3D Shape

What is contemporary architecture?
Although it seems to be a simple question, we will soon discover with some discouragement how ambitious and complicated it can be to find an appropriate answer to this question.
According to the Cambridge Dictionary, the contemporary word is defined as to " living at, happening at or belonging to the same period "[2].
In the specific field of design, contemporary architecture implies a chronological question. In its essence refers to architecture product of its time, and which defines its own topicality.
Conceptually, contemporary architecture rejects those historical styles of the past, replacing them with an innovative and different proposal from what existed so far. For the architects Beatriz Villanueva Cajide and Francisco Javier Casas Cobo, contemporary architecture, "... historiographically, does not exist, except in the absolute present, understanding as such the moment lived and, maybe, ten or twenty years ago, until the moment when the historiography frames it like history and ceases to be contemporary "[3].
In the contemporary, we rethink architecture as "... to check that aspects have lost validity, which have been renewed and what [new] concepts ... have appeared" [4]. It is in this sense that the idea of contemporary architecture acquires greater relevance: as a motor of change, it establishes new theoretical positions between man and his architectural production.
In the beginning of this new century, we find ourselves living a particularly sensitive historical moment. For Josep María Montaner, we are able to "... have a certain perspective to interpret the evolution of architecture ... and detect the most remarkable characteristics of the recent turn of the century" [5].
We are in the presence of a new way of understanding the architectural project, under a technological-digital perspective, where process and generation are tinged with a search for optimization and efficiency. Numerous sources produce and reproduce an unprecedented architecture, developed in an area of some formal forcefulness, where mathematical algorithms, digital biological systems and advanced structural systems try to detach from their heavy historical-eclecticist load.
In an attempt to answer the initial question, this article proposes the study of six key concepts, six elements that help us understand and define precisely the characteristics of this new architecture.

The present study as a part of design-based research has focussed on the seventh grade students’ understanding of two types of polycubical shape problems. The first type of problems asked students to draw two-dimensional representations (the orthogonal views from the front, left, right and top) of given three-dimensional representations. In the second type, students were asked to construct poly-cubical shapes and then represent them isometrically in a two-dimensional environment where corresponding views from the front, left, right and top were provided. The current study found various types of common errors of students specifically for the first and second type of problems. Redrawing the 3D shape or a part of it, drawing the part only at the very front, swapping the left and right views, drawing the view upside down and drawing squares at the back to another row/diagonally can be listed as the most common errors for the first type; and drawing only one of the views as 3D (mostly the front view), swapping the left and right views, not using the isometric paper properly and drawing a 2D shape or combining the given views as 2D and 3D are found to be the most common errors for the second type. The next iteration of this research will be focussing on designing lessons to overcome the seventh grade students’ errors above-mentioned errors. Keywords: assessment; middle school students’ errors; 2D representations of 3D shapes; 12- to 13-years old Session type: Research paper Duration: 30 minutes

Persepsi dapat diartikan sebagai “bagaimana orang melihat atau menginterpretasikan peristiwa, objek, serta manusia. Istilah persepsi sering disamakan dengan sensasi. Perbedaannya adalah sensasi “hanya berupa kesan sesaat, saat stimulus baru diterima otak dan belum diorganisasikan dengan stimulus lainnya dan ingatan-ingatan yang berhubungan dengan stimulus tersebut. Bentuk merupakan elemen penting dalam desain. Berbagai macam bentuk dapat ditemukan dalam kehidupan. Dari bentuk yang wajar sampai ke bentuk yang aneh. Fungsi merupakan gambaran dari suatu kegiatan yang dilakukan oleh makhluk hidup, yang di dalam kegiatan tersebut membutuhkan tempat atau ruang untuk melakukan aktivitasnya.
Bentuk adalah sesuatu yang terlihat. Berbagai macam pengertian dari bentuk serta sifat yang dapat dihasilkan oleh keberadaan suatu bentuk. Pengarah bentuk dapat membantu dalam mengambil keputusan untuk merencanakan dan menetapkan bentuk visual. Ruang dalam bentuk dibuat sebagai batasan yang akan berpengaruh terhadap suatu persepsi. Sehingga pengetahuan sebuah ruang diperlukan sebagai acuan dalam membuat bentuk. Bentuk dan isi merupakan suatu tahap lanjut dari ruang. Karena di dalam suatu ruang dipastikan akan ada isi. Karena keberadaan isi dapat menjadi nilai tambah dari suatu karya seni atau desain.
Bentuk adalah sesuatu yang terlihat. Berbagai macam pengertian dari bentuk serta sifat yang dapat dihasilkan oleh keberadaan suatu bentuk. Dan wujud merupakan perkembangan dari sebuah bentuk. Pola dihasilkan dari penggunaan bentuk. terbentuknya pola dapat menghasilkan sesuatu dengan teratur selain itu pola juga dapat menghasilkan suatu daya tarik. Ide merupakan hal yang mendasr dan terdapat dalam diri manusia, yang merupakan rancangan tersusun dalam pikiran manusia. Tanda dan makna terkadang terdapat pada suatu bentuk. tanda dapat menjadi suatu acuan dalam menghadirkan suatu bentuk dan makna dapat memberikan arti dari suatu bentuk.
Bahasa Rupa merupakan suatu bahasa yang sudah ada sejak manusia mengenal gambar. Bahasa rupa dapat dilihat dalam bentuk lukisan gua. Oleh karena itu bahasa rupa merupakan salah satu bentuk komunikasi yang digunakan oleh manusia. Berbagai macam istilah di dalam bahasa rupa. Sehingga diperlukan pengetahuan untuk mengetahui berbagai macam istilah tersebut.
Kata Kunci: Persepsi, Bentuk, Ragam, Visual, Rupa

