Rowing

The concept of the gentleman amateur was, and remains, an important aspect of upper and middle-class Victorian and Edwardian male identity. Although he remains a significant literary presence, the form and length of time the gentleman amateur remained a cultural influence in society is contested.                                                     

This article examines one realm of this social constructs influence - sport - in terms of the social and philosophical origins of these titles, what they meant in practice and the repercussions their use had on class cultures, British (English) sporting values and success. It proposes that the gentleman amateur - despite the long-term damage inflicted by such men - remains a major philosophical, ideological and physical influence upon British sport today.

Purpose: Intermittent altitude exposure leads to improvements in aerobic performance and blood parameters of athletes. The variety of hypoxic devices and simulated altitude training models requires a detailed study of their effects to achieve the best results. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a four-week training camp at sea level conditions, combined with normobaric hypoxia, provided by hypoxicators during the night's sleep of the athletes. Material: Sixteen rowers of the Bulgarian national team (17.13±0.83 years old) were divided into a control group (n=8) and an experimental group (n=8) subjected to hypoxia for a period of four weeks. At the beginning and end of the training camp, anthropometric and hematological data were measured. A submaximal test on the Concept II rowing ergometer was performed, and the physical work capacity and anaerobic threshold were determined. Results: The results showed: 1) a lack of significant changes in the aerobic performance after training camp, both within and between groups; 2) at the end of the training camp in the experimental group a statistically significant increase in hemoglobin concentration (156.25±4.11 vs 162.75±4.11 g/L, p<0.01) and erythrocyte count (5.26±0.13 vs 5.49±0.10 g/L, p<0.01) was observed. Conclusions: The encouraging results regarding the higher increase in blood oxygen-carrying capacity in the experimental group did not lead to an increased working capacity. Further research should be provided in the search for optimal hypoxic training parameters, allowing not only a rise in hemoglobin concentration, but also the preservation of blood rheological properties.

In the sport of rowing, increasing the impulse applied to the oar handle during the stroke can result in greater boat velocities; this may be facilitated by increasing the surface area of the oar blade and/or increasing the length of the oars. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of different rowing resistances on the physiological response to rowing. 5 male and 7 female club rowers completed progressive, incremental exercise tests on an air-braked rowing ergometer, using either low (LO; 100) or high (HI; 150) resistance (values are according to the adjustable "drag factor" setting on the ergometer). Expired air, blood lactate concentration, heart rate, rowing cadence, and ergometer power output were monitored during the tests. LO rowing elicited significantly greater cadences (P<0.01) and heart rates (P<0.05), whereas rowing economy (J · L O2 equivalents - 1) was significantly greater during HI rowing (P<0.05). These results suggest that economically, rowing with a greater resistance may be advantageous for performance. Moreover, biomechanical analysis of ergometer rowing support the notion that the impulse generated during the stroke increases positively as a function of rowing resistance. We conclude that an aerobic advantage associated with greater resistance parallels the empirical trend toward larger oar blades in competitive rowing. This may be explained by a greater stroke impulse at the higher resistance.

Physical activity afterschool programs for youth can develop and extend physical and mental skills necessary for lifelong healthy movement. The primary purpose of the two studies presented was to evaluate an indoor afterschool rowing program designed to improve participant rowing times and self-concept. Participants were 85 fourth and fifth graders who completed a six-week, twice weekly rowing program across five
urban and suburban schools. Two schools completed the program in the fall (Study 1) and these results allowed for programmatic modifications for the three spring semester groups (Study 2). All participants completed a pre, post, and post-post assessment of rowing time to 500m and four subscales of the Self-Description Questionnaire-I (SDQI) at pre and post program. Participants in both the fall and spring groups significantly improved their rowing times from the post to the post-post evaluation, but not between the pre and post evaluations. SDQI scores did not significantly improve for fall participants, but spring participants scored significantly higher on Physical Appearance, Peer Relations, and General Self-Concept. An afterschool rowing program can elicit improved physical and psychological outcomes, but can be greatly moderated by variables such as group size, programming content, and psychological influences such as an audience effect.

