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2021, Demir Çağı’nda Anadolu – İran – Turan / Anatolia – Iran – Turan in Iron Age
Turks are the privilaged others of the world history. With its nomadic origins, shepherds, hunting, nomadic lifestyles and especially warrior characters, it is a society that is feared but respected as well. Central Asia is the geography where Turks emerged and lived through their cultural and religious development phases. Today’s archaeological findings and historical sources indicate that the larger part of the process of Turkish history in this great geography belongs to the Pre-Islamic periods. The nomadic steppe human clusters, which we will call Proto-Turan and Proto-Turkic in 1000s BC, have a pre-Abrahamic Religions period dating back to 1000 AD. Contrary to the popular belief, the nomadic people are not without history. The fact that they did not use writing due to the socioeconomic order and the nature-based culture they live in does not mean that these people do not have a history. In light of the contemporary evidence and considering the Sakae (the Eastern Scythians) as the earliest ancestors of Turks (Proto-Turan, Proto-Turks), the emergence of the Turks with their cultural and racial character in the historical scene even without using the name “Turk” dated to 3000 years before. Sakae/(Eastern) Scythians – Huns – Gökturks – Oghuzs/Turkomans being the steppe nomads of the Central Asia, which later will be called Turkestan, are the Turkish societites which will establish a long cultural chain within the Turan cluster. This process which can be defined as Proto-Turk and started with Sakae who were distinguished by their steppe nomadic identity has continued largely unchanged with Huns and Gökturks. Oghuzs and Turkomans which consists the final link in the chain of the Turkish peoples are a turning point. The adoption of the sedentary life of some of the Oghuz/Turkoman tribes with their conversion to Islam who genetically carried the socio-economic properties of the Sakae and inherited their steppe culture and nomadic life-style is a breaking point to this chain that continued since around the 1000s BC. The common characteristics of the Sakae - Gökturks - Oghuz/Turkomans are that they were formed by the proto-feudal tribes. Examination of their history and culture, especially in terms of archaeology, means examining the Anatolian and Near Eastern Turks, who are their heirs. It is seen that the archaeological findings and written sources belonging to the Persians have not been sufficiently taken into account by those who are interested in pre-Islamic Turkish archaeology, culture and history. When the Persian findings about the Turks are examined, it is observed that the archeological, religious and cultural evidences show that the Turks, who started their historical period in the early 8th century AD, had a longterm “Protohistory” traced from the Near East and going back to the 10th century BC. Evidence showing that Turkish history, culture and language originated in the north and east of the Caspian Sea is increasing day by day on the basis of the (Eastern) Scythians/Sakas, who are understood to be the autochthonous people of this region. At the beginning of the 1st Millennium BC, Proto-Turkic communities and Proto-Turan clusters formed by the Saka, who were at the very beginning of their history, lived and wandered in a wide geography from the Caspian Sea to East Turkestan, from Southern Siberia to Northern India during the Iron Age. Kurgans dated to the Early Iron Age (10th-8th centuries BC), which we can define as the Proto-Saka Period, indicate that the Saka emerged in Western Turkestan, which covers the geography of today’s Western Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Northern Turkmenistan. While the archaeological findings of this geography indicate that the steppe culture began to evolve into warrior shepherds by taming the horse, it also shows that the real nomadic horse culture in Central Asia started with the Sakae. It can be traced on the basis of burial traditions that the Saka clusters spread from the East Caspian coast to the southeast towards the Tian Shan – Fergana in the Early, Middle and Late Iron Ages, and to the northeast on the Altay – Mongolia route. The primary evidence of Sakae being the first people that have the Proto-Turkic/Turan identity is that they had the tribal social structure. Both the Sakas and the Huns – Gökturks – Oghuzs/Turkomans, who followed this society in chronological order, were also nomadic societies with tribal organization. Tent is the smallest unit of the tribe. Tribe is the most basic part of society based on a lineage formed by blood ties and marriages. In this context, it can be said that the Sakae were the first society of the Turkish lineage in the geography that would later be called Turkestan. It can be understood from their physical appearance and anthropological features that the Sakae clusters living in the geography of Khorasan - Transoxiana in the east of the Caspian Sea are racially distant from Europe and Indo-European communities. There is no archaeological problem in expressing the obvious differences in appearance between the (Western) Scythians and the (Eastern) Scythians. Just as the works depicting (Western) Scythians were made in workshops with ancient Greek influence, the reliefs in Persepolis Apadana Palace have contributions from ancient Anatolian and ancient Greek artists. It will be the most important contribution of archaeology to the pre-Islamic Turkish archaeology and history to reveal the similarities of the Saka individuals of the Apadana Palace with the historical Turkic type, and the differences of the (Western) Scythians with the Proto-Turk clusters, and to carry out detailed style-critic studies within the framework of ordinary methods.
