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Winter 1-23-2021
Influence of the Use of the Internet on the Reading Culture of
Students of Government College, Umuahia Abia State, Nigeria
Juliana Obiageri Akidi
Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Nigeria, obyakidij@yahoo.co.uk
Florence Ada Oyije Agbese
University of Abuja, Nigeria, desire9611@yahoo.com
Chukwuemeka Chukwueke
Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Nigeria, chukwuekechukwuemeka@yahoo.com
Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac
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Akidi, Juliana Obiageri; Agbese, Florence Ada Oyije; and Chukwueke, Chukwuemeka, "Influence of the Use
of the Internet on the Reading Culture of Students of Government College, Umuahia Abia State, Nigeria"
(2021). Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal). 5013.
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac/5013
Influence of the Use of the Internet on the Reading Culture of Students of Government
College, Umuahia Abia State, Nigeria
Juliana Obiageri Akidi (PhD, CLN)
Deputy University Librarian
Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike.
obyakidij@yahoo.co.uk
Florence Ada Oyije Agbese (PhD, CLN)
Senior Librarian
Samual Osaigbovo Ogbemudia Library, University of Abuja
desire9611@yahoo.com
&
Chukwuemeka Chukwueke
Department of Library and Information Science
Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia State
chukwuekechukwuemeka@gmail.com
Abstract
The Internet has simplified information services provided in this ICT era. One can easily acquire
the required knowledge and information on a single click, thus, making information generation
and dissemination timely. Regrettably, this may not be so for categories of individuals who seemed
to have deviated from the original plan of the Internet for academics. Hence, this study was
necessitated to investigate the influence of the use of the Internet on the reading culture of students
of Government College, Umuahia. Three objectives guided the study. The research design adopted
was a survey research design. The population of the study comprised of 278 students of the College
studied. The sampling technique used was a complete census. A questionnaire was used as an
instrument for data collection. Data collected were analyzed using frequency counts, simple
percentages and mean scores. The findings showed that majority of the students make use of the
Internet to study, prepare for examinations, write assignments, and chatting with friends, among
others. Making the students active in class, distracting their reading, and exposing them to
unimportant articles and write-ups were among the influences. The study recommended that
Management of secondary schools should organize seminars aimed at teaching the students the
right use of the Internet to improve their reading culture, among other things.
Keywords: Reading, Reading Culture, Internet, Influence, Student, Use
1
Introduction
Reading is the springboard of any literacy program. It is one of the oldest habits of human
civilization and has remained the passion of the greatest personalities of all times. According to
Nnadozie and Egwim (2010), reading is a complex skill requiring the coordination of several interrelated sources of information. It is the art of interpreting printed and written words, and the most
effective process of conscious learning, which influences the extent and accuracy of information
as well as the attitudes, morals, beliefs, judgement and action of individuals (Edeole & Adejoke,
2016). However, due to the attitude of individuals who rarely pick a book or magazine to read,
there is a serious decline in reading culture. The same applies to the school child for whom reading
has come to mean a thing of spare time. Considering the place of creative thinking in reading, it
becomes very important for one to develop the rudiments of reading and the culture of reading
always.
The importance of reading culture cannot be overemphasized because it is crucial for both
personal and academic success. Furthermore, it is an aid to language development, socialization
and civilization. The development of good reading culture is important because society has
realized the importance of information and effective communication for the survival and
exploitation of their environment. Moreover, the development of reading and reading culture are
basic skills, which society must confer on its students as part of their childhood education.
Unfortunately, there are problems inherent in the development of proper reading culture among
students as a result of some technological innovations.
