of its History, edited by Nathan Schlanger and Jarl Nordbladh, pp. 26 1 -27 1 . Berghahn Books: New York and Oxford. Munoz, Adriana. 2003. La Formacion de las colecciones arqueologicas sudamericanas en Goteborg. El periodo de Erland Nordenskiold. In Anales del Museo de America: 237-252. eJ H E N RI K B. L I N DSKOUG 1 49 Morner, Magnus. 1 953. The political and economic activities of the Jesuits in the La Plata region. The Hapsburg Era. Library and Institute of Ibero-American Studies, Stockholm. Ocampo, Beatriz. 2005. La Nacion Interior-Canal Feijoo, Di Lullo y las Hermanos Wagner-El Discurso culturalista de estos intelectuales en la provincia de Santiago del Estero. Antropofagia: Buenos Aires. Relaciones de la Sociedad Argentina de Antropologia. 1 940. Vol. II, Buenos Aires. Stagnaro, Adriana Alejandra. 1 993. La antropologia en la comunidad cientifica: entre el origen del hombre y la caza de craneos-trofeo ( 1 870- 1 9 1 0) . Alteridades 3(6): 53-65. Taboada, Constanza. 20 1 1 . Repensando la arqueologia de Santiago del Estero. Construcci6n y analisis de una problematica. Relaciones de la Sociedad Argentina de Antropologia 36: 1 97-2 19. Togo, Jose. 2008. Recopilaci6n bibliografica sobre aportes al conocimiento prehispanico y colonial de Santiago del Estero. Indoamerica I I (2): 9-54. Wagner, Emilio and Duncan, Ladislao Wagner. 1 934. La Civilazion Chaco-Santiaguefza y sus correla­ ciones con las del Viejo y Nuevo Mundo. Torno I, Buenos Aires. Newspa per so u rces Critica (Buenos Aires) La Gaceta (San Miguel de Tucuman) El Indio (Buenos Aires) El Liberal (Santiago del Estero) Mundo (Santiago del Estero) La Nacion (Buenos Aires) El Orden (Puerto Deseado) La Prensa (Buenos Aires) La Razon (Buenos Aires) Arc h iva l s o u rces The Archive of the Museum of World Culture, Goteborg, Sweden. Charlotta, the database for museum collections at the Ethnographical Museum in Stockholm, http:// collections.smvk.se/pls/em/rigby. Accessed online 18 November 20 1 0. Kringla, a search system for several Swedish museums and archives developed by the Swedish Na­ tional Heritage Board. http://www.kringla.nu/kringla/ accessed 08 March 20 1 2 . T h e Personal Archive ofJorge van Hauenschild (referred t o as PAH) deposited in t h e archive of the Museo de Antroplogia, Facultad de Filosofia y Humanidades, Universidad Nacional de Cor­ doba, Argentina.