RESUMO O propósito deste estudo, dividido em duas partes, foi desenvolver um método para medir a técnica de remo indoor nos jovens. No primeiro estudo, 39 participantes completaram um programa de remo onde a técnica foi medida pré e pós participação por dois treinadores experts de remo com 10 anos de experiência de experiência combinada usando uma rubrica (ARTY1) projetada especificamente para o estudo. ARTY1 focado especificamente no curso correto demonstrado muitas vezes para raramente. Os participantes não melhoraram a sua técnica durante o programa, mas uma rúbrica revista foi desenvolvida para o segundo estudo com base nos comentários dos especialistas. No segundo estudo, 79 iniciados e remadores entre o intermediário/avançado completaram uma série de 500m cronometrada que foi analisada usando a rúbrica revista (ARTY2) por dois treinadores experts diferentes de remo com oito anos de experiência combinada e não associados com os participantes. O ARTY2 foca-se mais especificamente na qualidade do movimento do corpo e na colocação do corpo entre componentes técnicas em oposição à frequência correta da técnica. O teste de Mann-Whitney U revelou uma diferença estatisticamente significativa de médias para a técnica de remo entre iniciados e remadores mais avançados, com um grande effect size (U = 2.00, p < 001, r =.87). Os Treinadores experts, no estudo 2, avaliaram remadores iniciados como tendo uma técnica mais pobre em comparação com remadores mais avançados. O Alfa de Cronbach foi de .97, indicando uma medida interna consistente. O sresultados suportam o uso de ARTY2 em níveis distintivos da técnica, mas é necessária mais pesquisa em diferentes idades e níveis de habilidade. ABSTRACT The purpose of this two-part study was to develop a method for measuring indoor rowing technique in youth. In the first study, 39 youth completed a rowing program where technique was measured pre and post participation by two expert youth rowing coaches with 10 years combined coaching experience using a rubric (ARTY1) specifically designed for the study. ARTY1 focused specifically on correct stroke demonstrated very often to very seldom. Participants did not improve their technique during the program, but a revised rubric was developed for the second study based on expert feedback. In the second study, 79 novice and intermediate/advanced youth rowers completed a 500m timed row which was analyzed using the revised rubric (ARTY2) by two different expert youth rowing coaches with eight years combined coaching experience who were not associated with sample participants. The ARTY2 focused more specifically the quality of body movement and body placement between component techniques found in the rowing motion as opposed to how often correct technique was demonstrated. A Mann-Whitney U test revealed a statistically significant difference of mean ranks for rowing technique between novice and more advanced rowers, with a large effect size (U = 2.00, p < .001, r = .87). Expert coaches in Study 2 assessed novice rowers as having poorer technique compared to more advanced rowers. Cronbach's alpha was .97 indicating an internally consistent measure. Findings tentatively support the use of ARTY2 in distinguishing levels of technique, but further research is necessary across different ages and skill levels.

This paper reports a quantitative method for comparing race kayak (K1) and surfski performance using a Kayak Power Meter. Comparisons are made between two Nelo K1s and between two Epic surfskis. The effect of rudder type on performance is also measured. A mathematical model is developed to investigate the effects of wind and current on performance measurements.

As a rower requires optimum physical fitness and adequate technical skills for maximum performance the aim of this study was to assess the physical fitness of Sri Lankan rowers, in view to improve performance and prevent injury in the future. The sample consisted of 46 rowers of the Sri Lanka army sports unit. Health related physical fitness components were assessed using standard tests and equipment. Performance was assessed by 2000m rowing ergometer test, cardiovascular endurance and vertical jump. An interviewer administered questionnaire was used to obtain information of injury patterns. The mean values for rowing ergometer time for male and female rowers were 7.07 and 8.36 minutes respectively. Rowing ergometer time negatively correlated with anaerobic fitness, lean body mass and flexibility in male rowers while it was not significant in females. Aerobic fitness negatively correlated with fat mass in both male and female rowers while anaerobic fitness did not correlate with any fitness components. The injury prevalence was 68.8% and 57.1% in male and female rowers respectively. Therefore, although the Sri Lankan rower's physical fitness characteristics for flexibility and body composition correlated well with performance, most of the other physical fitness characteristics were not comparable to international standards in rowing.

SANTANA, Walmer Peres. A consolidação do Club de Regatas Vasco da Gama (1898- 1906). 2021. 354 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em História) – Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 2021.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo investigar por que o Club de Regatas Vasco da Gama foi criado em 1898 e quais motivos o levaram a obter rapidamente sucesso esportivo e capilaridade na população da cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Através da análise histórica do processo de criação, da fundação e da trajetória da agremiação vascaína, entre 1898 e 1906, analisa-se a presença e a participação dos portugueses na metrópole carioca. Outrossim, conseguimos observar de que forma a prática do remo dramatizou questões como o preconceito social e o antilusitanismo, presentes na sociedade analisada no período em tela.

