Ancient Asia
Kulatilake, S et al 2014 The Discovery and Excavation of a Human Burial
from the Mini-athiliya Shell Midden in Southern Sri Lanka. Ancient Asia, 5:
3, pp. 1-8, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/aa.12319
RESEARCH PAPER
The Discovery and Excavation of a Human Burial from
the Mini-athiliya Shell Midden in Southern Sri Lanka
Samanti Kulatilake*, Nimal Perera†, Siran U. Deraniyagala† and Jude Perera†
Several shell middens of coastal Sri Lanka indicate human occupation in the mid-Holocene and are recognized as being of prime importance in the archaeological narrative of the island. A salvage archaeology operation conducted at the Mini-athiliya shell midden in the Southern Province of Sri Lanka, yielded
ancient human remains associated with stone implements and culturally modiied faunal remains. The main
objective of this rescue operation was to mitigate the destruction to this archaeological site. We report
the excavation strategy and dating of this mid-Holocene shell midden, while focusing on the discovery
and extraction of a complete human burial that had not been disturbed by the shell mining activity at the
site. This excavation is intended to serve as a precursor to systematic investigation of the coastal shell
middens of southern Sri Lanka.
Introduction
In the southern coastal belt of Sri Lanka, amidst shallow
lagoons and deltas, naturally and artificially accumulated
shell deposits are encountered. Many shell accumulations of the island are attributed to natural processes,
such as the intermittent lowering of the sea levels during the mid-Holocene (Katupotha, 1995). However, the
deposition of several shell accumulations in Udamalala,
Pallemalala, and Mini-athiliya are attributed to human
activity (Somadeva and Ranasinghe, 2006; Perera, 2009).
A salvage archaeology operation conducted at Miniathiliya, Southern Province of Sri Lanka, yielded ancient
human remains associated with stone tools and culturally
modified faunal remains. The Mini-athiliya shell midden
is situated in a paddy field, where farmers had encountered shell debris and isolated skeletal remains during
ploughing activities. The upper portions of the deposit
had probably been disturbed due to agricultural activities since historical times. The more recent commercial
exploitation of the site for shell mining has highlighted
its archaeological attributes.
Sri Lanka’s coastal regions have been extensively surveyed for prehistoric habitation sites over the last 150
years (Deraniyagala, 1992). While numerous shell deposits were observed during these surveys, shell middens of
archaeological significance have been rarely recognized in
the past. However, shell middens in Mandakal-aru in the
north, Aruakallu in the northwest, and from the south,
Pathirajawela, Henagahapugala, and Ussangoda were
* Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Mount Royal University, Canada
skulatilake@mtroyal.ca
†
Sri Lanka Department of Archaeology, Excavation Branch, Sir
Marcus Fernando Mawatha, Sri Lanka
nimalach@hotmail.com, hannibal@sltnet.lk
recognized and sampled and dated in the late 1960s and
early 1970s (Deraniyagala, 1992). More recently, a brief
survey was undertaken in the south, which brought to
light midden complexes at Kalametiyawa, Arabokka and
Weligatte (Adikari and Risberg, 2007) and several raised
middens along the coastal belt from Hambantota to
Bundala (Karunaratne, pers.comm.).
Sri Lanka’s inland cave sites such as Batadomba-lena
and FaHien-lena, located in the country’s wet zone have
yielded human skeletal remains dated to the terminal
Pleistocene through mid-Holocene times (Kennedy and
Deraniyagala, 1989; Deraniyagala, 1992; Wijeyapala, 1997;
Perera, 2010; Perera et al., 2011). An appreciation of the
bio-cultural adaptations of people from the mid-Holocene
comes from the series of skeletal remains recovered from
the open-air site of Bellan-bandi Palassa located in the
Dry Zone of Sri Lanka (Deraniyagala, 1958; Deraniyagala
and Kennedy 1972, Kanthilatha et al., 2012). The site of
Mini-athiliya and other midden complexes in this region,
present an opportunity to explore an uncharted aspect
of subsistence in Sri Lanka during the Holocene. Shell
middens are of significant interest to archaeologists and
biological anthropologists as they offer a glimpse of the
past, where humans successfully occupied and adapted
to coastal environments, exploiting aquatic resources
(Meehan, 1982; Ceci, 1984; Mulvaney and Kamminga,
1999; Mayer, 2009; Alvarez et al., 2011; Balbo, 2011; Biagi,
2013). Several Shell middens of coastal Sri Lanka indicate
human occupation in the mid Holocene (Deraniyagala,
1992; Somadeva and Ranasinghe, 2006; Perera, 2010). As
such, shell middens and associated human occupation are
recognized as being of prime importance in the archaeological narrative of Sri Lanka.
