татары

В книге рассматривается история татар Кокшетау и Акмолинской области и их
вклад в политическое, экономическое, демографическое, социальное и культурное
развитие региона. Монография написана на основе анализа широкого круга источни-
ков: статистических и документальных материалов, периодических изданий дорево-
люционного, советского и современного времени, интервью, воспоминаний, мемуа-
ров жителей города. Книга предназначена всем тем, кого интересует история татар-
ского народа и данного региона.

During the XIX-early XX century, the authorities deliberately pursued a policy aimed at leveling position of the Siberian Tatars and their adjustment to the Russian peasants. This occurred through the development and implementation of various reforms in the area of administrative and land-unit, education, religion.

Religious practices of Siberian Tatars in the South of the Tyumen region are considered. Particular attention is paid to the types of voluntary alms sataka. Some texts bagyshlau are posted at the end of the article.
Рассматриваются религиозные практики, бытующие у сибирских татар юга Тюменской области. Особое внимание уделено разновидностям добровольной милостыни сатака. В конце статьи размещены некоторые тексты посвящений-багышлау.

Ногайцы являются коренными жителями и в низовьях реки Волга (Эдиль, Идиль). В окрестностях г. Астрахани исторически сформировалось несколько этнографических групп ногайского народа – ногайцы-юртовцы, ногайцы-карагаши, ногайцы-кундровцы и ногайцы-утары. Данная работа представляет собой научно-методическое пособие по истории, этнографии и культуре данных групп.

The work considers well-known plot from The Chronicle of John, Bishop of Nikiu, about the ruler of some barbarous nation – Qetrades (Ketrades). The author refers to information about John’s life and explores the information considering his awareness on the matter. The work presents an analysis of historiography on the relationship between historical characters, recorded by various medieval authors.
The author concludes that the information about the upbringing of Qetrades by the Byzantine royal court and also his baptism, known only from The Chronicle of John, has been mistakenly brought on Kubrat – The Ruler of Great Bulgaria on the basis of a mistranslation and questionable historical interpretation.

Данная работа рассматривает известный сюжет из Хроники Иоанна Никиусского о правителе некоего варварского народа Кетрадесе. Автор приводит сведения о жизни Иоанна, изучает сведения о его информированности. В статье приведен анализ историографии по вопросу о соотношении исторических персонажей, зафиксированных у различных средневековых авторов.
Автором сделан вывод о том, что информация о воспитании при византийском дворе и крещении Кетрадеса, известная только из пассажа Хроники Иоанна Никиусского, была перенесена на Кубрата – правителя Великой Болгарии лишь на основании неточного перевода и сомнительной исторической интерпретации.

