Abundance

The use of bottom-trawl research survey data to estimate population trends for small pelagic fishes, despite the extremely low selectivity of this gear for these species, has created the impression of a pelagic fish outburst along eastern Canada in the 1990s as a top-down response resulting from the demise of the Atlantic cod ( Gadus morhua ) and other groundfish. Using Atlantic herring ( Clupea harengus ) population assessments, fisheries statistics, and an acoustic database, as well as grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) diet studies, I demonstrate that contrary to a pelagic outburst, pelagic catches in research bottom trawls increased in several eastern Canadian ecosystems as these species increasingly occupied the suprabenthic habitat vacated by their diminishing groundfish predators. Although several herring populations were actually decreasing in abundance, bottom-trawl indices (BTIs) were dramatically increasing as their availability to research bottom-trawl surveys increased. Stu...

Patterns of local abundance and regional distribution of tree species were analyzed on three spatial scales and compared with those predicted by Hanski's 1982 original core-satellite model, Brown's 1984 niche-based model, and Tokeshi's 1992 model. Data were collected in seven forest fragments dispersed over approximately 7200 km2, remnants of a former continuous forest in the south of Mato Grosso do Sul state, southwestern Brazil. Fifty-six east-west-oriented 10 m yen 150 m plots were randomly demarcated in those fragments from 1994 to 1996. In each plot all trees having DBH > or = 0.15 m were recorded and measured. The smallest scale was that of the fragments themselves and the greatest was that of the entire region. No evidence was found of the bimodality predicted by Hanski's 1982 model on any scale. On all scales, an unimodal pattern was found whose mode was on the left side (satellite mode) of the distribution. This pattern was in best agreement with the predictions of Tokeshi's 1992 model.

Set net fisheries are made according to traditional fishing gears method in the coastal waters of Sungai Sembilang, Selangor, Peninsular Malaysia. These fisheries system are the passive structure of gear used to catch fish that swim in shallow water with muddy substrate. This study focused on determining the species variety and the possible future of set net fisheries in Sungai Sembilang. Catch composition of set net was investigated based on the catch data during July to December 2020 and continued from January to February 2021. The catch data was recorded by a research assistant on site during fishing season. The data consist of species, length and weight of all catches recorded. Total catch of 60 fish species belonging to 23 families were captured during this study period. Ariidae (31.73%), Clupeidae (11.56%), and Scatophagidae (7.96%) were determined as dominant families caught this set net. The total dominant catch amount of species Plicofollis argyropleuron (18.71%), Nemapteryx caelata (9.96%), and Anodontostoma chacunda (8.92%) compromised 37.6% of the total catch. This type of fishing gear can be used by local fisherman to catch fishes and can prevent trawl net from come closer to the shore. This study would provide some general useful information about the status of set net fisheries as well as the species abundance caught from the set net.

Studies on potential adverse effects of genetically engineered crops are part of an environmental risk assessment that is required prior to the commercial release of these crops. Of particular concern are non-target organisms (NTOs) that provide important ecosystem services. Here, we report on studies conducted in the Philippines over three cropping seasons with Bt eggplants expressing Cry1Ac for control of the eggplant fruit and shoot borer (EFSB), Leucinodes orbonalis, to examine potential effects on field abundance, community composition, structure and biodiversity of NTO's, particularly non-target arthropod (NTA) communities. We document that many arthropod taxa are associated with Bt eggplants and their non-Bt comparators and that the number of taxa and their densities varied within season and across trials. However, we found few significant differences in seasonal mean densities of arthropod taxa between Bt and non-Bt eggplants. As expected, a lower abundance of lepidopter...

Bacteria of Dechloromonas were recognized as potential functional important denitrifiers in a long term shell sand amended peat soil. Different microcosms in a solid matrix and slurry systems with the addition of carbon and nitrogen sources, e.g., clover leaves, glutamate, and nitrate, were established. The bacterial community structures were analyzed by pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA gene to select the conditions for enriching bacteria of Dechloromonas. The results showed that a relatively even bacterial community in the initial soil shifted to communities dominated by a few types of nitrate reducing bacteria after the incubation, which strongly responded to the carbon substrates addition and consumption. The bacteria of several genera including Dechloromonas, Pseudomonas, Clostridium, Aeromonas and Ferribacterium were significantly enriched after a certain period of time. The bacteria of Dechloromonas became one of the most predominant bacteria in the incubated community. Especial...

