AFTA

A careful assessment of intra-regional and extra-regional ASEAN trade volumes from 1970 to 2010 reveals that there has been no significant change during the pre- and post-AFTA era. However, researchers working on the effectiveness of the ASEAN Free Trade Agreement have consistently reported positive trade creationary effects of AFTA. By reassessing the impact of AFTA through the Balassa method of estimating trade creation and diversion, and applying it to traditional gravity estimates, we find that (a) while ASEAN countries have spent more money per dollar earned on foreign goods in the post-AFTA period, this is generally true for all countries in the world, and (b) being a small region with significant historic trade ties, ASEAN, as a whole has always traded more amongst themselves, when compared to the world average, and this fact has been misrepresented as the trade creationary effects of AFTA. By comparing the coefficients of the regionalism dummies of ASEAN, within the scope of the gravity model, we find that there has been no significant change in these coefficients, when the sample is divided into the pre-and post-AFTA years. We thus conclude that the free trade agreement in question has had no significant impact on intra-ASEAN trade.

Liberalisasi perdagangan sudah menjadi fenomena yang nyaris tidak dapat dihindari oleh semua Negara sebagai anggota masyarakat internasional dimana fenomena ini ditengarai oleh terbentuknya blok blok perdagangan bebas, salah satunya blok perdagangan bebas yang dibentuk secara regional seperti ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA).Ancaman dari pembentukan kerja sama ekonomi regional pada berbagai wilayah didunia mendorong ASEAN untuk maju pada langkah pembentukan AFTA, dimana dalam hal ini ASEAN sebagai sebuah kelompok Negara berupaya memperkuat posisinya dalam system perdagangan global melalui kerja sama yang baik dengan tujuan untuk menjadikan kawasan ASEAN sebagai tempat produksi yang kompetitif sehingga produk ASEAN memiliki daya saing yang kuat di pasar global. Bagi Indonesia, AFTA merupakan peluang pasar yang besar dan luas dengan penduduk yang beragam. Hal ini membuat para pelaku usaha tersebut berupaya mendapatkan pasar untuk mempromosikan produk-produknya selain di pasar dalam negeri. Selain itu,AFTA diharapkan juga dapat meningkatkan daya saing melalui produk-produk yang dihasilkanyang akan mendorong perekonomian Indonesia untuk semakin berkembang.

ASEAN atau Association of Southeast Asian Nations adalah organisasi
kawasan yang mewadahi kerja sama negara di Asia Tenggara. Jumlah negara�negara ASEAN kini 10. Organisasi ini dibentuk pada 8 Agustus 1967 di Bangkok,
Thailand melalui penandatanganan Deklarasi Bangkok. Indonesia termasuk
pendiri organisasi negara Asia Tenggara ini bersama Malaysia, Filipina,
Singapura, dan Thailand.
Dalam situs resmi ASEAN disebutkan, negara-negara anggota ASEAN,
berdasarkan tanggal menjadi anggota adalah Indonesia (8 Agustus 1967), Malaysia
(8 Agustus 1967), Singapura (8 Agustus 1967), Thailand (8 Agustus 1967),
Filipina (8 Agustus 1967), Brunei Darussalam (8 Januari 1984), Vietnam (28 Juli
1995), Laos (23 Juli 1997), Myanmar (23 Juli 1997), dan Kamboja (30 April 1999)
Salah satu negara yang dianggap memiliki potensi ekonomi yang tinggi adalah
Indonesia. Potensi kekayaan alam Indonesia tersebar dari Sabang sampai Merauke.
Mulai dari laut, darat, dan udara, potensi Indonesia merangkul keberagaman hayati
dan nonhayati yang mencakup hutan, perairan, dan mineral. Memiliki area seluas
1.905.000 km2, luas hutan di Indonesia ditaksirkan seputar 133.300.543,98 ha.
Tidak hanya itu, luas perairan dan panjang pantai yang berturut-turut mencapai
angka 93.000 km2 dan 81.000 km2, membuat Indonesia menjadi negara dengan
25% panjang pantai dunia. Padahal, belum lagi bicara tentang kekayaan mineral di
Indonesia yang membuat negara tersebut menjadi sangat menggiurkan untuk
dijadikan lokasi pertambangan. Buktinya, Freeport yang berdiri di Timika adalah
tambang emas terbesar di dunia dan tambang tembaga ketiga terbesar dunia.
Dikenal sebagai salah satu negara dengan ekonomi terbesar di Asia Tenggara,
Indonesia telah menunjukkan ciri khas tertentu yang berpeluang besar untuk
membawa Tanah Air pada pertumbuhan ekonomi yang berkelanjutan. Sebagai
contoh, pemerintah pusat mendukung pengekangan ketergantungan negara pada
ekspor barang mentah untuk meningkatkan peran industri manufaktur. Hal ini
dilaksanakan untuk menghasilkan efek multiplier untuk menunjang pertumbuhan
perekonomian

Kontruktivis adalah salah satu teori yang sekarang berpengaruh terhadap tatanan dunia internasional. Konstruktivisme didefinisikan sebagai sebuah perubahan dari teori-teori sebelumnya. Konstruktivis ini mempunyai arti sebagai ide-ide atau gagasan-gagasan baru terhadap perkembangan dunia.