This study attempted to investigate a pre-service mathematics teacher’s Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge regarding different views of 3-D figures in geometry. Data were collected from a pre-service teacher, enrolled in one of the large public universities in Ankara while she was teaching different views of 3-D figures in seventh-grade level in one of the private schools. Interviews, observations, field notes, GeoGebra files, and lesson plans were the data collection tools used in the study. Data analysis revealed that the participant’s TPACK level increased during school experience course. State differently, there was a development in the pre-service teacher’s TPACK level. While there was just a slight increase in technology integration to the curriculum and access of students to technology levels, there was a significant rise in teaching and learning with technology levels of the participant during school experience course. Findings of the study show that there is a need for complementary technology courses during school experience course in teacher education programs because teacher candidates need necessary competencies in using technology like selection and usage of appropriate technology to provide effective teaching in mathematics classes. Keywords: Pre-service Middle School Mathematics Teacher, Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge, Different Views of 3-D Figures

Most of the abnormalities and deformations of the adult population feet are caused by improper or unsuitable shoes. That is, the main cause of this phenomenon is irrational shoe lasts, which often occur in the mass shoes production. The correct ergonomic shape of the last begins with the rational shape of the contour of the bottom surface. But today there is no scientifically based universal methodology for designing the contour of the last bottom surface for different types of shoes. The framework of the bottom surface is the foot measurements related by geometric constructions and mathematical correlations. The proposed method of the last bottom template (insole) design is based on the foot anthropometric measurements and geometric parameters which depends on the type and purpose of the shoes

The problem of learning three-dimensional (3d) geometry received considerable attention in the last decade and using dynamic technology to enhance students’ learning of 3d geometry has been suggested by many curricula including English, American, German and Turkish. However, given the number of studies, many middle school students struggle to learn 3d geometry and mathematics teachers find it challenging to choose these tools wisely so that they can prevent and/or overcome possible errors of students. In our previous research, we observed a number of mathematics teachers when they were teaching 3d geometry in middle school classes and noted the difficulties of both students when learning these with the available tools and methods (Saralar, Ainsworth & Wake, 2018) and teachers when teaching certain objectives (orthogonal and isometric drawings of 3d shapes) from 3d geometry (Saralar, Ainsworth & Wake, 2019). The study reported in this paper focused on classifying students’ errors in orthogonal and isometric drawings of 3d shapes, particularly cube constructions. Consequently, we designed a four-week course to teach orthogonal and isometric drawings with hopes of overcoming observed errors in both orthogonal and isometric drawings by emphasizing four design principles: realistic, exploratory, technology-enhanced and active.

Keywords: middle school students, orthogonal drawings, isometric drawings, 3d shapes, 3d geometry, misconceptions