Palavras-chaves: Vasco da Gama. Português. Remo. Associativismo. Imigração

SANTANA, Walmer Peres. The consolidation of the Club de Regatas Vasco da Gama (1898-1906). 2021. 354 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em História) – Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 2021.

This work aims to investigate why the Club de Regatas Vasco da Gama was created in 1898 and what reasons led it to quickly achieve sports success and capillarity in the population of the city of Rio de Janeiro. Through the historical analysis of the creation process, the foundation and the trajectory of the Vascain association, between 1898 and 1906, the presence and participation of the Portuguese in the metropolis of Rio de Janeiro is analyzed. Furthermore, we were able to observe how the practice of rowing dramatized issues such as social prejudice and antilusitanism, present in the Society analyzed in the period in question.

Keywords: Vasco da Gama. Portuguese. Rowing. Associativism. Immigration

This paper reports an analysis of the forces on a surfski as the paddler surfs, or attempts to surf a trochoidal ocean wave.  The wave conditions necessary to produce sustained, effortless ‘paddle-in-the-air’ runs are determined, and a prediction of the maximum possible speed of a surfski for the idealised wave model is made (53.5 km/h). Results are presented as a series of charts, which can be used to predict if a wave of a given height and period, travelling in water of a given depth, can be surfed effortlessly or not.

For the purpose of this paper, the complex motor skill that I have identified and plan to explain as its perceptual-motor landscape is developed in the context of Newell’s model of motor learning is the sport of rowing (also known as crew). Newell’s model of motor learning is divided into three stages: Assembling a Coordination Pattern, Gaining Control of a Coordinative Structure, and Skilled Optimization of Control.

The present study was focused to contrast the level of Skill-Related Physical Fitness components of Kayaking and Rowing players. For this purpose, eighteen (N=18), male college level  Kayaking and Rowing players of age group 18-25 years participated in the study. All the subjects, after having been informed about the objective and protocol of the study, gave their consent and volunteered to participate in this study. They were divided into two groups: Group-A: n1=9 kayaking players and Group-B: n2=9 rowing players. It is to measure the skill related physical fitness (agility, balance, coordination, power and speed) male inter- college kayaking and rowing players. To determine the significant differences between kayaking and rowing, unpaired t-test was employed for data analyses. It is concluded from the  above analysis the study can be concluded that no significant difference were found among Kayaking and Rowing players on the sub- variables; Agility, Balance, Coordination and Power variables of physical fitness and highly Significant difference was found on Speed variable of physical fitness.

In December 1933, the Italian sport newspaper "Il Littoriale" published an interesting letter, wrote by some Giovani Italiane (the Fascist female juvenile organization, 12-18 year-old girls). The Giovani Italiane (who played athletics, rowing and gymnastics in their Lombardy small town) wanted to join the male on-going male debate about women’s sport between Il Littoriale and L’Osservatore Romano (November-December 1933) thanks to their own female experience.
They tried to describe a lot of controversial elements of women’s sport debate from their personal point of view, such as the need of public women’s athletics competitions, the need of comfortable female sportswear, the spirit of camaraderie among women and men during sports activities.
The Giovani Italiane were proud Catholic girls, too: contrary to what L’Osservatore Romano and some priests they met thought, women’s sport and religious faith matched so good: for instance, since they started to play sports, they improved their frankness in testifying publicly their Catholic faith.
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Nel dicembre del 1933, il giornale sportivo "Il Littoriale" pubblicava una interessante lettera, scritta da alcune Giovani Italiane (appartenenti cioè all'associazione femminile di regime riservata alle ragazze dai 12 ai 18 anni), le quali, praticando atletica, canottaggio e ginnastica nella loro piccola città della provincia lombarda, volevano dir la loro (e portar la loro personale esperienza femminile) nella polemica esclusivamente maschile sviluppatasi in quei mesi (novembre-dicembre 1933) fra "Il Littoriale" e "L'Osservatore Romano".
Partendo dalla loro esperienza personale, le scriventi tentarono di dir la loro circa una serie di punti controversi  del dibattito sullo sport femminile: le pubbliche gare di atletica leggera, la necessità di un abbigliamento comodo, lo spirito di "cameratismo" coi colleghi uomini durante le attività sportive.
Le "Giovani Italiane" si dichiaravano inoltre cattoliche: al contrario di quanto sostenuto da "L'Osservatore Romano" e da alcuni sacerdoti che avevano incontrato, secondo loro non c'era contrasto fra lo sport femminile e la loro fede religiosa, anzi, come dimostrato ad esempio dal fatto che, facendo sport, si sentivano più a loro agio nel mostrare pubblicamente la loro identità cattolica.