The article deals with insufficiently studied issues related to education reforms among the Siberian Tatars. Peculiarities of the development of education in Tobolsk District (County) in 1918–1930 are brought to light for the first time. That period was characterized as a transition from a traditional religious school to a secular labor one. In that period, schools for the Tatar population of Tobolsk District were national, which
orresponded to the proclaimed principles of the Soviet state. The authorities carried out an active policy towards education reform among the Siberian Tatars of Tobolsk County, taking into account their national characteristics and, to some extent, maintaining continuity of education. The schools which already existed were simply included into the state
network, and the teachers of the new schools were those who received the traditional Muslim education. A special feature of the control over the system of education for the Tobolsk District Tatars during the period under consideration was the fact that the organization of educational field was being conducted by the Muslim subdivision, a specially created body affiliated with the District Department of Public Education, and the solution of financial and current matters was transferred to the local authorities. Due to objective reasons, the Soviet state was experiencing
great financial difficulties, and shifted logistical and financial support of the schools to the local population. The authorities failed to fully solve the main problem: to achieve mass literacy as soon as possible by introducing universal, compulsory, and free education. But still there were positive results, which certainly had been achieved thanks to the great efforts and enthusiasm of the local authorities and certain people of the regional education. Almost all maktabs, which were present in Tobolsk County, were incorporated into the network of public schools,
turning from religious schools to the 1st degree schools. The number of schools, students and teachers was growing, there was co-education for boys and girls. Such events as congresses, educational courses and conferences contributed not only to improvement of professional level of the teachers, but also served as a tool for propaganda of socialist ideas among the indigenous population.
Рассмотрены слабо изученные проблемы, связанные с реформами образования у сибирских татар. Впервые выявлены особенности развития образования в Тобольском округе (уезде) в период с 1918 по 1930-й г. Этот период охарактеризован как переходный этап от традиционной религиозной к светской трудовой школе. Школы татарского населения Тобольского округа в это время являлись национальными, что соответствовало провозглашенным Советским государством принципам. Власти про-водили активную политику по реформе образования у сибирских татар Тобольского уезда, учитывая их национальные особенности и в определенной степени сохраняя преемственность образования. Имевшиеся до того школы были просто включены в государственную сеть, а преподавателями в новых школах работали те, кто получил «старое» мусульманское образование. Особенностью управления системой образования и просвещения татар Тобольского округа в исследуемый период являлось то, что организацией школьного дела занимался специально созданный орган при окружном отделе народного образования — мусульманский подотдел, а решение финансовых и текущих дел школ было передано местным органам власти. В силу объективных причин Советское государство испытывало большие материальные трудности, переложив материально-техническое обеспечение школ на местное население. Властям не удалось в полной мере решить главную задачу: добиться в кратчайший срок всеобщей грамотности путем введения всеобщего, обязательного и бесплатного обучения. Однако все же имелись положительные результаты, которые, безусловно, были достигнуты благодаря огромным усилиям и энтузиазму местных органов власти и конкретных деятелей просвещения региона. Почти все имевшиеся в Тобольском округе мектебе были включены в сеть государственных школ, превратившись из конфессиональных в школы 1-й ступени. Росло число школ, учащихся и учителей, осуществлялось совместное обучение мальчиков и девочек. Такие мероприятия, как съезды, педагогические курсы и конференции, не только способствовали повышению профессионального уровня учите-лей, но и служили инструментом пропаганды социалистических идей среди коренного населения.

В статье исследуется проблема утверждения в научном сознании болгаро-чувашской теории/концепции. Когда и благодаря кому она из одной из многих гипотез превратилась в общепринятое мнение? В качестве основного индикатора смены исследовательских представлений избраны энциклопедические статьи в изданиях от словаря Брокгауза и Ефрона до третьего издания Большой советской энциклопедии.

Тhe authors of the article return to the topic of the history of a well-known Tatar clan of Tobolsk servicemen
Kulmametev. The article is based on the documents found in regional and central archives. Particular attention is
paid to the analysis and reasoned criticism of recent publications on the topic, which challenge the conclusions of
the authors of this article about the origin, status of clan representatives in the XVII century, which are crucial not
only for the history of a particular clan, but also for understanding the whole history of Siberian service Tatars.
The revealed archival materials confirm that the family descends from Prince Begish of the Siberian Khanate and
that Kulmametevs' ancestors enjoyed a high status and became leaders of the service Tatars in the late 17th century.

This investigation concerns the historical reconstruction one of ethno-territorial groups of the Tatars in the South Trans-Urals. Their history demonstrated close relationship to some social-political processes in the Russian State. We can suppose that the main role in the formation of this group played inclusion it in a war estate “sluzhilye Tatars”.

Татарский фактор во взаимоотношениях государств этого региона рассматривается как целостная система. В результате такого подхода появилась возможность провести глубокий анализ роли и места татарского фактора во внешней и внутренней политике государств Восточной Европы и выделить основные виды взаимодействия татар и внешнего окружения.

The monograph is devoted to rural community organization Tobol-Irtysh Tatars. On the basis of a wide range of sources, the author gives the characteristic forms of community, reconstructing its structure. Particular attention is paid to the various functions of the community - fiscal, economic, cultural and community and religious. The study was performed on archival and original field materials for the first time introduced into the scientific revolution. The book is intended for historians, ethnographers and all those interested in the history and culture of the peoples of Siberia.