Many ecological and evolutionary studies seek to explain patterns of shape variation and its covariation with other variables. Geometric morphometrics is often used for this purpose, where a set of shape variables are obtained from landmark coordinates following a Procrustes superimposition.
We introduce geomorph: a software package for performing geometric morphometric shape analysis in the r statistical computing environment.
Geomorph provides routines for all stages of landmark-based geometric morphometric analyses in two and three-dimensions. It is an open source package to read, manipulate, and digitize landmark data, generate shape variables via Procrustes analysis for points, curves and surfaces, perform statistical analyses of shape variation and covariation, and to provide graphical depictions of shapes and patterns of shape variation. An important contribution of geomorph is the ability to perform Procrustes superimposition on landmark points, as well as semilandmarks from curves and surfaces.
A wide range of statistical methods germane to testing ecological and evolutionary hypotheses of shape variation are provided. These include standard multivariate methods such as principal components analysis, and approaches for multivariate regression and group comparison. Methods for more specialized analyses, such as for assessing shape allometry, comparing shape trajectories, examining morphological integration, and for assessing phylogenetic signal, are also included.
Several functions are provided to graphically visualize results, including routines for examining variation in shape space, visualizing allometric trajectories, comparing specific shapes to one another and for plotting phylogenetic changes in morphospace.
Finally, geomorph participates to make available advanced geometric morphometric analyses through the r statistical computing platform.

The patent documentation at the Central State Archive is a priceless heritage of knowledge about the material culture
and design in Italy between 1855 and 1965. It consists mainly of drawings and still needs to be valued by means of
drawing and survey.
To that end, it is proposed a specific experience that can be referred to the area of survey of industrial design objects,
in this case those of free‐form. Therefore, it is shown a procedure (to be improved necessarily) as cognitive strategy of
the design method of Salvatore Ferragamo, rebuilt from the patent drawings, by working for similarity of “shapes”
through digital modeling.

The article reports results of using approximation and retopology to improve the accuracy of block
patterns extracted from 3D models of clothing through the application of UV-mapping. An analysis of 1940s
dresses was carried out and historical design solutions systematized. A list of 3dsMax geometric primitives for
approximating the surface of historical clothing was proposed. On the example of a set-in sleeve of a dress, a
retopology was performed and an increase in the accuracy of the generated block pattern was shown.

Four classes in two schools of the Turkish Republic having 25 to 30 students observed while students were learning two-dimensional representations of shapes constructed from unit cubes. Each class was observed for four lesson hours (40 minutes), and observation notes recorded in five minutes intervals. It is observed that many students had difficulty to understand those representations. Also, many others found it challenging to transfer the shapes in their minds on an activity sheet. Problem-based interviews on students’ answers confirmed the observation results where that visualisation and drawing came up as students’ two main reasons for the difficulty of the concept. After the last teaching session, all students asked to complete a worksheet having orthogonal and isometric drawing questions. They were given two lesson hours to complete the worksheet having 10 questions. It's found that girls and boys internalised some teaching sessions differently. ANOVA results showed that there is no significant effect of gender on students’ performance in orthogonal representations, F(1, 197) = 4.399, p = 0.596, whereas there is a significant effect of gender in isometric drawings, F(1, 197) = 0.282, p = 0.037. Post hoc comparisons indicated that the mean score of girls in isometric drawings (M = 1.51, SD = 1.64) is significantly different than boys (M = 1.09, SD = 1.36), where the girls outperformed the boys.

The ecological origin of snakes remains amongst the most controversial topics in evolution, with three competing hypotheses: fossorial; marine; or terrestrial. Here we use a geometric morphometric approach integrating ecological, phylogenetic, paleontological, and developmental data for building models of skull shape and size evolution and developmental rate changes in squamates. Our large-scale data reveal that whereas the most recent common ancestor of crown snakes had a small skull with a shape undeniably adapted for fossoriality, all snakes plus their sister group derive from a surface-terrestrial form with non-fossorial behavior, thus redirecting the debate toward an underexplored evolutionary scenario. Our comprehensive heterochrony analyses further indicate that snakes later evolved novel craniofacial specializations through global acceleration of skull development. These results highlight the importance of the interplay between natural selection and developmental processes in snake origin and diversification, leading first to invasion of a new habitat and then to subsequent ecological radiations.

The problem of object recognition is of immense practical importance and potential, and the last decade has witnessed a number of breakthroughs in the state of the art. Most of the past object recognition work focuses on textured objects and local appearance descriptors extracted around salient points in an image. These methods fail in the matching of smooth, untextured objects for which salient point detection does not produce robust results. The recently proposed bag of boundaries (BoB) method is the first to directly address this problem. Since the texture of smooth objects is largely uninformative, BoB focuses on describing and matching objects based on their post-segmentation boundaries. Herein we address three major weaknesses of this work. The first of these is the uniform treatment of all boundary segments. Instead, we describe a method for detecting the locations and scales of salient boundary segments. Secondly, while the BoB method uses an image based elementary descriptor (HoGs + occupancy matrix), we propose a more compact descriptor based on the local profile of boundary normals' directions. Lastly, we conduct a far more systematic evaluation, both of the bag of boundaries method and the method proposed here. Using a large public database, we demonstrate that our method exhibits greater robustness while at the same time achieving a major computational saving -- object representation is extracted from an image in only 6%  of the time needed to extract a bag of boundaries, and the storage requirement is similarly reduced to less than 8%.