While there are challenges associated with the identification of intentional anthropogenic shell accumulations
(middens), multiple lines of evidence distinguish natural
Art. 3, page 2 of 8
Kulatilake et al: The Discovery and Excavation of a Human Burial from the
Mini-athiliya Shell Midden in Southern Sri Lanka
Fig. 1: Sri Lanka and area enlarged with the location of Mini-athiliya (image courtesy of Google, 2013).
shell heaps from shell middens exhibiting an archaeological signature. A shell midden is “a cultural deposit of
which the principal visible constituent is shell.” (Waselkov,
1987: 95). Also known as kitchen middens or kjokkenmoddinger, these deposits are undoubtedly the products of
human activity (Alvarez et al., 2011). The Mini-athiliya
shell midden is denoted as an archaeological site based on
criteria outlined in investigations of early Danish scholars and other researchers (Meehan, 1982; Mulvaney and
Kamminga, 1999; Alvarez et al., 2011). The concentration
of predominantly edible-sized shells, stone artefacts, and
faunal remains recovered, underscore the archaeological
significance of the Mini-athiliya site.
The Mini-athiliya site and shell mining
The Mini-athiliya shell midden site, designated as HMA
2007 is located at 6° 07’ 12” North, and 80° 56’ 47” East,
in the southern coast of the Hambantota District in the
semi-arid zone of Sri Lanka (Fig. 1). The Mini-athiliya
paddy field is situated approximately four kilometres
inland from the present coast. Fluctuating sea levels
may have placed this site closer to the shoreline during
the mid-Holocene. Hungama, located on the main highway, is the town closest to Mini-athiliya. Local informants
note that shells and isolated human and animal skeletal
elements have often been encountered in the Hatagala
Buddhist temple premises, located near the Mini-athiliya
paddy field.
Shell middens have been mined, quarried, and exploited
in a variety of ways around the world as a raw material
for agricultural, construction, and commercial purposes
(Ceci 1984: 65). From historical times in Sri Lanka, shell
deposits have been quarried for lime-based fertilizer,
building material, and chicken-feed. While quarrying
in this particular site of Mini-athiliya, local shell miners
observed among the shell debris well-preserved bone
and dental remains. They informed the local authorities,
who in turn, alerted the authors and the Excavation
Branch of the Archaeology Department of Sri Lanka, who
immediately initiated a rescue operation, to avert further destruction to this valuable archaeological site. The
Mini-athiliya shell mining operation yielded fragmented
and mixed remains of five individuals (Kulatilake, 2009).
These human bones, commingled with faunal remains
were identified from piles of extracted shell debris and
soil. Unfortunately, the mixing due to the mining activities precluded the recording of any contextual information. Provenance information for these mixed burials
was only recorded as approximations through personal
communication with miners. This paper focuses on the
discovery and extraction of a complete human burial that
had not been disturbed by the shell mining activity at
Mini-athiliya.
Excavation, stratigraphy and contextual
information
The main objective of the salvage operation at Mini-athiliya
was to mitigate the destruction to this archaeological site
and it also signified the launching of systematic investigations on Sri Lanka’s coastal shell middens. The second
author directed the field excavation (Fig. 2), while the first
author was its consulting biological anthropologist. When
the excavation team reached Mini-athiliya, it was observed
that a large portion of the site was exposed and subjected
to destruction by shell mining (Perera, 2009). A parallel
is drawn between the Mini-athiliya rescue operation and
a rescue excavation in Saldanha Bay, South Africa (Orton,
2013), where the upper deposits had been destroyed prior
to systematic excavation. As is customary in any rescue
archaeology operation, the primary goal of this project
was to salvage and record as much information as possible
before further damage accrued. The following information is a summary based on the excavation project report
(Perera, 2009).
Kulatilake et al: The Discovery and Excavation of a Human Burial from the
Mini-athiliya Shell Midden in Southern Sri Lanka
Fig. 2: Mini-athiliya excavation.
Fig. 3: Mini-athiliya site plan.