Se analizó la composición y abundancia de isopodos terrestres, mediante colecta directa, en tres localidades del departamento de Boyacá, Colombia; Tinjacá, Tibasosa y Tota. Se identificaron cinco especies distribuidas en dos familias para un total de 2516 individuos colec tados, de los cuales se registraron por la primera vez en Boyacá las espeicies; Porcellio dilatatus (Brandt), Porcellionides pruinosus (Brandt), Armadillidium vulgare (Latreille) y Armadillidium nasatum (Budde-Lund). Se hallaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas respecto a: número de individuos, localidad y especies presentes. La mayor abundancia y riqueza se encontró en el municipio de Tibasosa. El mircrohábitat con mayor predominancia de los isópodos muestreadosfue el denominado plateo o suelo circundante a las plantas. La especie más abundante fue P. scaber y la especie más común fue A. vulgare. Las variables ambientales evaluadas no se relacionaron con el número de individuos colectados

The extreme osmotic conditions prevailing in hypersaline environments result in decreasing metabolic diversity with increasing salinity. Various microbial metabolisms have been shown to occur even at high salinity, including photosynthesis as well as sulfate and nitrate reduction. However, information about anaerobic microbial iron metabolism in hypersaline environments is scarce. We studied the phylogenetic diversity, distribution, and metabolic activity of iron(II)-oxidizing and iron(III)-reducing Bacteria and Archaea in pH-neutral, iron-rich salt lake sediments (Lake Kasin, southern Russia; salinity, 348.6 g liter −1 ) using a combination of culture-dependent and -independent techniques. 16S rRNA gene clone libraries for Bacteria and Archaea revealed a microbial community composition typical for hypersaline sediments. Most-probable-number counts confirmed the presence of 4.26 × 10 2 to 8.32 × 10 3 iron(II)-oxidizing Bacteria and 4.16 × 10 2 to 2.13 × 10 3 iron(III)-reducing micro...

As sperm whales are important predators that control energy flux in the oceans, changes in their population can be used as a sentinel to measure of ecosystem health. The present study conducted a sperm whale survey of the eastern Midriff Islands Region in the Gulf of California over the course of nine years, recording sightings and collecting photographs of the fluke of sperm whale individuals. A photo-identification catalog was compiled, while individual recapture data were used to estimate the population size in the central portion of the Gulf of California, using a Jolly-Seber POPAN open population model. The results obtained show a yearly population of between 20 and 167 sperm whales, with a super population of 354 sperm whales observed between 2009 and 2015. However, from 2016 to 2018, no sightings of the species were recorded, which coincides with the decline observed in landings of their main prey, the jumbo squid, in the region. General additive model conducted on sperm whale sightings per unit of effort vs jumbo squid landings obtained an adjusted R2 of 0.644 and a deviance explained of 60.3%, indicating a good non-linear relationship between sightings of this odontocete and its prey availability. This evidence suggests that sperm whales departed the region between 2016 and 2018, due to a documented fishery collapse alongside changes of their main prey into its small phenotype, possibly as the result of increase warming conditions in surface and subsurface waters in the Gulf of California in the last

Commensal rodents are serious pests of household food storage items and cause significant losses to the farming community in many parts of the world including Pakistan. The aim of this study was to investigate the extent of damage caused by the commensal rodents in various types of household structures in rural Pothwar. Losses were calculated on the bases of average population of rodents per structure, amount of cereals consumption by rodents and the average amount of food, a rat consumes in a day. Regression of daily captures on cumulative captures suggested a population of 1,060 rodents (3.02 per structure) from 350 structures (houses, shops and farm houses) of 12 sampled villages of Pothwar. Results on the grain losses caused by commensal rodents reflected that 9700.24 kg of wheat and other cereals were annually lost due to rodent's consumption, from all the sampled structures, from an average village of Pothwar. In addition, sufficient amount of food items were contaminated ...

We present nightside observations of tropospheric carbon monoxide in the southern hemisphere near the 35 km height level, the first from Venus Express/Visible and Infrared Thermal Imaging Spectrometer (VIRTIS)‐M‐IR. VIRTIS‐M data from 2.18 to 2.50 μm, with a spectral resolution of 10 nm, were used in the analysis. Spectra were binned, with widths ranging from 5 to 30 spatial pixels, to increase the signal‐to‐noise ratio, while at the same time reducing the total number of retrievals required for complete spatial coverage. We calculate the mean abundance for carbon monoxide at the equator to be 23 ± 2 ppm. The CO concentration increases toward the poles, peaking at a latitude of approximately 60°S, with a mean value of 32 ± 2 ppm. This 40% equator‐to‐pole increase is consistent with the values found by Collard et al. (1993) from Galileo/NIMS observations. Observations suggest an overturning in this CO gradient past 60°S, declining to abundances seen in the midlatitudes. Zonal variabi...

