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2001
2001 •
The interplay of social, ecological, and political-economic forces has compromised the ability of farmers to sustain their precious soil. As a result, farmers, and especially women farmers, face a constant daily struggle to survive. This book illustrates in rich detail the complexity and diversity of women’s lives in Maragoli, western Kenya, as they work to sustain their soils and negotiate a plethora of competing demands and constraints in an increasingly stressful economic environment. With extensive use of personal narratives and photographs from the farmers of Maragoli, this book demonstrates that soil degradation is not simply a function of population pressure and ignorance; rather, it is embedded in gender relations and complex struggles at the local level. Interested readers will include researchers, academics, practitioners, and professionals in research organizations, development organizations, grass-roots organizations, and government working on issues of gender, soil management, land tenure, agricultural labour, income generation, and off-farm livelihood strategies in Africa and the Middle East.
World Development
Men's crops and women's crops: the importance of gender to the understanding of agricultural and development outcomes in Ghana's Central Region2008 •
South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Women are still the key in agriculture and food security in Africa2005 •
The oil palm scheme developed in Kalangala is part of the Ugandan Vegetable Oil Development Programme, an initiative coordinated by the Government of Uganda to reduce the country’s import of edible oils. The oil palm component established a public-private partnership that integrates plantations production run by Oil Palm Uganda ltd (OPUL) and smallhold farms. The coexistence of these two components is believed to generate local development by increasing off-farm job opportunities and farmers’ income. Even though the involvement of smallhold farmers is often presented as an alternative to the dispossession caused by plantation economies, it can reinforce existing gender inequalities, because of differentiated access to land and strong gender division of labour. The Kalangala oil palm project is located in Buganda, a monarchy within the Uganda State. In Buganda, a patriarchal society, women face several constraints in accessing land, and enjoying the economic benefits of commercial agriculture. Moreover, in Kalangala they are strongly affected by the increasing scarcity of arable and forested land driven by the harvesting of oil palm that has consumed over one third of the island’s territory. This article explores the emergence of new actors and mechanisms that constitute previously unseen patterns of land control due to oil palm expansion. Employing an engendered access analysis the differentiated benefits generated by oil palm are identified and the study pinpoints the various access mechanisms, considered multi-layered strands of power, that determine winners and losers in the expansion of oil palm production. Finally, focus shifts to the household, where negotiations between men and women are analyzed, taking into account their positions with the community, the State and the market, given that extra-household bargaining power influences intra-household power relations. The analysis reveals the development of a new territory, dominated by an oil palm economy, governed by formalized land property relations, and strong patterns of male migration. In this context, the original pro-poor measures of the Kalangala oil palm project have been minimized, and only men and women farmers that controlled land prior to the investments have success stories to tell. Among those not able to benefit from oil palm women are the most prevalent. Furthermore, these women are even further marginalized when men’s power is reinforced by increases in cash-income. Their negotiating power within the household is undermined by the reduced access to forest and arable land, and the lack of viable off-farm labor alternatives in OPUL’s plantations.
2015 •
This working paper was produced as part of the Land and Agricultural Commercialisation in Africa (LACA) Project work stream.
Agricultural land use in much of Brong-Ahafo region, Ghana has been shifting from the production of food crops towards increased cashew nut cultivation in recent years. This article explores everyday, less visible, gendered and generational struggles over family farms in West Africa, based on qualitative, participatory research in a rural community that is becoming increasingly integrated into the global capitalist system. As a tree crop, cashew was regarded as an individual man's property to be passed on to his wife and children rather than to extended family members, which differed from the communal land tenure arrangements governing food crop cultivation. The tendency for land, cash crops and income to be controlled by men, despite women's and young people's significant labour contributions to family farms, and for women to rely on food crop production for their main source of income and for household food security, means that women and girls are more likely to lose out when cashew plantations are expanded to the detriment of land for food crops. Intergenerational tensions emerged when young people felt that their parents and elders were neglecting their views and concerns. The research provides important insights into gendered and generational power relations regarding land access, property rights and intra-household decision-making processes. Greater dialogue between genders and generations may help to tackle unequal power relations and lead to shared decision-making processes that build the resilience of rural communities.