In this paper, we have talked about the technological development related to 3D printing. In which we have explained how 3D printing works and how it will affect our lives in the future. As we all know that 3D printing is going to be involved gradually in our everyday life. Therefore, we must bring new ideas about 3D printing for the benefit of society. As seen, 3D printing makes many of our tasks much easier, and we will be able to use it on a smaller scale, even in our homes in future. As we all know that there are always some flaws in technology in the initial stages. However, we are always on the path of making those techniques best by removing those imperfections. If seen, 3D printing is not a new technology, work has been going on for many years. However, the way we are now seeing the possibility. From this it seems that in future it will be used much more. In the coming time, most everyday items will be able to be made according to their requirement in a short time with the help of 3D printing. This will be a technique and a new way of advancement in technology.

This report describes the design, implementation, evaluation and original enhancements to the Live-Wire method for 2D and 3D image segmentation. Live-Wire 2D employs a semi-automatic paradigm; the user is asked to select a few boundary points of the object to segment, to steer the process in the right direction, while the result is displayed in real time. In our implementation segmentation is extended to three dimensions by performing this process on a slice-by-slice basis. User's time and involvement is further reduced by allowing him to specify object contours in planes orthogonal to the slices. If these planes are chosen strategically, Live-Wire 3D can perform 2D segmentation in the plane of each slice automatically. This report also proposes two improvements to the original method, path heating and a new graph edge feature function based on variance of path properties along the boundary. We show that these improvements lead up to a 33% reduction in interaction with the user, and improved delineation in presence of strong interfering edges.

"Abstract—A method is described for representing voxel-based objects (VBOs) by means of edging trees (EdTs). Given a VBO, an EdT is a tree which traces the borders of the object. The vertices of the EdT correspond to the vertices of the enclosing surface where some of them have been conveniently hidden in order to get a 1D representation.
The computed EdT is represented by a base-five digit chain code descriptor suitably combined by means of parentheses. The EdT notation is invariant under rotation and translation, using this notation it is possible to obtain the mirror image of any VBO with ease. The EdT notation preserves the shape of VBOs. The proposed EdT notation is a good tool for storing of VBOs. Due to their features, EdTs can be considered as a 1D alternative to skeletons for representing VBOs."

Random Sampling Silhouettes Reconstructions Figure 1: Left: Our method generates multi-view depth maps and silhouettes, and uses a rendering function to obtain the 3D shapes. Right: We can also extend our framework to reconstruct 3D shapes from single/multi-view depth maps or silhouettes. Abstract We study the problem of learning generative models of 3D shapes. Voxels or 3D parts have been widely used as the underlying representations to build complex 3D shapes; however, voxel-based representations suffer from high memory requirements, and parts-based models require a large collection of cached or richly parametrized parts. We take an alternative approach: learning a generative model over multi-view depth maps or their corresponding silhouettes, and using a deterministic rendering function to produce 3D shapes from these images. A multi-view representation of shapes enables generation of 3D models with fine details , as 2D depth maps and silhouettes can be modeled at a much higher resolution than 3D voxels. Moreover, our approach naturally brings the ability to recover the underlying 3D representation from depth maps of one or a few viewpoints. Experiments show that our framework can generate 3D shapes with variations and details. We also demonstrate that our model has out-of-sample generalization power for real-world tasks with occluded objects.

Code and data here: https://github.com/Amir-Arsalan/Synthesize3DviaDepthOrSil

As the volume of multimedia content available on the Web continues to increase, there is a clear need for more advanced techniques for effective retrieval and management of such data. In this context, we see a growing interest in exploiting the potential of the Semantic Web in different research fields. But, on the other hand, there is a general lack of tools able to analyse, organize and understand digital shape models (especially 3D models) for easily populating repositories with complete and well-detailed metadata. Several steps are necessary to create and associate semantics with a shape and some of them are clearly context dependent.
In this paper, we present the design details of our new system, that we call be-SMART, for inspecting digital 3D shapes by extracting geometrical and topological information from them and for structuring and annotating these shapes using ontology-driven metadata. In particular, we describe the general structure of the system, the different modules and their mutual relations. We then concentrate on the first two modules of the system showing how the 3D models are annotated following ontology-driven metadata. We also provide motivations for further work in developing new techniques for both annotating and managing 3D models on the Web.