One of the technological innovations is the Internet. The Internet can be broadly defined
as a worldwide network of computers communicating through an approved protocol. The Internet
according to Kumar and Kaur in Jibrin, Musa and Shittu (2017), has an unlimited wealth of
information resources that are readily available and easily accessible for people to use worldwide
and simultaneously. Internet is a veritable tool in learning, teaching and research if effectively
used. However, it has been observed that owing to this technological innovation, reading culture
2
is being threatened, especially, among teens and secondary school students. In Nigerian society
today, while technology is slowly taking a steady control over individual lives, the reading culture
among secondary school students is fast vanishing. Today, students rather than read to acquire new
knowledge prefer to spend hours unending, surfing the net, playing with funky handsets, chatting
and passing non-stop short message services (SMSs), thereby making reading a book or any other
information resource in a quiet or peaceful corner of a library or home an archaic idea. The
declining interest in reading among our children (especially those in secondary schools) compared
to increase in hours spent on the Internet has become a cause for alarm and a challenge to all and
something needs to be done to change the scenario. However, assuming or concluding that Internet
use is the cause of the declining reading culture can be better regarded as an assumption until
empirically proven. It is against this backdrop that the current study “the influence of the use of
the Internet on the reading culture of students of Government College, Umuahia, Abia State,
Nigeria’’ is necessitated.
Research Objectives
The study is guided by the following objectives, which involve, to:
1. find out if students of Government College, Umuahia make use of the Internet;
2. determine the students’ reasons for their use of the Internet;
3. ascertain the frequency of use of the Internet by the students; and
4. investigate the influence of the use of the Internet by the students on their reading culture.
Literature Review
Since the introduction of ICT, the subject of the students` reading culture has attracted a
major concern. According to Yusuf (2015), this major concern is as a result of the need to keep
the school child active and able to cope with the demands of the present day. Saka, Bitagi, and
Garba (2012) pointed out that inculcating a reading culture should be introduced at an early age
among children. This is because reading and reading culture develop over a prolonged period and
an early promotion will be able to mould them into lifelong readers. The challenge is therefore to
ingrain the culture of reading in children so that it is as important as sports and other hobbies.
Perhaps then, the impact of negative media will be directly reduced.
3
Consequently, Yani (2003) observed that reading culture of Nigerians is a matter of
concern in our educational and national development, stating further that in a developing country
like Nigeria, the concept of reading culture should not be relegated to the background.
Fundamentally, the major way to improve the reading culture of students is through a wellequipped school library. Topo, as cited in Strong (2014) affirmed that the need today is the
thoughtful integration of book reading with high technology as it will reverse the decline in book
reading among children and adults. According to Yusuf (2007), equipping school libraries is the
first practical step in these efforts. This is because books and other information resources are the
most suitable medium through which knowledge is transmitted from generation to generation.
Nonetheless, Kristy (as cited in Kolawole, 2005) reported that the prevalence of poor
reading skills varies, and believed the consequential effect to include poor grades for students and
difficulty trying to find or advance to a good job for adults. Saka, Bitagi and Garba (2012) in their
submission were of the view that the majority of students read to pass examinations and to do
assignments. The implication being that absence of examinations and assignments creates a
distance between students and their books, while shifting their attention and energy to the net for
frivolities. As to what these students prefer, the study of Chen, Hsiao, Chern and Chen (as cited in
Almasi, Machumu & Zhu, 2017) reported a growing increase in the use of the Internet, which is
gradually eroding reading culture among secondary school students. The authors, however,
observed that the students use the Internet also for activities related to schoolwork as well as more
general activities, believing that Internet-based activities in schools may have several impacts on
students` life at schools and thereafter. Besides, various studies have reported that the use of the
internet can have benefits on the educational achievement of students.
Considering the influence of the use of the Internet on student learning performance or
other outcomes, the studies of Davis (2001), Widyanto and Griffiths (2006), Odaci and Kalkkan
(2010), and Odaci (2011) reported that it has either a negative influence or no significant influence.
Furthermore, Young (as cited in Amasi et al., 2017) suggested that excessive Internet usage among
students have negative effects on students’ academic success. The studies of Olatokun (2008) and
Nwagwu, Adekannbi and Bello (2008) reported that students chiefly utilize the Internet for
academic purposes, such as preparation for assignments and examinations, rather than for leisure
purposes. Though some students use the Internet much more than their school libraries, they also
4
find the Internet as a source of general knowledge since it assists them in their reading habits as
well as improving their academic performances. Tarimo and Kavishe (2017), believed that by
providing Internet access and enhancing its usage in schools, a chance to improve students’
learning through access to the huge amount of information that is accessible on the Internet is
guaranteed. Chen and Fu (2009) stated that the Internet has brought unparalleled opportunities to
students on one hand and a major concern for parents on the other hand. This is because while
online searching for information helps to boost examination scores and performances in
assignments given to students, using the internet mainly for socializing and gaming results in poor
reading habit and poor performance in examinations, general academic achievements as well as
poor personal development. Since some internet use may seriously distract students, affect their
reading habit and generally distort their academic achievements, effective use of the Internet
should be employed by students.