In the introduction, the relevance of using the memoirs of the Belarusian Tatars for the studying of the history of childhood is substantiated, the historiography of the problem and the source base are considered,
and the purpose of the article is to identify the features of reflection of childhood in the memoirs of Tatars, who lived on the territory of BSSR and the Western Belarus in 1921–1941. In the main part of the work, the specifics of the memoirs authors’ coverage of the period of life from the senior preschool age to 15–16 years (graduation and transition to work) are revealed. It was concluded that the Tatars memories about childhood which passed in BSSR and the Western Belarus in 1921–1941, allow to determine the children’s responsibilities in families, the degree of their involvement in household chores, the impact of the family’s financial level on the children’s lives.
The authors paid attention to the description of the figures of the parents (especially father), tried to show the latter as hard-working, strict to relatives people, who enjoyed authority in the eyes of the local community and authorities.
The memoirs well reflect the perception of the religious and secular schools by Tatar children, cover the interfaith and interethnic relations between schoolmates, relations with teachers. During the interwar period, most of Tatar children graduated from no more than seven grades of elementary school, so the issue of the continuation of school or vocational education was very topical for them and also covered in the memoirs. The materials of research can be used to study the history of the Tatar ethnic group of Belarus, the history of education in Western Belarus.

В статье речь идет об одной знаменитой в Турции, но абсолютно неизвестной в Татарстане женщине – Бехидже Боран, чьи родители переселились в Стамбул и Бурсу в 1890-х гг. из Казани. Выпускница Мичиганского университета, доктор социологии Бехидже Боран стала одним из активных лидеров левого движения и возглавила Рабочую партию Турции. Ее антифашистские выступления, смелые демократические требования в прессе нашли отклик в широких массах и становились причиной для ее арестов и тюремных заключений. Научные труды Б. Боран, основанные на полевых исследованиях, а также политические идеи о равенстве, социальном устройстве общества и ныне сохраняют свою актуальность

Biographies and activities of prominent representatives of the Tobolsk merchant class from among the Siberian Tatars and Bukharans, merchants of the second guild - Tukhtasyn Aytmukhametov and Mukhamet Safar and Khujatulla Chembaev for the first time in this article are considered. According to the Census of 1897 and censuses of the XVIII - the middle of the XIX century, their genealogy was reconstructed. The directions of entrepreneurial and charitable activity of merchants, their role in public life of the city are analyzed.

In this report we will address the issues of resettlement Kryashens in Tobolsk province, their adaptation to the new conditions, present some features of ethnic culture. When writing a message, we used archival material stored in the State Archives of Tobolsk, and field data collected in the field seasons in 2012-2014.

Traditional medicine is an essential element of life-support system and a part of the traditional culture of any nation. Traditional medical knowledge is a complex, which includes the presentation and skills of sanitation and hygiene, the nature of disease, prevention methods and treatment of diseases. Medicine Siberian Tatars is a unique collection of medical knowledge and ideas that are closely associated with knowledge of the climatic characteristics of the environment, economic activities, religious and mythological beliefs.

Рассматриваются некоторые категории татар-иммигрантов, которые прибыли в Великое княжество Литовское в конце XV – первой трети XVI в. Делается вывод о существовании комплекса причин, приведших татар на земли ве-ликого князя, что способствовало интенсификации процесса формирования татарской общины на территории Бела-руси. The article considers some of the categories of the Tatar immigrants who arrived in the Grand duchy of Lithuania in the end of the XV th – beginning of the XVI th centuries. It concludes about a package of reasons for tatars seeking sanctuary in the land of the grand dux, which were conductive to the intensification of the process of tatar community formation on the Belarusian territory.