In this paper, we present a neural-network learning scheme for face reconstruction. This scheme, which we called as Smooth Projected Polygon Representation Neural Network (SPPRNN), is able to successively refine the polygon's vertices parameter of an initial 3D shape based on depth-maps of several calibrated images taken from multiple views. The depth-maps, which are obtained by deploying Tsai-Shah shape-from-shading (SFS) algorithm, can be considered as partial 3D shapes of the face to be reconstructed. The reconstruction is finalized by mapping the texture of face images to the initial 3D shape. There are three interesting issues investigated in this paper concerning the effectiveness of this scheme. First, how effective the SFS provides partial 3D shapes compared to if we simply used 2D images. Secondly, how essential a smooth projected polygonal model is needed in order to approximate the face structure and enhance the convergence rate of this scheme. Thirdly, how an appropriate initial 3D shape should be selected and used in order to improve model resolution and learning stability. By carefully addressing those three issues, it was shown from our experiment that a compact and realistic 3D model of human (mannequin) face could be obtained. This result is ensured through quantitative measurement of average pixel-error and vertex-error between generated model and actual 3D data obtained by 3D scanner device.

Measuring the similarity between two shapes or forms. Shape comparison. Shape description. Shapes of lines.  Shapes of surfaces. Shapes of solid objects. Voxelized objects. Polyhedra. Polygons. Storing shapes economically. Shape unicity.  Our work is described in these documents:

"*33. Bribiesca. E., y Guzmán, A. (1978) Shape Description and Shape Similarity Measurement for Two-dimensional Regions. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Pattern Recognition, Kyoto, Japan. 608-612. Also available as Technical Report PR-78-18 (Orange Series 9, 166), IIMAS. Also: Journal of Geoprocessing, Vol. 1, No. 2, 129-144 (1980) (This journal no longer exists).

34. Bribiesca, E. and Guzmán, A. (1978) Shape numbers: a notation to describe pure form and to measure resemblance and difference among shapes. Technical Report PR-78-20 (Orange Series 178), IIMAS. In Spanish.

*39. Bribiesca, E. and Guzmán A. (1980) How to Describe Pure Forms and how to Measure Differences in Shapes using Shape Numbers. Invited paper to the IEEE Conference on Pattern Recognition and Image Processing. Chicago, USA. Also in Pattern Recognition, Vol 12, No. 2, 101-112. This article won the Seventh Annual Pattern Recognition Award, awarded by the Pattern Recognition Society in November 1981, as the best article of the year.

72. Guzmán A. (1987) Canonical Shape description for 3-D Stick Bodies. Technical Report ACA-254-87, MCC.

73. Guzmán, A. (1987) Shape Description in CYC. Technical Report AI-x-87(P), Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, MCC. MCC/ACA Confidential and Proprietary.

188. Ernesto Bribiesca, Adolfo Guzman. (2012) Enclosing Trees. Pattern Analysis and Applications 15:1-17.

192. Ernesto Bribiesca, Adolfo Guzman-Arenas, Luis A. Martínez. (2011) Representation of 3-D objects using enclosing trees. In Computational Intelligence Techniques in Handling Image Processing and Pattern Recognition, S. Ramakrishnan & Ibrahiem M. M. El Emary (Eds.), Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany. 227-252."

203. Luis Martinez, Ernesto Bribiesca, Adolfo Guzman. (2013). Voxel-based object representation by means of edging trees. 17th International Conference on Image Processing, Computer Vision, & Pattern Recognition, July 22-25, Las Vegas, USA.

204. Rodolfo Vilchis, Gilberto Martínez, Adolfo Guzman-Arenas (submitted). Visualization of the largest number of properties of multivariate objects using meta-dimensional grouping. Expert Systems with Applications.

More Info: The above papers can be downloaded from several places.
    * In academia.edu, under the page of "Adolfo Guzman Arenas" (https://ipn.academia.edu/AdolfoGuzman/ or academia.edu/AdolfoGuzman).  Search for "Adolfo Guzman Arenas".  You may be asked to suscribe. Try it, it is free!
* From my web page: http://alum.mit.edu/www/aguzman
* If above fails, write to me:  aguzman (at) ieee (dot) org  (that is @ all).
Also, those places will contain, probably, newer documents about the same topics.