In order to recognize the stratigraphic sequence of the
Mini-athiliya site, the excavation team cleaned the profile of an existing mining pit. Using the profile sections,
already exposed by shell mining, a site stratigraphy was
established. The excavation team also conducted a reconnaissance survey of the area, and a test pit measuring 2m
x 2m was probed down to the sterile lagoon bed. This
test pit yielded fragmented skeletal remains, stone tools,
and large quantities of shells. Subsequently, this pit was
extended to encompass a total excavation area of 3m x
3.5m (Fig. 3).
An alphanumeric site grid was established over the
site. A nail set in a nearby power pole served as an elevation datum. The site grid was set out over the established
3m x3.5m unit and labeled alphabetically from south to
north. Topographic site maps were drawn using scales of 1:
20 and 1: 100. The excavation employed the stratigraphic
excavation method by using context-based recording
and the Sri Lanka Archaeological Department’s standard
context cards for recording soil layers and archaeological
features.
The lowermost shell deposit representing human habitation was designated as Context 3. This context was associated with the complete human burial discussed below.
Context 3 had a thickness of 76cm. The soil colour was
Art. 3, page 3 of 8
yellowish brown (Munsell 2.5YR 4/7), reflecting the hues
of a waterlogged shell deposit. Its texture was characterized by the presence of highly concentrated and wellpacked dense shell debris, within yellowish brown, grey
sandy silt. Stone implements, faunal remains, and charred
shells were found in this context. The composition of
Context 3 can be summarized as follows: shells: 75%, faunal remains: 8%, stone artefacts: 10%, sand: 7%. Context
7 is part of the human burial pit including the cultural
remains and soil within it, which is the artificially filled
component of the burial pit. The complete human skeleton designated as Context 8 was taken within its matrix as
a block for careful exposure and further analysis (Fig. 4).
While the scope of this paper does not encompass the
analysis of the Mini-athiliya faunal and lithic assemblages,
it is clear that the people of Mini-athiliya were a skilled
group of aquatic foragers. Large quantities of molluscs
were excavated from the Mini-athiliya site. They represent
land, brine (estuarine), and marine habitats. The genera
represented were Acavus, Oligospira, Cyclophorus, Pila,
Paludomus, Anadara, Turbinella, and Cerithidea, with
estuarine and marine forms predominating markedly. As
observed among the shell middens of Eritrea described by
Mayer and Beyin (2009), at Mini-athiliya too it is apparent
that the shells were collected from a variety of habitats.
Also bones of crabs, fish, reptiles, birds, and mammals
were recovered from these well-sealed archaeological contexts. The lithic assemblage recovered from Mini-athiliya
consisted of flakes and cores, geometric microliths, hammerstones and grinders. The faunal evidence and lithic
assemblage from the Mini-athiliya excavation demonstrate a society using a suite of varied subsistence strategies for their survival.
Dating Results for the Mini-athiliya shell
midden
Previous researchers have obtained dates on shell middens of southern Sri Lanka utilizing shells (Katupotha,
1988; Deraniyagala, 1992). A date of 4440 ± 60 BP was
obtained by liquid scintillation counting of methanol for
Fig. 4: Excavation profile from the excavation pits at Miniathiliya.
Art. 3, page 4 of 8
Sample and Analysis
Kulatilake et al: The Discovery and Excavation of a Human Burial from the
Mini-athiliya Shell Midden in Southern Sri Lanka
Measured Radiocarbon Age
13C/12C Ratio
2 Sigma Calibration
Beta - 256149
(Charred Material)
HMA Context 2 LOWER
AMS-Standard delivery
3680 +/- 40 BP
-24.7 o/oo
Cal BC 2190 to 2170
(Cal BP 4140 to 4120)
AND
Cal BC 2150 to 1950
(Cal BP 4100 to 3900)
Beta - 256151
(Charred Material)
HMA Context 3 LOWER
AMS-Standard delivery
3610 +/- 40 BP
-24.8 o/oo
Cal BC 2120 to 2090
(Cal BP 4070 to 4040)
AND
Cal BC 2040 to 1880
(Cal BP 3990 to 3830)
Table 1: Radiocarbon dates from the Mini-athiliya site: HMA (Hungama Mini-athiliya 2007) compiled by Perera and
Kulatilake after M.A. Tamers and D.G. Hood, Beta Analytic Inc., Miami Florida 2009, pers.comm.).
shell samples on shell (Veneridae) from an exposed deposit
in Hatagala (6° 06’ 35” North, 80° 56’ 50” East), situated
close to Mini-athiliya (Katupotha, 1988: 341–345). An
objective of the Mini-athiliya rescue archaeology project
was to obtain charcoal samples from secure archaeological contexts to date this shell midden.