For the purpose of this paper, I will be analyzing the motor skill of rowing in relation to how the concepts discussed throughout Units 1, 2 & 3 of Jeffery C. Ives’s text "Motor Behavior: Connecting Mind and Body for Optimal Performance", and directly focus on how the skill is formed, executed, learned, and produced in the context of the dynamic systems approach. Unit I examined the fundamental physiological concepts behind the formation and execution of motor skill (Motor Control); Unit II examined the fundamental psychological concepts behind the learning of motor skill (Motor Learning); and Unit III explored these concepts as they relate to the underlying abilities contributing to motor skill production (Training Mind, Body, and Brain).

This paper presents a theory that links the observed periodic speed fluctuations of a paddled-powered craft to the characteristics of the craft and the useful power developed by the paddler. The equation of straight-line motion of a kayak is derived and solved. The solution demonstrates that the amplitude of the speed variation is proportional to the average drag force. An experimental method for measuring the speed variation, with sufficient time and speed resolution to apply the theory to boat and paddler performance studies, is developed and trialled. The method is based on accelerometer and GPS data fusion. Fourier analysis of the measured speed produces both single-stroke and average-stroke force and power plots. These show potential for paddler performance analysis and coaching.

Contrary to accepted wisdom, amateur rowing did not begin in London, or at the Eton or Westminster.  Recreational rowing can be shown to have existed at Oxford at least as early as 1769, and was clourishing by the end of the 1790s.  The first rowing race between two clubs established for the purpose occurred between Brasenose College and Jesus College at Oxford in 1815.

Rudern zählt zu den ältesten Disziplinen des Mannschaftssports. Hervorgegangen aus der Nutzung des Bootsriemens durch frühe elitäre Gesellschaften im vorderorientalisch-ägäischen Altertum, gehört es bei den Völkern der mediterranen Antike zum festen Bestand eines teils bewaffneten, teils friedlichen Agons. Ruderfahrzeuge waren Mittel des Seekrieges, der profanen oder rituellen Boostregatta, blutiger Gefechtsinszenierung und privater Körperertüchtigung.

Die Befehlsgewalt über ein großes Ruderschiff war hierarchischer Ausdruck pharaonischen Selbstverständnisses und Macht. Liegen hier die Wurzeln für den sportlichen Einsatz des Bootsriemens, dienten besatzungsstarke Ruderfahrzeuge im mediterranen Altertum bevorzugt militärischen Zwecken. Ausgerüstet und unterhalten von einer Elite, entwickelte das antike Kriegsschiff teils hochkomplexe Rudersysteme. Seine Mannschaft wurde für den Gefechtseinsatz trainiert. Angeordnetem Schiffsexerzieren und staatlich geförderter Übung der Jugend am Bootsriemen standen privat oder öffentlich finanzierte Regatten gegenüber, die historische Ereignisse oder bedeutende Persönlichkeiten würdigten, nicht zuletzt im Rahmen religiöser Feste und Totenfeiern.

Wettkampf auf dem Wasser wurde aber auch Teil einer Unterhaltungskultur, deren kriegerische Komponente in der römischen Naumachie fortlebte. Seit dem Ende der Republik zuweilen monumentale Ausmaße annehmend, war das geruderte Kriegsschiff Teil spektakulärer Gefechtsinszenierungen oder Bühne für blutige Kämpfe, veranstaltet von Amtsträgern und Kaisern vor der Küste oder auf dem Binnensee, auf künstlichen Gewässern oder im Theater; ohne letales Ende sogar auf den Gartenbecken begüterter Kreise. Daneben bekundet die schriftliche Überlieferung im Hellenismus wurzelnden privaten Rudersport, der Freizeitgestaltung, Leibesertüchtigung und harmlosen Wettkampf vereint.

Archäologische Relikte antiker Fahrzeuge, zeitgenössische Bilder und Texte vermitteln technische Standards und Entwicklung des Ruderantriebs nebst seiner kulturgeschichtlichen Bedeutung.