The article is devoted to the research of history of Crimean Tatar migrations in the 19th — early 20th centuries based on the documents of the Russian State Historical Archive. The purpose of the research is to identify and introduction into scientific circulation of documentary sources on the topic of research. The author explored in archive a considerable range of documents on history of Crimea in the 18th — early 20th centuries, including materials on history of migrations of the local population in this period. The novelty of the work lies in the fact that for the first time little-known events of the resettlement movement among the Crimean Tatars reveals by analyzing a large number of documents of the Russian State Historical Archive. The exploration of archival materials allows to research the causes and consequences of mass Crimean Tatars emigration, as well as their return movement to Crimea. The article touches on almost unexplored problem of the back migration to Crimea of immigrants and their descendants intended to return to the Russian Empire in 1880—1884. The author also describes the documents from the personal archival funds that contain the information of eyewitnesses of historical events. In addition to the sources on the history of external migration the article also review the archival documents about the resettlement of Crimean Tatars in the internal Russian provinces for political reasons.

Информационный буклет о традиционной культуре ногайцев-юртовцев, являющихся основной из групп астраханских ногайцев. Выпущен по материалам В.М. Викторина, Э.Ш. Идрисова, А.Д. Мусаева, Р.В. Ишмухамбетова и А.К. Махсутова при содействии АРОО «Центр ногайской культуры "Эдиге"» и Администрации МО «Приволжский район» Астраханской области. Астрахань, 2021 год.

Короткие тезисы выступления на круглом столе "Сацыяльныя інстытуты ў Вялікім Княстве Літоўскім у ранні Новы час", который прошёл 2 декабря 2020 года на историческом факультете БГУ. Автор анализирует, какое место занимали институты татарского самоуправления, такие как имам, кади, маршалок, хорунжий, в формировании связей этно-религиозного сообщества и органов государственной власти. Автор обращает внимание и институты, на ранее не обсуждавшиеся в научной литературе: татарские возные и минский татарский магистрат.

The article is devoted to a little-studied question regarding position of a woman in Siberian Tartars’ family in the XIXth — early XXth c. Basing on archive and narrative sources, subject to consideration being such aspects of family and conjugal relations with Siberian Tartars as contracting a marriage, polygamy, mutual family relations, and divorce. The author comes to the conclusion that despite patriarchal foundations, the rights of a Siberian Tartar woman during the studied period were broadened: her opinion influenced contracting a marriage or divorce, she also possessed property independence and could, in case of divorce, contract another marriage, having the right to bring up her children.

In the summer of 2013 an expedition led by the author of this article conducted field research in the rural settlement Chugunaevo Lower Tavda district of the Tyumen region. Historical information about the origin of the actual village Chugunaevo us is not revealed yet. On national composition Chugunaevo rural settlement is mixed - there live Russian, Tatars, Chuvash, Kryashens. Russian village are Big and Small Zamorozovka Siberian Tatar - yurt Iska mixed - Chugunaevo village. It should also be noted that in Chugunaevo were resettled residents of three settlements that have disappeared as a result of consolidation of the villages in the late 1960s: Tatar - Elmar (Small Yurts), Russian - Cigarca and village Kryashens - Baltan.

Administrative and land reforms of the Russian government XIX-early XX century, aimed at equalizing the status of peasants and natives, the destruction of traditional relations and communications, traditional way of life, aroused opposition to the native population, including the Siberian Tatars. Forms formal protest Siberian Tatars were diverse - it sentences township and rural communities, complaints trusted by communities in a variety of instances up to the government, community residents apply for the chief of the peasant's name. Sometimes Tatar community went from peaceful forms of protest in defiance to the authorities.

The basic elements of volost management and court of the Siberian Tatars in second half of the XIXth – the beginning of XXth century are considered in the article. On the basis of archival materials activity of a volost descent, board, court, and also the rights and duties of volost officials are analysed. The following conclusi on was made: during the period volost management of the Siberian Tatars was equal to the management of the Russian peasants, volost boar ds received organizational registration and became constantly operating self-government institutions of the community. At the same time they were considered by the authorities as the lowest controllink. As a whole formalisation of the activity of the volost management and cour t, and control strengthening from the direction of administrative bodies were observed.