The Mini-athiliya excavation yielded charcoal from a
hearth and other sealed stratigraphic contexts. The dates
for Mini-athiliya have been secured using several charcoal
samples from contexts denoted as the lower level within
Context 2 and Context 3, the main habitation levels of the
site. The charcoal in the lower part of context 3 is dated
to 3610 +/- 40 BP and a sample from the lower levels of
context 2 is dated to 3680 +/- 40 BP. These dates overlap
considerably and are essentially identical. The radiocarbon
dating summarised in Table 1 suggests that these contexts
represent a single, continuous occupation deposit during
the mid-Holocene with dates clustered around 4000 BP.
Large-scale molluscan consumption and shell disposal is
considered to result in a rapid rate of midden accumulation (Waselkov, 1987). Accordingly, at Mini-athiliya, the
thickness of the shell deposit, which also included discarded lithic debris and charred faunal remains, ranged
from 50–120cm. This suggests rapid and heavy accumulation of refuse. Stratigraphic information indicates that
these early aquatic foragers had not re-occupied Miniathiliya. The historic and more recent use of this site has
been primarily for agricultural (rice paddy cultivation) and
commercial purposes (shell mining).
The discovery and extraction of the complete
human burial from Mini-athiliya
The complete human burial at Mini-athiliya was encountered entirely by accident. At the end of the salvage operation, when the excavation team had decided to close the
excavation pits at Mini- athiliya, a worker’s implement hit
a solid surface. Excavating around this surface it was clear
to the team that it was a human skull. It turned out to be
the skull of the skeleton to be named HMA 6 (Fig. 5). A
bone-by-bone recovery was not feasible on site, due to the
onset of the rainy season and the urgency associated with
this rescue operation. It was decided that the complete
human burial would be removed from Mini-athiliya as a
block within its matrix (Contexts 7 and 8), to be followed
Fig. 5: Encountering the human burial.
by the implementation of a meticulous extraction strategy, off site, within laboratory conditions.
The strategy decided upon to recover the complete skeleton for detailed analysis, while losing as little contextual
information as possible, is described below. Digging narrow trenches around the burial in a rectangular shape and
exposing the burial as a block, it was placed in a plaster
cast with the surrounding matrix. A layer of soil was artificially placed, covering the surface of this block. A wooden
crate was constructed to surround the plaster cast containing the complete burial within its matrix. The dimensions of the box were: 118cm x 75cm x 70cm. This crate
containing the burial was unearthed from the site (Fig. 6)
and was transported to the Head Office of the Sri Lanka
Department of Archaeology in Colombo (Fig. 7).
It was noted previously that five individuals were identified from the fragmentary skeletal material from the shell
miners’ pits. These individuals were labeled as HMA 1
through 5 (Kulatilake, 2009). Therefore, this skeleton was
labelled HMA 6. The meticulous excavation, extraction
and exposure of this burial were undertaken in 2009 by
the authors, a team of excavators, and laboratory personnel (Fig. 8). Careful excavation allowed the identification
of many details about this individual. Skilled excavators,
laboratory personnel, draughts persons, and photographers were deployed. Once the crate containing the skeleton was pried open, the top plaster sheet was removed.
Kulatilake et al: The Discovery and Excavation of a Human Burial from the
Mini-athiliya Shell Midden in Southern Sri Lanka
Fig. 6: Removal of the burial within a plaster cast with its
matrix reinforced by a wooden crate.
Fig. 7: Wooden crate encasing the skeleton of HMA prior
to extraction, at Sri Lanka Department of Archaeology,
Colombo.
Fig. 8: Extraction and recording of HMA 6.
The layer of soil placed artificially on the skeleton was
slowly brushed away in 2cm increments. This layer was
approximately 16cm in thickness. The skull, which had
been elevated during the original burial process, was first
Art. 3, page 5 of 8
encountered in this levelling process. The damage that
occurred during the initial discovery of the skeleton had
fragmented the tempero-parietal region of the cranium.
Compacted soil filled the cranial cavity keeping most cranial bones intact.