This study is the initial part of a design-based research. The aim was to observe four naturally occurring cases (teachers) to discover the problems related to students’ learning of three-dimensional polycubical shapes more detailly. The first phase of a design-based research can be thought as the analysis of the problem both in the naturally occurring place and in the literature (Bakker & van Eerde, 2014; Herrington, McKenney, Reeves, & Oliver, 2007). In the current case, it is important to pre-determine the possible factors which might affect students’ progression and the process of students’ learning. The next step will be designing geometry lessons according to the determined factors and therefore the needs of the students in order to improve their performance on two-dimensional representations of three-dimensional polycubical shapes. The study was conducted in two public middle schools where two mathematics teachers in each agreed to be a part of the study and invited the researchers to observe their students while they were teaching two-dimensional representations of three-dimensional polycubical shapes during their regular lessons. There were 25 to 30 middle school students, who were 12- to 13-years old, in each of four classrooms. Middle school students were observed for four lesson hours during their regular mathematics lessons when they were learning the topic. Each lesson observation was 40 minutes. 16 lessons of four classes, being 4 lessons in each classroom, were observed as a non-participant observer, sitting at the back side of the classroom and taking field notes in five-minute intervals. A sketch of each classroom was drawn prior to the field notes. The observation protocol had two parts (a descriptive part and a reflective part) and was used to structure the field notes. Copies of the materials (presentations, activity sheets and books) used by the teachers and the students in the class were also collected as additional data. The data were organised according to the emerging themes which were explained in the findings section as three major reasons for students’ poor performance in two-dimensional representations of polycubical shapes.

In this paper we propose a method for matching the
scales of 3D point clouds. 3D point sets of the same
scene obtained by 3D reconstruction techniques usually
differ in scales. To match scales, we propose a keyscale
that characterizes the scale of a given 3D point cloud.
By performing PCA of spin images over different scales,
a keyscale is defined as the scale that gives the minimum
of cumulative contribution rate of PCA at a specific dimension
of eigenspace. Simulations with the Stanford
bunny and experimental results with 3D reconstructions
of a real scene demonstrate that keyscales of any 3D
point clouds can be uniquely found and effectively used
for scale matching.

This paper, proposes a weakly-supervised approach for three-dimensional object detection, which makes it possible to train a strong three-dimensional detector with position-level based annotations (i.e. annotations pertaining to the centre of an object). In an attempt to rectify this information loss from box annotations to object centres, the proposed method, named Corporeality (referred to as BR in short in image and tabular representations) makes use of synthetic three-dimensional shapes to convert weak labels into completely annotated virtual scenes as stronger supervision, and then in turn utilizes these perfect virtual labels to complement and refine the original set of labels. The process involves the assemblage of three-dimensional shapes into physically reasonable virtual scenes according to the coarse scene layout extracted from position-level based annotations previously. Then we go back to reality by applying a virtual-to-real domain adaptation function, which refines the weak labels along with supervising the three-dimensional detector's training with the virtual scenes. This paper further proposes a more challenging benchmark for three-dimensional object detection with more diverse object sizes to better emphasize the potential of Corporeality. With an investment of a meagre 5% labelling labour, Corporeality was able to perform competitively when compared with some of the popular fully-supervised approaches out there, widely used with ScanNet datasets. Code is

Potential owned not only humans, but the objects that are in the environment. Form or shape, including one of the potential that can be developed and can be associated with an object. To create a form or shape necessary to materials as one of the elements to make it. Artfoam has applied to become one of the ingredients to create a form. By using descriptive qualitative method, this research is expected to provide additional knowledge regarding the potential of material utilization artfoam to create a form. Artfoam material known to have the potential to generate a variety of forms. By using a variety of techniques in making forma and shapes, artfoam as materials has a maximum potential if supported by the equipment used to perfect the technique.
Keywords: Potential, Shape, Material, Artfoam

In absence of any external field, the equilibrium profile z(x) of a vicinal rounded part tangentially joined to a flat facet is known to
follow a universal scaling law z(x) / x3/2. This universal behaviour is modified when the crystal is plunged in an external field. The deviation
from the universal Gruber–Mullins–Pokrovsky–Talapov behaviour depends on the facet orientation, the chemical potential of the
crystal and the external field. We show that measuring this deviation is enough to provide absolute value of the step–step interaction.
Applications to gravitation and centrifugation fields are discussed.

This paper presents a combinatorial (decision tree induc- tion) technique for transparent surface modeling from polarization im- ages. This technique simultaneously uses the object's symmetry, brewster angle, and degree of polarization to select accurate reference points. The reference points contain information about surface's normals position and direction at near occluding boundary. We reconstruct rotationally symmetric objects by rotating these reference points.