International Symposium on East Anatolia South Caucasus Cultures
JAFAR ABAD KURGANS EXCAVATIONS (2010 SEASON), International Symposium on East Anatolia South Caucasus Cultures, Edited by Mehmet Işıklı and Birol Can, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, This book first published 2015, pp 89-111.2015 •
reprinted with addenda in Peter B. Golden, Studies on the Peoples and Cultures of the Eurasian Steppes,ed. C. Hriban, Florilegium magistrorum historiae archaeologicaeque Antiquitatis et Medii Aevi, IX (Bucharest-Brăla, 2011):17-63
"Ethnogenesis in the Tribal Zone: The Shaping of the Türks"The excavation of early layers of the ancient settlement Turkestan carried out by Turkestani archaeological expedition of A. Margulan Institute of archeology is aimed at research of the most ancient stages of city origin and in particular, identification and studying its ancient citadel. As now it is unequivocally stated the most ancient center of the city was located under Kultobe hill on the east suburb of the ancient settlement. The present article is devoted to the short characteristic of research results received within two seasons of researches on an ancient citadel of the settlement. It appeared that the most ancient architectural object of the citadel is crosswise construction. Three rooms behind the thick and big pakhs walls remained on height more than 3 m. They were cut through at the initial stage by narrow loopholes and connected with each other by arch doorways. In the second construction horizon to this crosswise «castle» the building consisting of long narrow rooms round an open small yard was attached. During this period on perimeter of a citadel powerful pakhs and raw fortifications raised and the space between them and the extended lock was just partially built up. These two periods according to available data can be dated to I–III A.D. This stage, apparently, comes to an end with defeat and fire. The «corner house» was burnt on the floors of which mass disorder of ceramic vessels and the remains of the charred roof are found out. During excavation works both complexes of mass household ceramics, and separate unique findings among which interesting alabaster idols (3 copies) were found in a fire layer. Architectural evolution of the most ancient stages of development of citadel building is traced, materials on further development of Ancient Turkestan during an era of the early Middle Ages are gathered.
Independently published, Amazon KDP
The Identity of Scythian and Turk: In the Base of Cultural History2020 •
This book is the extended and English version of one of my published books, Kültür Tarihi Açısından İskit-Türk Aynılığı (Selenge, Istanbul 2017, Turkish). My goal is to reach to people in the world who are interested in Scythian culture and raise the awareness of them in context of the book title. http://www.amazon.com/dp/B08P4GBPF8/ref=cm_sw_r_tw_dp_x_7Vn5FbVYK8XTT
The following paper will try to take a small step beyond the borders of classical archaeology and try to examine the phenomenon of cultural continuity from the antiquity into the modern times and its perception by the local population of Anatolia today. At this point it needs to be pointed out that this is not a part of a bigger project but a first attempt in order to gain an idea about the dimensions of cultural continuity and cultural similarity in the region as well as the self-identification of modern Anatolian population and their relationship with the pre-Turkish cultures of their homelands. First a set of examples attesting the influence of pre-Turkish societies on the current Anatolian culture will be introduced secondly the results of short interviews carried out with the public in four ancient sites will be presented and finally the paper will be concluded with a discussion of the current situation as well as an humble suggestion in order to improve the cultural consciousness in Turkey.