Intervista a Marta Specht circa la vita di sua madre, Flaminia Goretti De Flamini (1905-2004), con particolare attenzione alla storia del canottaggio, visto il ruolo ricoperto da Flaminia negli anni Trenta all'interno della Società Canottieri Firenze.

Resumo Este artigo analisa as representações de identidades culturais que foram negociadas pelos clubes de remo luso-brasileiros na cidade de Porto Alegre, no longo século XIX. Para a realização desta pesquisa foram consultadas fontes históricas documentais e impressas, como atas e jornais. Os indícios revelam que os três clubes de remo fundados pelos luso-brasileiros no princípio do século XX, institucionalizaram distintas identidades culturais luso-brasileiras no espaço social da cidade. Dentre estes, o Clube de Regatas Vasco da Gama diferencia-se por construir representações de uma identidade luso-sul-rio-grandense. Abstract This article analyzes representations of cultural identities that have been negotiated by the Luso-Brazilizn rowing clubs in the city of Porto Alegre, during nineteenth century. For this research, historical and printed documentation sources were consulted such as minutes and papers. The evidence shows that the three rowing clubs, founded by the Luso-Brazilians in the early twentieth century, institutionalized distinct Luso-Brazilian cultural identities in the city social environment. Among these, the Club de Regatas Vasco da Gama differentiates itself by building a Luso-South-Rio-Grandense identity representation. Introdução A fundação dos primeiros clubes de remo pelos luso-brasileiros em Porto Alegre ocorreu no princípio do século XX. Até então havia na cidade clubes de remo constituídos majoritariamente por teuto-brasileiros. Os clubes fundados por imigrantes europeus e seus descendentes eram espaços, onde cultivavam o esporte e outras manifestações da sua memória cultural. Na segunda década do século XX, conforme Thiesse (2000) houve um exacerbamento nacionalista provocado pela Primeira Guerra Mundial (1914-1918), durante um período em que as fronteiras estavam sendo violadas.

Šport, najsi bo to sociološki fenomen druge polovice 19. in 20. stoletja ali pa nova kulturna vrednota, je dobil svoje obeležje tudi v slovenskem zgodovinopisju. Resda skromno in prevečkrat laično, pa vendar imamo zahvaljujoč pokojnemu Dragu Stepišniku na enem mestu zbran "oris" športnega razvoja ali razmaha do leta I960. Kot je v uvodu svojega dela zapisal, je to "prvo tovrstno delo pri nas", upa pa, "da bo lahko rabilo tudi kot osnova za nadaljnja raziskovanja te strani naše kulturne preteklosti".
V našem članku na osnovi novih raziskovanj osvetljujemo začetke športnega veslanja in hokeja na ledu v Ljubljani in Slovenskem ter v primeru hokeja na ledu razčistimo z napačnim datiranjem začetkov hokeja na ledu na Slovenskem, ki jih je povzel tudi Stepišnik, in 'urbano legendo' "gola z glavo" v Kamniku.

Zusammenfassung: "Bei uns ist diese Sportart
völlig unbekannt"
Diese Abhandlung untersucht die Anfänge des Sports in Laibach. Sie setzt sich aus zwei thematisch und zeitlich abgegrenzten Teilen zusammen:
der erste Teil behandelt Gründung und Tätigkeit eines der ältesten Laibacher Sportklubs vor dem Ersten Weltkrieg, während der zweite Teil die Anfänge des Eishockeys darstellt. Das grundlegende Werk zur Geschichte des Sports in Slowenien ist immer noch Drago Stepišniks "Oris zgodovine telesne kulture na Slovenskem" [Grundriß der Geschichte der Körperkultur in Slowenien] aus demJahr 19Ó8. Auch
der vorliegende Beitrag stützt sich auf Stepišniks Grundriß, korrigiert und ergänzt ihn jedoch gemäß den neuesten Forschungen. Weiters werden verschiedene Arbeiten von Hobbyhistorikern hinzugezogen, die den Großteil der historischen Beiträge über die einzelnen Sportbereiche verfaßt haben. Allerdings weisen sie meist einen Mangel an wissenschaflichen Untersuchungsmethoden auf. Der vorliegende Beitrag möchte
deshalb nicht zuletzt den Unterschied zwischen einer hobbymäßigen und einer fachlichen Behandlung historischer Themen aus dem Bereich der Sportgeschichte betonen. Dann erst können auch die verschiedenen faktographischen Manipulationen
über den Beginn eines Sportzweigs oder eines Klubs berichtigt werden.
Aufgrund der verfügbaren Daten und mit Hilfe einer vergleichenden Analyse ordnet der Autor die Gründung des Laibacher Sportklubs in das Jahr 1907 ein und den offiziellen Beginn des Eishockeyspiels in den Winter 1931/32. Gleichzeitig polemisiert er mit Stepišnik, der den Laibacher Sportklub in der Zeit vor dem Ersten Weltkrieg als
exklusiven Klub beschrieb. Diese Feststellung muß aufgrund der vorliegenden Untersuchung als zu allgemein, unvollständig und daher irreführend bezeichnet werden. Abschließend ist daraufhinzuweisen, daß sich die Darstellung der Anfänge des Eishockeyspiels nicht nur auf das Faktographische beschränkt, sondern anhand einer konkreten Analyse der Ereignisse im Sportklub Ilirija darlegt, wann und warum sich der Sportzweig zu entwickeln begann.