It is sometimes argued that women play a more important role in seed and diversity management than men, and that women have greater abilities in managing crop diversity. In The Gambia, men and women also have the belief that women are better in managing and identifying varieties than men. This article focuses on the role of gender in farmer management of crop diversity in two crops, rice which is cultivated by women and pearl millet which is cultivated by men. First a historical overview is given of the role of gender in farming. The management of crop diversity in rice and millet and gendered knowledge in The Gambia is described in detail. Lastly, a grouping experiment with rice panicles and millet spikes is described. The article shows that clear differences exist between the farming practices of men and women, and these are based on a complex interplay of socio-economic and agro-ecological factors. But the differences in seed selection practices of men and women are small, and those differences that exist can best be explained by a complex of agro-ecological factors and rice and millet characteristics. The grouping experiment showed no significant differences in the way men and women grouped rice panicles and millet spikes. Together these findings suggest that the supposedly better skills of women in crop variety management are related to their gender identity rather than to any biological differences. Instead of taking the supposedly strong skills of women in seed and variety management as a starting point for agricultural development, it is better to understand the underlying mechanism that keep women in disadvantaged positions in rural societies and to try to change these mechanisms for their benefit. Il est parfois affirmé que les femmes jouent un rôle plus important dans la gestion de la diversité des semences que les hommes, et que les femmes ont une plus grande affinité dans la gestion de la diversité des cultures. En Gambie, les hommes ont aussi la croyance que les femmes sont mieux dans la gestion et l'identification des variétés que les hommes. Cet article se concentre sur le rôle du genre dans la gestion paysanne de la diversité des cultures dans deux cultures, le riz qui est cultivé par les femmes et le mil qui est cultivé par des hommes. D'abord un aperçu historique est donnée du rôle des femmes dans l'agriculture. La gestion de la diversité des cultures de riz et de mil est décrite. Enfin, une expérience de regroupement à panicules de riz et les pointes de mil est décrite. L'article montre que des différences notables existent entre les pratiques agricoles des hommes et des femmes, et celles-ci sont basées sur une interaction complexe de facteurs socio-économiques et agro-écologiques. Mais les différences dans les pratiques de sélection des semences, des hommes et des femmes sont petite, et ces différences qui existent peuvent être mieux expliquée par un ensemble de facteurs agro-écologiques et les caractéristiques du riz et du mil. L'expérience de regroupement (grouping experiment) n'a montré aucune différence significative dans la façon dont les hommes et les femmes regroupées en panicules de riz et les pointes de mil. Ensemble, ces résultats suggèrent que les compétences prétendûment supérieure des femmes dans la gestion de la diversité des cultures sont liées à leur identité de genre plutôt qu'à des différences biologiques. Au lieu de prendre les compétences importantes des femmes comme point de départ pour le développement agricole, il est mieux de comprendre le mécanismes qui défavorisé les femmes en sociétés rurales et de tenter de modifier ces mécanismes à leur profit. A veces se argumenta que las mujeres desempeñan un papel más importante que los hombres en la gestión de la diversidad de semillas, y además, la mujer tiene mayor afinidad en la gestión de la diversidad de cultivos. En Gambia, hombres y mujeres también tienen la creencia de que las mujeres son mejores en la gestión e identificación de las variedades que los hombres. Este artículo se centra en el papel que tiene cada género como agricultor en la gestión de la diversidad de cultivos en dos cultivos en particular: el arroz que se cultiva por las mujeres y el mijo perla cultivada por los hombres. En primer lugar, se entrega una visión histórica del papel del género en la agricultura. La gestión de la diversidad de los cultivos de arroz y el mijo y el conocimiento de cada género en Gambia se describe en detalle. Por último, se describe un experimento de agrupación con panículas de espigas de arroz y el mijo. El artículo muestra que existen claras diferencias entre las prácticas agrícolas de los hombres y mujeres, y éstas se basan en una compleja interacción de factores socio-económicos y agro-ecológicas. Pero las diferencias en las prácticas de la selección de semillas de hombres y mujeres son pequeños, y las diferencias que existen pueden explicarse más que nada por un conjunto de factores agro-ecológicos y por las características del arroz y del mijo. El experimento de la agrupación no mostró diferencias significativas en la forma en que hombres y mujeres agrupan panículas de arroz y los picos de mijo. En conjunto, estos resultados sugieren que las supuestas mejores habilidades de las mujeres en el manejo de cultivos diversos se explican por su identidad de género y no por las diferencias biológicas. En lugar de tomar las supuestas fuertes habilidades de las mujeres en las semillas y la variedad de gestión como punto de partida para el desarrollo agrícola, es mejor comprender el mecanismo subyacente que mantiene a las mujeres en posicion de desventaja en las sociedades rurales y tratar de cambiar estos mecanismos para su beneficio.
2021 •
2018 •
2013 •
London: Sampson Low, Marston, Searle & Rivington
THE HEAD-HUNTERS OF BORNEO: A NARRATIVE OF TRAVEL UP THE MAHAKAM AND DOWN THE BARITO; ALSO JOURNEYING IN SUMATRA1882 •
Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi
Uluslararasi İnsan Haklari Hukuku Ve Di̇plomati̇k Hi̇maye Hakki2008 •
Research, Society and Development
Sistema prisional e condições de vida do homem encarcerado em uma região do nordeste brasileiro2021 •
Frontiers in Education
Preparing the future workforce for 2030: the role of higher education institutions2023 •
Містобудування та територіальне планування
The Research of Implementation of Numerical Rigorous Mathematical Methods with the Parameter of the Members Number in the Taylor Series2023 •
Penjual Tas Obrok Murah Di Jakarta, Penjual Tas Obrok Kuat, Penjual Tas Obrok Ukuran Kecil, Penjual Tas Obrok Kurir Motor, Penjual Tas Obrok Laundry, Penjual Tas Obrok Medan
WA/TELP : 0822-3006-6162, Toko Tas Kurir Kecil Bandung, Toko Tas Kurir Di Medan, Toko Tas Kurir Motor Jogja2000 •