More than ten years ago, in January 1992 to be exact. ASEAN heads of government made a courageous decision on ASEAN economic integration. ASEAN member countries dynamics that have been considered as a model for regional economic cooperation among developing countries to be able to explore and move forward, the ASEAN leaders agreed to establish the ASEAN Free Trade Community (AFTA) within 15 years. There are several factors that lead to the decision to create the AFTA. The first is the emergence of new competitors for foreign direct investment, particularly China, India, and Vietnam. The second factor is in the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations which are on the verge of collapse. And the last is the sweeping force of globalization and the rise trend towards regionalization which threatens to break up the global economy. The main objective of AFTA is "to improve the competitiveness of ASEAN as a production base geared for the world market". AFTA meant to be a medium to further enhance the competitiveness of ASEAN member countries and facilitate their integration into the global market for trade and investment. Common Effective Preferential Tariff Scheme or the CEPT Scheme, became the main mechanism to move towards AFTA ASEAN. AFTA schedule to be dynamic, they are always the acceleration of ASEAN's response to the challenges that arise. The first came in 1995, when the ASEAN leaders adopted the agenda of the Economic Integration and accelerated deadline for realizing AFTA from 2008 to 2003. The global situation and every challenge there is to encourage ASEAN to move more quickly in the global competition. The second wave came at the peak acceleration of the Asian financial crisis in 1997. The leaders felt that the best way to reduce the impact of the crisis and accelerate the recovery of the area is to reduce dependence on global demand and increase intra-regional trade. Thus, the deadline for the actualization of AFTA was more accelerated from 2003 to 2002. Implementation of the CEPT Scheme is a challenge for the original ASEAN members in promoting economic development. This is due to intra-ASEAN trade is relatively low in producing similar products and compete for the same market. In addition there are many industries in the State of members who have been accustomed to the presence of tariff protection. There are institutional challenges in the expansion of ASEAN. Middle way is through the implementation of AFTA, Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar, and Cambodia recognized in ASEAN.

A careful assessment of intra-regional and extra-regional ASEAN trade volumes from 1970 to 2010 reveals that there has been no significant change during the pre- and post-AFTA era. However, researchers working on the effectiveness of the ASEAN Free Trade Agreement have consistently reported positive trade creationary effects of AFTA. By reassessing the impact of AFTA through the Balassa method of estimating trade creation and diversion, and applying it to traditional gravity estimates, we find that (a) while ASEAN countries have spent more money per dollar earned on foreign goods in the post-AFTA period, this is generally true for all countries in the world, and (b) being a small region with significant historic trade ties, ASEAN, as a whole has always traded more amongst themselves, when compared to the world average, and this fact has been misrepresented as the trade creationary effects of AFTA. By comparing the coefficients of the regionalism dummies of ASEAN, within the scope of...

A careful assessment of intra-regional and extra-regional ASEAN trade volumes from 1970 to 2010 reveals that there has been no significant change during the pre- and post-AFTA era. However, researchers working on the effectiveness of the ASEAN Free Trade Agreement have consistently reported positive trade creationary effects of AFTA. By reassessing the impact of AFTA through the Balassa method of estimating trade creation and diversion, and applying it to traditional gravity estimates, we find that (a) while ASEAN countries have spent more money per dollar earned on foreign goods in the post-AFTA period, this is generally true for all countries in the world, and (b) being a small region with significant historic trade ties, ASEAN, as a whole has always traded more amongst themselves, when compared to the world average, and this fact has been misrepresented as the trade creationary effects of AFTA. By comparing the coefficients of the regionalism dummies of ASEAN, within the scope of...

This paper seeks to understand the mechanisms of the transformation of the Vietnamese political
economy in the context of global politics. After the War in 1975, Vietnam faced a difficult situation in
which improving socio-economic reality and poverty reduction were the main challenges for the
nation. The Communist party needed to make a rapid decision in the process of reforming the
economy and eliminating political isolation. Since the adoption of the renovation policy, Doi Moi the
country experienced extraordinary growth through the traditional comparative lens.
Hanoi opted for a new foreign policy as a part of the renewal process. Integration into ASEAN
was a natural outcome of the process of globalisation. As a result, ASEAN played a central role in
ensuring peace and stability in the regional order, political independence and regime survival in
Vietnam. Vietnam has entered a new strategic phase of its development in a global context. This new
phase is very dynamic and fast-changing, representing advantages, opportunities and, simultaneous,
challenges.
This thesis demonstrates the following: Firstly, why traditional IR theories no longer serve to
explain the processes of global transformation; Secondly, why the agenda of a multipolar world
structure promising solution to the global crises; Thirdly, what role ASEAN has played in stabilising
the situation in the region. Moreover, finally, how Vietnam has served as an example country as
articulated through the socio-political (economic) model.

"Masyarakat di dunia saat ini sedang menghadapi globalisasi yang sedemikian deras dan kesepakatan pasar bebas yang semakin meluas. Jarak dan waktu seolah sudah tidak lagi menjadi masalah bagi seseorang untuk menjangkau ilmu pengetahuan dan informasi dimanapun, kapanpun dan darimanapun. General Agreements on Trade in Services (GATS) yang digagas WTO, Asia-Pacific Economic Community (APEC), dan Masyarakat Ekonomia Asean dengan AFTA (Asean Free Trade Agreement) adalah merupakan bentuk kesepakatan pasar bebas sebagai dampak dari globalisasi itu. Masyarakat Asia Tenggara pada
umumnya dan pustakawan pada khususnya juga menghadapi tantangan ini.
Persaingan SDM dalam era pasar bebas juga akan berpengaruh pada persaingan SDM Perpustakaan dalam hal ini adalah pustakawan. Untuk itu pustakawan mesti mempunyai daya saing yang kuat yang dapat dilakukan dengan cara memahami konsep diri pustakawan, peningkatan kompetensi dan profesionalisme, serta memperluas dan mererat jaringan kerjasama diantara mereka. Kata kunci: Daya Saing Pustakawan, Kompetensi, Profesionalisme, Jati Diri Pustakawan, Kerjasama Pustakawan, Pasar Bebas, Globalisasi "