SUMMARY. A common representation of a 3-D object is a 3-D array of contiguous voxels or elementary cubes –a pile of them, so to speak. The surface of this pile can in turn be rep-resented by 2-D data structures, such as the Hamiltonian graph. In selecting a suitable rep-resentation, one seeks to reduce its size (storage needed), to preserve the shape of the initial object, and to obtain a simple representation, easy to compute. Reconstruction of the origi-nal object is also important, thus a suitable question is whether the selected representation loses information or it allows complete recovery of the original body. If we could in turn represent the surface by lines, further reduction and simplicity may be achieved.
An enclosing tree is a three-dimensional tree formed by 3-D lines totally covering an object (as ivy covers a surface). A simple line in an enclosing tree is a sequence of ele-mentary line segments (in 5 possible spatial directions). A line is a sequence of simple lines and forks, represented just by writing its constituents in sequence. A fork or subtree appears where several lines meet (akin to nodes of a tree), represented by writing its lines in a given order, using parentheses to keep each line distinct. Thus, a tree is just a line with a distin-guished starting point, its root. An enclosing tree is a tree that totally covers (touches, vis-its) each voxel of the surface of the solid.
Enclosing trees have interesting properties. They are invariant under rotation and translation. They preserve the shape of the original object. The mirror image of the object and other symmetries are easily obtained from the tree. The size of the enclosing tree is small, so they are suitable for representation of complex 3-D bodies.
The paper shows how to form enclosing trees, presents several examples and exam-ines interesting properties.


Keywords: 3-D objects, 3-D representation, shape numbers, chain code, enclosing tree, voxel.""

Reconstructing shapes from partial and noisy 3D data is a well-studied problem, which in recent years has been dominated by data-driven techniques. Yet in a low data regime, these techniques struggle to provide fine and accurate reconstructions. Here we focus on the relaxed problem of estimating shape coverage, i.e. asking "how much of the shape was seen?" rather than "what was the original shape?" We propose a method for unsupervised shape coverage estimation, and validate that this task can be performed accurately in a low data regime. Shape coverage estimation can provide valuable insights which pave the way for innovative applications, as we demonstrate for the case of deficient coverage detection in colonoscopy screenings.

Superspirals include a very broad family of monotonic curvature curves, whose radius of curvature is defined by a completely monotonic Gauss hypergeometric function. They are generalizations of log-aesthetic curves, and other curves whose radius of curvature is a particular case of a completely monotonic Gauss hypergeometric function. In this work, we study superspirals of confluent type via similarity geometry. Through a detailed investigation of the similarity curvatures of superspirals of confluent type, we find a new class of planar curves with monotone curvature in terms of Tricomi confluent hypergeometric function. Moreover, the proposed ideas will be our guide to expanding superspirals.

How do seventh graders experience two-dimensional representations? Four classes in two schools of the Turkish Republic having 25 to 30 students observed while students were learning two-dimensional representations of shapes constructed from unit cubes. Each class was observed for four lesson hours (40 minutes), and observation notes recorded in five minutes intervals. It is observed that many students had difficulty to understand those representations. Also, many others found it challenging to transfer the shapes in their minds on an activity sheet. Problem-based interviews on students’ answers confirmed the observation results where that visualisation and drawing came up as students’ two main reasons for the difficulty of the concept. After the last teaching session, all students asked to complete a worksheet having orthogonal and isometric drawing questions. They were given two lesson hours to complete the worksheet having 10 questions. It's found that girls and boys internalised some teaching sessions differently. ANOVA results showed that there is no significant effect of gender on students’ performance in orthogonal representations, F(1, 197) = 4.399, p = 0.596, whereas there is a significant effect of gender in isometric drawings, F(1, 197) = 0.282, p = 0.037. Post hoc comparisons using Tukey HSD test indicated that the mean score of girls in isometric drawings (M = 1.51, SD = 1.64) is significantly different than boys (M = 1.09, SD = 1.36), where the girls outperformed the boys.

With informative and educational standpoint symposium is intended for pupils, students, teachers in primary and secondary schools, teachers, computer scientists, artists, (area of physics, multimedia, film and video art), while the information and correlative positions intended Architect (information about possible implementation and experience of urban space), archaeologists (the possibility of experiencing prostora-virtual and via applications), representatives of tourist boards (contemporary possibilities of presenting valuable content) professionals to design, multimedia and technologists (able to work with 2D and 3D scan-print devices), scientists (study of space and spatial legality, virtual experience of space and the possibilities of application), representatives of companies with modern 2D and 3D technology and modern mode of production and related business associates. AREAS OF TREATMENT:

A generalised Wulf–Kaishew theorem is given describing the equilibrium shape (ES) of an isolated 3D crystal Adeposited coherently onto a lattice mismatched planar substrate. For this purpose a free polyhedral crystal is formed then homogeneously strained to be accommodated onto the lattice mismatched substrate. During its elastic inhomogeneous relaxation the epitaxial contact remains coherent so that the 3D crystal drags the atoms of the contact area and produces a strain field in the substrate. The ES of the deposit is obtained by minimising at constant volume the total energy (bulk and surface energies) taking into account the bulk elastic relaxation. Our main results are as follows. (1) Epitaxial strain acts against wetting (adhesion) so that globally it leads to a thickening of the ES. (2) Owing to strain the ES changes with size. More precisely the various facets extension changes, some facets decreasing,
some others increasing. (3) Each dislocation entrance, necessary for relaxing plastically too large crystals abruptly modifies the ES and thus the different facets extension in a jerky way. (4) In all cases the usual self-similarity with size is lost when misfit is considered. We illustrate these points for box-shaped and truncated pyramidal crystals.
Some experimental evidence is discussed.

This study aims at segregating the neural substrate for the 3D-form and 3D-motion attributes in structurefrom-
motion perception, and at disentangling the stimulus-driven and endogenous-attention-driven
processing of these attributes.
Attention and stimulus were manipulated independently: participants had to detect the transitions of one
attribute –form, 3D motion or colour– while the visual stimulus underwent successive transitions of all
attributes. We compared the BOLD activity related to form and 3D motion in three conditions: stimulusdriven
processing (unattended transitions), endogenous attentional selection (task) or both stimulus-driven
processing and attentional selection (attended transitions).
In all conditions, the form versus 3D-motion contrasts revealed a clear dorsal/ventral segregation. However,
while the form-related activity is consistent with previously described shape-selective areas, the activity
related to 3D motion does not encompass the usual “visual motion” areas, but rather corresponds to a highlevel
motion system, including IPL and STS areas.
Second, we found a dissociation between the neural processing of unattended attributes and that involved in
endogenous attentional selection. Areas selective for 3D-motion and form showed either increased activity at
transitions of these respective attributes or decreased activity when subjects' attention was directed to a
competing attribute.We propose that both facilitatory and suppressive mechanisms of attribute selection are
involved depending on the conditions driving this selection. Therefore, attentional selection is not limited to
an increased activity in areas processing stimulus properties, and may unveil different functional localization
from stimulus modulation

Topological information is a promising resource to research in shape-understanding as it provides a high-level description of the characteristics of a shape, and such high-level description often has strong association with the semantics of an object. The Shape Acquisition and Processing (SAP) ontology has been designed to maintain useful information of a model. We propose here an extension to the SAP ontology, that addresses the non-manifold properties of a model. Useful information about the connectivity of an object can be obtained based on an analysis of its non-manifold properties, because the structure of a non-manifold object can be considered as a graph of manifold parts connected together at non-manifold joints. The manifold parts are often pieces that have strong semantic associations. In this work, we describe the type of non-manifold properties, the various types of connected components in a non-manifold object and their semantical significance. We address how the Euler' characteristics of a non-manifold object can be found based on such information. All such information are extractable from a model using TopMesh, a tool that we have developed. In this work, we also describe the features of TopMesh, namely, all the topological properties it extracts.

Research on 3D shape has focused largely on the perception of local geometric properties, such as surface depth, orientation, or curvature. Relatively little is known about how the visual system organizes local measurements into global shape representations. Here, we investigated how the perceptual organization of shape affects the perception of physical stability of 3D objects. Estimating stability is important for predicting object behavior and guiding motor actions, and requires the observer to integrate information from the entire object. Observers stereoscopically viewed a rendered scene containing a 3D shape placed near the edge of a table. They adjusted the tilt of the object over the edge to set its perceived critical angle, i.e., the angle at which the object is equally likely to fall off the table vs. return to its upright position. The shapes were conical frustums with one of three aspect ratios—either by themselves, or with a part protruding from the side. When present, the boundaries between the part and the frustum were either sharp or smooth. Importantly, the part either faced directly toward the edge of the table or directly away from it. Observers were close to the physical prediction for tall/narrow shapes, but with decreasing aspect ratio (shorter/wider shapes), there was a tendency to underestimate the critical angle. With this bias factored out, we found that errors were mostly positive when the part faced toward the table's edge, and mostly negative when facing the opposite direction. These results are consistent with observers underestimating the physical contribution of the attached part. Thus, in making judgments of physical stability observers tend to down-weight the influence of attached part—consistent with a robust-statistics approach to determining the influence of a part on global visual estimates (Cohen & Singh, 2006; Cohen et al., 2008).