The entire skeleton had been covered with debris
including large quantities of shells during the original
internment. A demarcation of a shallow grave was barely
identified during the excavation. It would be pertinent
to note that the extraction process in the laboratory progressed “shell by shell”, where the excavators painstakingly
removed vast quantities of shells to expose the skeletal
elements. Dental picks, scalpels, and brushes were used
and levelling was conducted at 2cm intervals. The process was documented throughout, using written records,
drawings, and photographs. The matrix surrounding the
burial yielded burnt and fragmented animal bones and
fragmented lithic material. Laboratory personnel who
were present throughout the extraction process initiated
the consolidation of bone that was prone to crumbling.
Paraloid B72 in acetone (2%) solution was injected to
areas such as the femoral head and iliac spine of the pelvis. Observations and measurements were made, where
possible, on exposed skeletal elements.
The skeleton of a mid-Holocene inhabitant
from Mini-athiliya: HMA 6
It was clear that the complete human burial from Miniathiliya, HMA 6, was a primary internment (Fig. 9).
Methods and techniques discussed in Brothwell (1981),
Ubelaker (1999) and Bass (2005) were followed during
the extraction process. The burial appeared to have been
compressed vertically, crushing and fragmenting many
skeletal elements. The following description of orientation and flexure of the skeleton draws from terminology
and descriptive commentary proposed by Sprague (1968).
HMA 6 had been buried in a tightly flexed foetal position,
resting on the right side, with the head placed to the north.
This mortuary practice of placing the deceased in flexed
positions, parallels burial patterns recorded from other Sri
Lankan mid-Holocene sites, such as Bellan-bandi Palassa
(Deraniyagala, 1958; Deraniyagala and Kennedy, 1972;
Kennedy, 2000), Pallemalala (Somadeva and Ranasinghe,
2006), and Godawaya (Weisshaar, pers.comm.). The forearms of HMA 6 were flexed at the elbows and positioned
in front of the thorax, with the right facial regions resting on the hands. The skeleton was tightly flexed at the
pelvic-acetabular joint and at the knees. The legs had been
folded and tucked in, where the femora and tibiae were
presented at acute angles to each other. The spinal column appeared to have been curved to accommodate this
tight flexion of the entire skeleton. The abnormal presentation of bones at the talocrural joint and the position of
tarsals and metatarsals suggested post mortem deformation to that region.
Overall, HMA 6 presented a high degree of skeletal
robusticity, with heavily developed muscle markings on
cranial and facial bones. When skeletal features were
exposed through excavation, HMA 6 was identified as a
Art. 3, page 6 of 8
Kulatilake et al: The Discovery and Excavation of a Human Burial from the
Mini-athiliya Shell Midden in Southern Sri Lanka
may be used to infer a life way that was active and physically stressful. A preliminary comparison was conducted
on the human cranial and dental remains recovered from
the mid-Holocene coastal shell midden sites of Miniathiliya and Pallemalala in southern Sri Lanka (Kulatilake,
2012). The archaeological evidence from the excavation at
Mini-athiliya indicates shared cultural affinities between
the people of Mini-athiliya and Pallemalala (Somadeva
and Ranasinghe, 2006). Due to the striking similarities in
their morphological traits, it is hypothesized that these
two groups living in geographic and temporal proximity
may have shared close biological affinities as well.
Fig. 9: The skeleton of HMA 6 after excavation and exposure.
male, based on pelvic and cranial structures (Bass, 2005;
Ubelaker, 1999). A heavily developed mastoid process, a
strongly demarcated nuchal crest and the shape and features of the pelvis, were central in the identification of sex.
Dentition from the maxilla and mandible of HMA 6 clearly
indicated that he was a mature adult. A high degree of
attrition to the molar teeth suggested an extremely abrasive diet. Cranial sutures (though highly distorted) and the
knowledge of the abrasive nature of the diet among early
and mid-Holocene South Asians (Kennedy, 2000), allowed
the estimation of age of this individual to be approximately 45 years. The age range among the other excavated individuals from commingled human remains from
Mini-athiliya was 12 – 45 years (Kulatilake, 2009), placing
HMA 6 among the oldest from this sample of people. The
standard femoral measurements (Bass, 2005) recorded on
the left femur of HMA 6 were as follows: length - 445mm,
maximum head diameter - 42 mm, and the estimated epicondyar breadth - 70mm. Standard formulae (Byers, 2002)
were applied to the reconstructed left femur to estimate
the stature of HMA 6. The height estimation obtained was
167.32cm +/- 3.27. This can be expressed as a height of
between 5’5” and 5’7”. Further analyses are required to
ascertain the adaptations and affinities of this individual.