On the 10th May 2002 Queen Elizabeth unveiled the statue of Sir Steve Redgrave in Higginson Park, Marlow where he looks across the river at the finishing post of the annual Marlow regatta (Bates, 2002). The five metre tall bronze celebrates the achievements of the most successful male Olympic rower of all time. The £100,000 cost of the statue was met by The Redgrave Tribute Appeal, a grassroots initiative by the people of Marlow who wanted to honour their most famous son (NationMaster.com, 2013).

The research investigates Brazil's participation in the 1936 Olympic Games, in particular the case of Brazilian rower Fritz Richter, who did not take part in rowing competitions in Berlin, even though he was part of the delegation organized by the Brazilian Confederation of Sports (CBD). The information about Brazil's participation came from newspaper and magazine reports. The interpretation of the sources revealed that the decision about participating in the Olympics was marked by conflicts that ended up with two delegations representing the country in the event. This culminated in the selection of Brazilian athletes in German territory. In that context, there were other conflicts, not only during the Brazilian delegations' stay in Berlin but also when they returned to Brazil. Such events indicate that Brazilian Olympic sports in the 1930s were experiencing incipient times.

River based flatwater kayak racing clubs generally have an established out-and-back course on which regular time trials are conducted. Times are logged, both to rank paddlers, and to monitor individual performance improvements. In winter flood conditions paddlers observe their trial times rise. This short note presents a simple formula that may be used to correct recorded times for the effect of river flow. A proof of the formula is given.

PurposeTo synthesise evidence on low back pain (LBP) in adult rowers and to create a consensus statement to inform clinical practice.MethodsThere were four synthesis steps that informed the consensus statement. In step one, seven expert clinicians and researchers established the scope of the consensus statement and conducted a survey of experienced and expert clinicians to explore current practice. In step two, working groups examined current evidence relating to key scope questions and summarised key issues. In step three, we synthesised evidence for each group and used a modified Delphi process to aid in the creation of the overall consensus statements. Finally, in step four, we combined information from step three with the findings of the clinician survey (and with athlete and coach input) to produce recommendations for clinical practice.ResultsThe scope of the consensus statement included epidemiology; biomechanics; management; the athlete’s voice and clinical expertise. Prevent...

Abstract. A tool for the prediction of the performances of olympic rowing boats is presented and discussed. The equations of motion for the dynamical system composed by the boat, oars and oarsmen are obtained by means of suitable models for the rowers motion, oar forces and °uid-structure intercation forces. The proposed algorithm is implemented in a C++ code which has proved to produce consistent results for any crew con¯guration tested. 1

Intermittent altitude exposure leads to improvements in aerobic performance and blood parameters of athletes. The variety of hypoxic devices and simulated altitude training models requires a detailed study of their effects to achieve the best results. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a four-week training camp at sea level conditions, combined with normobaric hypoxia, provided by hypoxicators during the night&#39;s sleep of the athletes. Sixteen rowers of the Bulgarian national team (17.13±0.83 years old) were divided into a control group (n=8) and an experimental group (n=8) subjected to hypoxia for a period of four weeks. At the beginning and end of the training camp, anthropometric and hematological data were measured. A submaximal test on the Concept II rowing ergometer was performed, and the physical work capacity and anaerobic threshold were determined. The results showed: 1) a lack of significant changes in the aerobic performance after training camp, bot...