After turning Siberia into the Russian state a significant portion of the Russian population was lined Yasaka. Yasak existed in Siberia long before its entry into Russia. Adjoining the Siberian land, subordinate to the Tatars, the Russian government simply transferred over the tribute. Authorities provided a rural community the right layout and collection of taxes. The total amount of obligations of each distributed between the villages of each parish in proportion to the existing number of them registered males. Rural society is then made according to the number of taxes layout suitable shower, ie males aged 15 to 50 years. In addition, the community in the allocation of taxes and duties accounted for viability, economic possibilities of each family shall be exempt from taxes the sick, the crippled, elderly, partially - some community members, including officers during their service, because the administration of the duties of elected belonged to one of the types of natural service.

MATERIALS ON THE HISTORY AND FOLKLORE OF HILMIYE
VILLAGE
Abstract: There are not so many Kazan Tatars villages in Turkey. Hilmiye village, located in the district of Havza in Samsun province of the Black Sea, is a small but remarkable settlement. One of the reasons for that is Kazan Tatar emigrants usually did not settle in places close to the sea in Ottoman lands. It is possible to find some official records on the history of Hilmiye village if one takes a look into “Kazan in Archive Documents” book. However, the most important memories are kept in stories told by the residents of Hilmiye village. Ahmet Şahin and Bakiye Duran undertook a project of collecting these memories and recording Tatar folk songs that still live among the villagers. We visited Hilmiye village in 2019 and had a chance to listen to folk songs and talk to Ahmet Bey and his close relatives. In this article, we want to present to Tatar readers some fact from the history of Hilmiye village by going through Bakiye Duran’s book.
Tatars came to Havza in 1899-1901, relocating from the villages of Kurmanay, Ismagil, Tolbazı, Sultanmurat of the Sterlitamak district (now Aurgazı region of the Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia); later a wave of immigrants from Kazan joined them. The Turkish state located immigrants who came to Rize via Batumi around Çarşamba; but
because the area was a swamp, the settlers got malaria and had to request another place.
After that, the immigrants were given lands in the provinces of Malatya and Diyarbakır; but not having found a suitable place for settlement, they decided to return to their homeland. Finally, the Tatars found their luck in the Havza lands, which back then were part of Amasya province. Yet getting used to foreign lands took them a long time, and this longing for homeland and the existing life troubles found their reflection in Tatar
folklore.

В статье рассмотрено как в постсоветский период на территории Поволжья в среде мусульман происходил процесс религиозного возрождения, сопровождавшийся появлением новых религиозных движений исламского происхождения, многие из которых имели свои духовные центры в странах Ближнего Востока. Выявлено, что наряду с появлением салафитских групп, признанных уже в 2000-е годы экстремистскими и террористическими
организациями, появились и последователи различных суфийских джамаатов из Турции, среди которых заметно выделяется «Исмаил ага». Пик его активности в регионе начинается с приходом на пост муфтия Татарстана Камиля Самигуллина в 2013 году, который принадлежит к этой суфийской общине. Он начинает расставлять на посты имамов и мухтасибов мюридов
«Исмаил ага», попутно расширяя его влияние за пределами Татарстана, что встречает определенное сопротивление как со стороны мусульманского духовенства, так и со стороны государственных органов, курирующих религиозную сферу в регионе. В работе отмечается, что процесс усиления влияния конкретно этого суфийского братства происходит на фоне общего
поворота к суфизму в Среднем Поволжье: сегодня в регионе представлены разные ветви накшбандийского тариката, а также имеются группы мюридов кадирийского и шазилийского тарикатов. Такое разнообразие суфизма в мусульманской умме Поволжья вызвано тем, что разные центры его исторического ареала (Турция, Центральная Азия и Северный Кавказ)
оказывают влияние через своих мюридов. В то же время сами суфии не спешат открыто афишировать свое присутствие во многом из-за того, чтобы минимизировать конфликты с салафитами, чье влияние в исламской умме Татарстана заметно сохраняется.

The work collected historiography of Great Bulgaria, studied ancient written sources. The hypothesis about the upbringing of Kubrat in the Byzantine court and acceptance of his baptism is rejected. The direction of the study of the history of the resettlement of Bulgarian population groups in Central and Western Europe has been determined.