Taphonomic processes had played a role in the condition, preservation and deterioration of the skeletal
remains of HMA 6. The bones of HMA 6 were extremely
brittle for the most part. Numerous cracks and crevices
were present in the long bones indicating post-mortem
deformation. The exposed fragmented parts of the left
scapula, the left ilium, and the left femoral head had
cancellous bone visible and appeared extremely fragile.
The left temporal, parietal and occipital bones were fragmented, and some reconstruction was possible during the
extraction and cleaning process.
The pronounced degree of skeletal robusticity is a pattern observed among early Holocene hunter-gatherer
populations of the Gangetic Plain, north India (Kennedy,
2008; Lukacs and Pal, 2003; Kulatilake, 2000) and among
the mid-Holocene people of Pallemalala, Sri Lanka
(Ranaweera, 2002; Kulatilake, 2012). The aquatic foragers
of Mini-athiliya and other shell midden complexes of Sri
Lanka represent people whose musculoskeletal robusticity
Discussion
Shell middens of Sri Lanka have long been recognized as
a class of archaeological sites of considerable scientific
importance (Deraniyagala, 1992). Such sites normally contain well-preserved cultural remains within stratigraphically stable deposits, and consist primarily of kitchen
refuse from past populations. The midden deposits representing the refuse or rubbish of the Mini-athiliya people
indicate that they have exploited a variety of terrestrial
and aquatic resources, with the latter predominating.
Paleoenvironmental reconstruction indicates an abrupt
increase in aridity during the mid-Holocene between
5400 and 3600 BP, which was associated with a significant reduction of agricultural land use in central Sri Lanka
(Premathilake, 2006). However, several coastal shell midden sites including Mini-athiliya provide an opportunity
to explore the adaptations that may have allowed people
to thrive during the mid-Holocene. The Kalametiya lagoon
forms the southern boundary of Mini-athiliya and further
south is the ocean. By virtue of the biologically rich estuarine and mud-flat associated mangrove areas seen even
today, we can assume that there had been a high carrying
capacity in the Mini-athiliya region. It is suggested that
the Mini-athiliya people successfully adapted to changing environmental conditions of their times by following
hunter-gatherer and aquatic forager life ways as viable
alternative or complementary subsistence patterns.
Future multidisciplinary research would be able to illuminate the adaptations and affinities of the people who
inhabited Sri Lanka’s coastal regions during the mid-Holocene. The Mini-athiliya human skeletal assemblage including the complete skeleton described in this paper would
offer new evidence on the biological adaptations of the
mid-Holocene people who roved the landscapes of southern coastal Sri Lanka.
Recovering a complete skeleton of an ancient human
is of major significance to biological anthropology and
archaeology. Moreover, the Sri Lankan mid-Holocene
human skeletal record is not extensive, and therefore,
this find enhances it. Throughout the extraction process
conducted in Colombo, HMA 6 attracted much public
attention. For the modern day people of Mini-athiliya and
nearby areas, this mid-Holocene aquatic forager represents a relatively recent ancestor with a unique identity
and has been referred to as “Menik-Hāmy”, a name derived
from the site name. Considering its archaeological and
Kulatilake et al: The Discovery and Excavation of a Human Burial from the
Mini-athiliya Shell Midden in Southern Sri Lanka
anthropological significance, this exposed burial has been
placed on display at the Matara Star Fort Museum in the
Southern Province of Sri Lanka, where it is a central attraction for the public.
Acknowledgments
This project was funded by the Sri Lanka Department of
Archaeology. A Mount Royal University Internal Research
Grant funded the participation of the first author. The
authors acknowledge the support and contributions
of Senarath Dissanayake (Director General, Sri Lanka
Department of Archaeology), Priyantha Costa, Nuwan
Abeywardana, U.W. Karunasena, S.S. Garusingha, Tharangi
Dissanayaka, Oshan Fernando, Anusha Kasthuri, M.M.
Susantha Nihal, S.P. Chandana, W.M.T. Janapriya, as well
as many individuals in the Sri Lanka Department of
Archaeology, and Michael Allan.
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How to cite this article: Kulatilake, S, Perera, N, Deraniyagala, S U, and Perera, J 2014 The Discovery and Excavation of a
Human Burial from the Mini-athiliya Shell Midden in Southern Sri Lanka. Ancient Asia, 5: 3, pp. 1-8, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/
aa.12319
Published: 10 November 2014
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