In the same vein, the studies of Adedotun (as cited in Yebowaah, 2018); Akande and
Bamise (2017) reported that access to information brought about by the use of the Internet can
influence the academic performance of the secondary school students. Sahin, Balta and Ercan
(2010) and Yebowaah (2018) believed that the use of credible Internet resources is of greater
importance for academic activity, especially in high-class courses which require an academic
review of the literature. This is not different from the belief of Kim (as cited in Yebowaah, 2018)
who asserted that Internet use for educational purpose is the heart of adolescent academic
achievement, as it helps students to broaden their academic knowledge, research and assignments
by accessing information worldwide as well as enhances easy communication to the academic
community.
On what needs to be done to avoid the negative influence of the Internet on the students,
Chen et al as cited in Almasi, Machumu & Zhu ( 2017) noted that Internet usage is of benefit to
students but believed that its negative use involves pornography addiction and excessive chat
among secondary students, which have relatively negative effects on their academic success and
life after school. Fuchs and Woessmann (2004); Kuhlemeier and Hemker (2007) believed that the
Internet is used in daily life in educational settings; and as a result, its usage among secondary
school students should be channelled appropriately to yield academic success. Downes (2002)
noted that if secondary-education teachers are to tailor their instruction to the needs of all students,
5
they need to develop an understanding of the extent to which incoming students have access to
and make use of the Internet at home. Campagna (as cited in Almasi et al., 2017) emphasized that
teachers should encourage students to come up with techniques for reading independently, which
is one of the outcomes of reading habit.
Ngoumandjoka (as cited in Yebowaah, 2018), Singh, Gupta and Garg (2013) found that
the Internet is not mostly used for academic purpose rather for recreational activities. The authors
further buttressed that though students are more into the use of the Internet, in reality, they are
using it mainly for non-academic purposes like emailing, gaming and social networking, which
has contributed greatly to the decline in their reading culture. This brings to the fore the
controversy among empirical studies on the influence of internet use on the academic performance
and reading culture of secondary school students.
Based on the literature review, it is clear that the Internet has serious effects on students
and their reading culture. Students are so vulnerable to becoming addicted to the Internet to the
extent that they do their homework not with their efforts but with complete dependence on Internet
resources. This is to say that the influence of the Internet is in two faces, either negative or positive.
However, it would be inappropriate to conclude on the face the students of Government College,
Umuahia belong to. A critical look at available literature has revealed a gap in this respect, which
forms the fulcrum of this research.
Methodology
The study was purely a descriptive survey because of the given large number of different
sub-sets of the population involved. Thus, a descriptive survey design was adopted for the study
owing to its usefulness in the field of Library and Information Science. The population of the study
was 278, which comprised senior secondary 2 and 3 classes (SS2 & SS3)). This is because as at
the time of the study, the school was undergoing renovation, which made the school authority not
to admit students in other classes. Furthermore, the 278 students were sampled using the complete
census sampling technique.
Data was collected using a structured questionnaire titled: “Influence of Internet on
Student’s Reading Culture Questionnaire (IISRCQ)”. The items in the questionnaire consist of
close-ended questions using four (4)-point scale of Strongly Agree (SA) = 4, Agree (A) = 3,
6
Disagree (D) = 2 and Strongly Disagree (SD) = 1. The data collected were analyzed using
frequency counts, simple percentages and mean scores. A mid-point of 2.5 was taken as the
acceptance criterion for the positive response. This implied that questionnaire items with a mean
score of 2.5 and above denote “agreed” while questionnaire items with a mean score below 2.5
denote “disagreed’’. Presentation of the result was done using the frequency tables.