Ikan karang merupakan ikan  yang berasosiasi dengan terumbu karang dan keberadaannya ditentukan oleh variasi dan kompleksitas terumbu karang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dinamika kekayaan jenis dan kelimpahan ikan karang pada beberapa lokasi di terumbu karang Pulau Loukangloe, Kabupaten Bulukumba dan keterkaitannya dengan tutupan karang hidup dan karang mati. Metode LIT digunakan untuk mengetahui tutupan karang hidup dan karang mati dan teknik visual sensus untuk mendata struktur komunitas ikan karang. Pendataan dilakukan pada 6 stasiun dengan 2 kedalaman (3-5 m dan 8-10 m) dan 3 kali pengulangan transek (luas area pemantauan 80 m2).  Perbandingan kekayaan jenis dan kelimpahan ikan karang antar stasiun diuji dengan analisis ragam, sedangkan antar kedalaman dianalisis dengan uji t-student.  Hubungan antar kekayaan jenis dan kelimpahan ikan dengan kondisi terumbu karang dilakukan dengan analisis regresi dan korelasi.  Jumlah jenis pada kedalaman 3-5 m sangat dinamis di...

In urban cities, open spaces often act as physical barriers and are frequently neglected, leading to unattractive and underutilized areas. Among these, spaces beneath flyovers stand out due to their large, unutilized spans that have, over time, become misused and overlooked. These spaces, particularly in rapidly growing cities like Karachi, have the potential to significantly impact the city’s aesthetics, both directly and indirectly. The research highlights the importance of transforming such spaces beneath flyovers into productive urban areas that serve the community, offering opportunities for social engagement, recreation, and various public activities. This study focuses on the area beneath the flyover on Gulshan Road, Karachi, exploring its potential for revitalization. By investigating the underpass area’s social and environmental dimensions, the research aims to demonstrate how reclaiming these spaces can enhance urban sustainability and aesthetics. Flyovers, while essential for traffic management, often result in deserted and unattractive environments underneath, contributing to a city’s fragmented urban fabric. The study seeks to provide insights into how these neglected spaces can be reimagined as vibrant, functional areas that contribute positively to both city life and the environment. By addressing both social interaction and environmental improvements, this research underscores the critical role that rethinking open spaces plays in urban planning. It highlights the importance of integrating community needs and ecological sustainability into the design and redevelopment of underutilized areas, offering a model that can be applied to other similar spaces in urban environments.

Although ecologists commonly talk about the impacts of nonindigenous species, little formal attention has been given to defining what we mean by impact, or connecting ecological theory with particular measures of impact. The resulting lack of generalizations regarding invasion impacts is more than an academic problem; we need to be able to distinguish invaders with minor effects from those with

Two tick-borne diseases with expanding case and vector distributions are ehrlichiosis (transmitted by Amblyomma americanum) and rickettiosis (transmitted by A. maculatum and Dermacentor variabilis). There is a critical need to identify the specific habitats where each of these species is likely to be encountered to classify and pinpoint risk areas. Consequently, an in-depth tick prevalence study was conducted on the dominant ticks in the southeast. Vegetation, soil, and remote sensing data were used to test the hypothesis that habitat and vegetation variables can predict tick abundances. No variables were significant predictors of A. americanum adult and nymph tick abundance, and no clustering was evident because this species was found throughout the study area. For A. maculatum adult tick abundance was predicted by NDVI and by the interaction between habitat type and plant diversity; two significant population clusters were identified in a heterogeneous area suitable for quail habi...

The study was performed in the Achanakmar regions of Chhattisgarh state, India.  At the study site, a total of 54 herbaceous medicinal plants belonging to 30 families were documented. Between March 2020 and March 2022, intensive field surveys were conducted in the research areas. Native knowledge of wild medicinal plants was obtained on field trips through questionnaires, discussions, and in-person interviews. In accordance with their correct nomenclature, plants were organized according to their botanical name, family, common name, parts used and diseases treated. The Zingiberaceae family was the most prevalent in the current study, accounting for 5 plant species used by the region's indigenous people. This was followed by the Amaranthaceae, Acanthaceae, Fabaceae, Asteraceae and Lamiaceae families, each representing 3 species of plants. For a longer period of time, the rural residents of the Achanakmar region have used native flora for primary healthcare and the treatment of va...