2018 •
Layout and typesetting: Hüseyin Yavuz (Ankara/Turkey)
I realized two Göbeklitepe two-faced(double headed) figurines on Prof.Erdinç Bakla’s Göbeklitepe pinterest panel. These two Göbeklitepe figurines were so similar with İstanbul Paleolithic two-faced figurine that I found in İstanbul. Then I decided to review this 10th article and publish this 3rd verion of 10th article. I was speaking with a 80-90% possibility. But now I am speaking with 99% possibility. The root of the Göbeklitepe Culture is İstanbul Maritime PaleoCulture that I discovered 3.5 years ago and ı published 13 articles about it. We added two new Two-faced Göbeklitepe figurines to 9th section of this 3rd version of 10th article. We showed the similarity of İstanbul double headed figurine and Göbeklitepe double headed figurines by showing them side by side. Moreover, I delated the photograph of Erdinç Bakla’s reproduction sculpture in the 9th section. Because it is not the photograph of original Göbeklitepe two headed sculpture. And I don’t want to mislead readers. I added Klaus Schmidt’s drawing of this two headed Göbeklitepe sculpture from Klaus Schmidt’s article on Researchgate instead of E.Bakla’s reproduction. And We added 3 Göbeklitepe animal figurines, which are so similar with İstanbul Paleolithin animal figurine, into the 10th section of this 3rd edition. Now, The 10th article is more reliable and strong with this third version. We showed that the root of the Göbeklitepe Culture is İstanbul Maritime PaleoCulture that I discovered 3.5 years ago by means of Arrowhead/spearhead geometries, production methods and art types samenesses I used brackets for the word “possible” in the caption of this 3rd version because of the cleared situation. When we look at the whole article, We showed that the roots of Çatalhöyük and Göbeklitepe which are the most developed Neolithic Cultures of Anatolia are İstanbul Maritime PaleoCulture by means of same 5 spearhead geometries which are same between İstanbul Maritime PaleoCulture and Göbeklitepe/Çatalhöyük, and “fine paralel pressure flaking” which is common speciality between these cultures and the most developed Neolithic production method, and so special art types layered reliefs and two-faced figurines which we cleared in this 3rd version. There was a question about the meaning of T-shaped Göbeklitepe pillars. From this two-faced Göbeklitepe figurine, It seems that Göbeklitepe T-shaped pillars could be simplified and big form of two-faced Göbeklitepe figurines. The possibility of this at this stage is 70-80%. Another culturel bomb. We added a T shaped Göbeklitepe pillar on which an arm and hand carved as a support data. The root of the T-Shaped Pillars of Göbeklitepe could possibly be the two faced Göbeklitepe Figurines. I am saying this with a 70-80% possibility. Meanwhile, newly found archaeological layers ın Istanbul show one more time that how a technical based “Inscription Science and Archaeology Research Institute” which I prepared its Project with 5 version (4 revision) is necessary for Istanbul. Archaeological datings and other measurements of Istanbul Paleolithic artifacts such as material determinations will take place in its laboratuaries, and this research institute will educate MSc and PhD students for continuity. These archaeological Layers are the Neolithic Layer which include Kurgan type burials in Beşiktaş, some archaeological layers unearthed during the construction excavations in Kadıköy and an archaeological layer in which there are wall structures in Moda. And also, the necessity of establihment a new “Natural History and Archaeology Musem” in Kadıköy region is increasing as we said before.
Seregin N. Social Structure of the Early Medieval Turks in Altai-Sayan Region: Archaeological Perspectives // Social Evolution & History. 2019. V. 18. №2. P. 133–147.
Seregin N. Social Structure of the Early Medieval Turks in Altai-Sayan Region: Archaeological Perspectives // Social Evolution & History. 2019. V. 18. №2.The article concerns various aspects of the social interpretation of funeral complexes of the early medieval Türks (dating to the second half of the first millennium AD). The results of the analysis of sites excavated in the Altai, Tuva and Minusinsk basin are presented here. The available material, along with theoretical and practical experience of Russian and foreign scientists allowed for the development of an original social research program. We also define the features of gender and age differentiation of the early medieval Turkic society and consider opportunities of modeling the vertical structure of society. In the article we also distinguish the groups of burials showing the heterogeneity of nomads in the Altai-Sayan region in the second half of the first millennium AD. The results obtained through social analyses of funeral complexes are combined with data from written sources, in particular with the Chinese chronicles and Turks runic texts.
Edición revisada por las Academias de la Lengua Española REAL ACADEMIA ESPAÑOLA
ORTOGRAFÍA de la LENGUA ESPAÑOLA2019 •
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