Presentation of Results
This section deals with the analysis of the outcomes of the data collected. A total of 278
copies of the questionnaire were administered to the respondents but 275 copies were completed,
returned and found useful for analysis. The presentation follows the order of the research
objectives.
Research Objective 1: To find out if students of Government College, Umuahia make use of
the Internet
Table 1: Responses of the Students on the Use of Internet (N = 275)
S/N
Item Statement
Yes
1
Do you make use of the Internet?
267
%
No
%
97.1
8
2.9
Source: Researcher’s Field Survey
Table 1 shows the responses of the students on the use of the Internet. The result shows
that the majority of the respondents 267(97.1%) indicated the use of the Internet, while few of the
respondents that constitute 8(2.9%) indicated the non-use of the Internet. The result implies that
students of Government College, Umuahia make use of the Internet. This finding corroborates
with the earlier studies carried out by Olatokun (2008), Tarimo and Kavishe (2017), which
revealed the high use of the Internet among youths and secondary school students.
7
Research objective 2: To determine the students’ reasons for their use of the Internet
Table 2: Students’ Reasons for Use of the Internet (N = 275)
S/N
Item Statement
SA
A
D
SD Mean
Decision
1
I use the Internet for study purposes
75 120 18
62
2.76
Agreed
2
To prepare for examinations
114 126 12
20
3.21
Agreed
3
To do my assignments
92
51
90
42
2.70
Agreed
4
To chat with friends
114 96
35
30
3.07
Agreed
5
To watch movies
126 36
68
45
2.88
Agreed
6
To get information
91 114 40
30
2.97
Agreed
7
To meet new friends
101 114 40
20
3.08
Agreed
8
To improve my reading habit
25
20
86
114
1.73
Disagreed
9
To improve my grades in school
35
50
96
94
2.09
Disagreed
10
To be like others
83
61
48
83
2.52
Agreed
Source: Researcher’s Field Survey
Key: SA – Strongly Agreed; A – Agreed; D – Disagreed; SD – Strongly Disagreed
Table 2 showed the responses to the reasons for the use of the Internet by the students of
Government College, Umuahia. From the analysis, majority of the students agreed with the
following reasons for their use of the Internet: for studying purposes (2.76), to prepare for
examinations (3.21), to do my assignments (2.70), to chat with friends (3.07), to see movies (2.88),
to get information (2.97), to meet new friends (3.08) and to be like others (2.52). However, few
respondents that constitute 1.73 and 2.09, respectively, indicated the use of the Internet to improve
their reading habit and improve their grades in school.
Given the above results and their mean scores, it could be deduced that the students of
Government College, Umuahia make use of the Internet for numerous purposes aside to improve
their reading habit and grades in school. Consequently, preparation for examinations had the
highest mean score of 3.21. The finding of this study in this regard partially corroborates with the
work of Luambano and Nawe (2004), which found the use of the Internet by students particularly
for academic purposes as hugely influenced by their teachers who give them assignments requiring
the use of the Internet. Thus, the studies revealed that students will only use the Internet if work
given to them by their teachers requires them to use Internet facilities.
8
Research Objective 3: To investigate the influence of the use of the Internet on the reading
culture of the students of Government College, Umuahia
Table 3: Influence of the Use of the Internet on the Students’ Reading Culture (N= 275)
S/N
Item Statements
SA
A
D
SD Mean
Decision
1
It enhances my reading ability
20
15 173 67
1.96
Disagreed
2
It makes me active in class
77 138 40
20
2.99
Agreed
3
It increases my reading attention span
20
30 126 99
1.89
Disagreed
4
It helps me to have a better understanding 80 165 10
20
3.11
Agreed
of what I am reading
5
Chatting with friends keeps me awake to 102 138 25
10
3.21
Agreed
read in the night
6
Internet articles motivate me to read
63 132 30
50
2.76
Agreed
7
The Internet distracts my reading
113 117 30
15
3.19
Agreed
8
The Internet exposes me to unimportant 200 30
15
30
3.45
Agreed
articles and write-ups
Source: Researcher’s Field Survey
Key: SA – Strongly Agreed; A – Agreed; D – Disagreed; SD – Strongly Disagreed
Table 3 presents responses gotten on the influence of the use of the Internet on the reading
culture of the students of Government College, Umuahia. The result shows that out of the eight
perceived influences investigated, six were agreed by the majority of the respondents that
constitute 2.99, 3.11, 3.21, 2.76, 3.19, and 3.45, mean scores respectively. These influences agreed
by the respondents on item statements 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8, include it makes me active in class, it
helps me to have a better understanding of what I am reading, chatting with friends keep me awake
to read in the night, Internet articles motivate me to read, the Internet distracts my reading and the
Internet exposes me to unimportant articles and write-ups. Furthermore, majority of the
respondents disagreed with item statements 1 and 3, which present that, it enhances my reading
ability (1.96), and it increases my reading attention span.