The spatio-temporal distribution of the soft bottom dwelling shrimp Nematopalaemon schmitti and the effect of environmental conditions (sediment characteristics, temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen) on its abundance were studied at Ubatuba Bay, south-eastern coast of Brazil. Surveys were conducted monthly from September 1995 to August 1996. Each sampling set comprised eight different transects distributed within the bay. Comparisons of CPUE of shrimp among sampling stations demonstrated that the abundance of N. schmitti was the greatest during winter, when average water temperature within the bay was considerably lower than during the rest of the year. Most shrimps (more than 95%) were collected at a single transect located at the northernmost side of the bay, demonstrating the extremely patchy distribution of this species. A multiple regression analysis using data only from this northernmost transect indicated that temperature was the most relevant factor affecting the abund...

In this study we discuss the relationship between the concepts of abundance,
peace and painting. After a general look at different definitions
and approaches to the concept of abundance, we will choose the cultural
and artistic approach and, in this context, take a brief look at the painters
who used the concept of abundance together with peace. Then we will
look at the style of Florescencism, invented and introduced by the contemporary
painter Lida Sherafatmand, and the related paintings that have
been shown in many prestigious exhibitions around the world, in the context
of one of the main approaches of this style, which is to represent the
concept of abundance. The abundance of fresh and bright flowers with
vivid and promising colors in Lida Sharafmand’s paintings is formally
and conceptually in line with one of the clauses of the Florescencism
manifesto, which refers to the concept of abundance as a way to develop
peace. The paintings selected and presented in this review have been
examined in the same two basic analytical directions, namely form and
meaning, so that the depth of the concept of abundance and its use in
line with the goal of peace in these paintings can be broken down and
presented to the reader.

Pieh MRP encountered non-anthropogenic phenomena, precisely massive coral bleaching in 2016, 2017, and massive predators from Acanthaster planci outbreaks in 2018. This study aimed to understand the pattern of coral reef diversity in the core zone and utilization in the MRP area and compare it to non-MRPS locations that accept the same non-anthropogenic pressure conditions. Coral fish sampling using a UVC is categorized into three zones: the core zone, the utilization zone, and outside the MRP area. 8 Families of coral reef fishes were counted based on categories of level function in ecologies and economy. Taxonomic distinctiveness estimates were calculated mathematically for each sample, including species richness and taxonomic diversity were compared among zonation area. Pearson's Coefficient Correlation Matrix was used to measure the correlation relationship between zonation areas. There are 91 species of fish and 3002 individuals found. The richest family in the MRP Core Zone and MRP Utility Zone was Acanthuridae with 20 species and non-MRP has a lower species richness and abundance of fish communities. The dominant species in Pieh MRP was Ctenochaetus striatus with average abundant per site (21.3 ± 7.62, n = 3). Acanthuridae represents 55.98% of the total biomass in MRP-Core Zone, 63.13% in MRP-Utility Zone, and 41.55% in Non-MRP Area. This study showed the number of species and populations from corallivores fishes have decreased but has been an increase in herbivorous and carnivore diversity. The diversity indices (H') and ENS also shows no differ significantly between zonation.

Red Mud coming from Tanrai Alumina Processing plant, Lamdong, Vietnam contains high excess alkaline component and many toxic heavy metals. The results showed that Red mud does not contain artificial radioactive isotopes such as 137 Cs, 7 Be; concentration of Uranium, Thorium in Red mud are less than the average concentration values of Uranium (2ppm) and Thorium (12ppm) in the earth's crust; annual effective dose caused by gamma radiation is smaller than the average effective dose was recommended by UNSCEAR. Physical texture of Red mud classified by equilateral triangle are sandy loam (57.1% sand; limon 33.8%; clay 9.1%). Chemical composition of Red mud is, by weight (% w/w): Fe 2O3 - 30.8; SiO2 31.7; Al2O3 - 15.6; TiO2 - 2.58; Na2O - 3.14, CaO - 3.51; K2O - 0.11; MgO - 0.27; MnO - 0.02; P2O5 - 0.22. Red mud also contains some heavy metals and have pHH2O and pHKCl are 11.23 and 11.12 respectively. The seearch results are an important basis to orient treatment and recovery this so...