Os luso-brasileiros uniram-se no princípio do século XX em Porto Alegre
para fundar o primeiro clube de remadores “genuinamente brasileiro”: Grêmio de
Regatas Almirante Tamandaré. Embora adotando uma prática esportiva trazida pelos
imigrantes alemães, esta associação buscava nacionalizar o esporte e afirmar uma
identidade brasileira. O remo, como prática esportiva, foi introduzido no Rio Grande do
Sul pelos imigrantes alemães, que além de fundarem os primeiros clubes de regatas no
Estado utilizaram o associativismo esportivo como forma de preservar sua identidade
cultural. O objetivo deste estudo é identificar como os luso-brasileiros reutilizaram as
representações culturais para enfatizar uma identidade brasileira em Porto Alegre,
através da fundação do Grêmio de Regatas Almirante Tamandaré, no princípio do
século XX em Porto Alegre. O processo metodológico adotado foi a pesquisa
documental. A fundação da associação esportiva pelos luso-brasileiros revela que estes
visavam preservar uma identidade nacional brasileira que valorizava sua cultura, e
também foi uma das maneiras encontradas pelos lusos se fixarem no espaço social
disputado com os imigrantes alemães e seus descendentes em Porto Alegre. O remo foi
utilizado para caracterizar sua presença, enquanto brasileiros natos e esportistas que
lutavam para afirmar uma identidade nacional brasileira.

RESUMO Este estudo busca interpretar as recomposições identitárias nas associações de remadores teuto-brasileiros Porto-Alegrenses, principalmente no ano de 1917, durante um conflito bélico. Para a construção do corpus documental da pesquisa foram analisadas atas de clubes e jornais. As fontes revelaram que, até 1917, nas associações de remo, espaços de lazer e sociabilidades de teuto-brasileiros, eram cultivadas práticas e representações de identidades culturais teuto-brasileiras como, por exemplo, o uso da língua alemã. Com a inserção do Brasil na Primeira Guerra Mundial (1914-1918), essas associações foram pressionadas ao abrasileiramento, ocorrendo negociações identitárias no cenário esportivo. A adoção do português na comunicação interna, bem como no nome original de associações são exemplos de mudanças. ABSTRACT This study aims to interpret the identity rearrangements in the German-Brazilian rowers associations in Porto Alegre, which happened in 1917, during a bellicose conflict. To the documental corpus, minutes from rowing clubs and information from the newspaper A Federação were used. The sources revealed that, until 1917, in these rowing associations, spaces of leisure and sociability for German Brazilians, were cultivated practices and representations of German Brazilian cultural identities, for example, like the use of the German Language. When Brazil entered World War I (1914-1918), these associations were pressed to the " Brazilianization " , occurring identity negotiations on the sport scene. The adoption of the Portuguese language in the internal communication and also in the original name of the associations are examples of changes.

"Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is a usual method in multivariate analysis to reduce data dimensionality.
PCA relies on the definition of a linear transformation of the data through an orthonormal matrix that is computed on the basis of the dataset itself. In this work we discuss the application of PCA on a set of human motion data and the cross validation of the result. The cross validation procedure simulates the application of the transformation on real time data. The PCA proved to be suitable to analyze data in real time and showed some interesting behavior on the data used as cross validation."

The River & Rowing Museum celebrates the traditions and environment of the River Thames, the international sport of rowing and the historic riverside community of Henley-on-Thames in England. Spacious and state-of-the-art, the specially commissioned building was designed by the award winning British architect, David Chipperfield. The museum was opened in August 1998 and is already an architectural landmark. The museum has won a number of awards including the National Heritage UK Museum of the Year 1999, Building of the Year 1999 for England (shortlisted for the Stirling Prize) and Website of the Week for two weeks running in the 24 Hour Museum UK museums portal.

The website has been produced at minimal cost, but is simple and effective in design (matching the minimalist design of the museum building itself) and attracting over 65,000 visitors so far (more than have visited the physical museum). The website is organized in a simple hierarchical manner. The homepage is designed to present the museum in different ways for different categories of user such as general visitors, including the disabled, children, teachers, researchers, group visitors, museum supporters, event organizers, the press, etc.

The presentation will give a history of the development of the website, originally initiated in 1995 several years before the museum actually opened. This helped establish the museum's presence throughout the world, particularly to the rowing community. Plans for the future, especially how the website fits into the museum's marketing strategy, will also be covered. Attendees should gain tips on how to produce a cost-effective website that is designed to be user-oriented.