Consequently, the finding has shown different influences of the use of the Internet on the
reading culture of the students of Government College, Umuahia. Some of the influences are
positive, such as making them active in class, understand what they are reading, keep them awake
to read in the night, and motivates them to read. However, the negative influences include the use
of the Internet distracting their reading, exposes them to unimportant articles and write-ups, fails
to enhance their reading ability, and failure to increase their reading attention. With these findings,
one can deduce that the negative influence of the use of the Internet outweighs its positive influence
in the case of students of Government College, Umuahia. This study corroborates the earlier works
9
of Davis (2001), Widyanto and Griffiths (2006), Odaci and Kalkkan (2010), and Odaci (2011),
which reported that the use of the Internet by the students has either a negative influence or no
significant influence on student learning performance or other outcomes.
The authors believed that if these young users are educated, they will use the Internet more
for educational information resources rather than leisure or entertainment purposes, which will
invariably improve their studying and reading culture. The findings of the study also corroborate
with the study of Luambano and Nawe (2004), which investigated the use of the Internet by
students of University of Dar es Salaam and revealed that many of the students were not using the
Internet for issues on education but for communication purposes such e-mailing and Facebooking.
The study further showed that some students were using Internet services for pornographic
viewing, which is an obvious misuse of Internet facility in an academic background, which
negatively affects their reading culture and overall academic performance. The negative influence
of the Internet as revealed by the above studies may be attributed to the findings of Manda (2005)
that majority of students are not aware that Internet is a veritable tool for searching online academic
information but rather jump into the Internet for other frivolous purposes.
Summary and Conclusion
A critical look at the Internet could make one believe that it is a blessing to our generation.
However, many students are becoming addicted to the Internet as they spend more time playing
games or just surfing the net without any particular reasons. Consequently, the time they spend on
studying is automatically reduced, which in turn causes lower academic achievement, which could
all be attributed to poor reading culture.
Findings of the study have shown that the students make use of the Internet for different
reasons. These reasons include for studying purposes, to prepare for examinations, to do their
assignments, to chat with friends, to watch movies, to get information, to meet new friends, and to
be like others. However, the influence of the use of the Internet is various, which include making
them active in class, helping them to have a better understanding of what they are reading, chatting
with friends keeping them awake to read in the night, Internet articles motivating them to read, the
Internet distracting their reading, as well as exposing them to unimportant articles and write-ups.
10
Based on the findings, the study concludes that the use of the Internet amidst some positive
influences, negatively influences the reading culture of the students of Government College,
Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria.
Recommendations
Based on the findings of the study, the following recommendations were made to ensure
that the use of the Internet positively influences students` reding culture:
1. Management of secondary schools should organize seminars aimed at teaching the
students the right use of the Internet to improve their reading culture.
2. Teachers in secondary schools should give assignments to students that will stimulate
effective use of the Internet for academic purposes and improvement of reading culture.
3. School authorities and parents should closely monitor the Internet sites their students
and wards visit to ensure that the utilization of the educational sites is encouraged.
4. There should be a law stipulating the age limit of the utilization of some Internet sites
that are detrimental to the reading culture of the secondary school populace.
5. Secondary school students should be provided with adequate guidance on how to
promote their reading culture through the appropriate use of the Internet.
6. Establishing, equipping and proper maintenance of school libraries as a means of
improving the reading culture of the secondary school students should be highly
considered and made a priority for all secondary schools.
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