Agricultural policy and price analysis

The price penalty for genetically modified (GM)canola (compared to non-GM canola) is 7.2% based on the past five years of price data from two receival depots (Albany and Kwinana) in Western Australia. The average annual price penalty for GM canola varied from a low of 5.3% ($29 per tonne in the 2017/18 season at Kwinana) to a high of 9.2% ($49 per tonne in the 2015/16 season at Albany). The WA GM canola has a lower oil content (46.9% versus 48.4%) and a higher moisture content (5.5% versus 5.3%) than non-GM canola.

Stagnating oilseed yields for  the last two decades and an  inefficient and underutilised  processing sector have resulted  in an uncompetitive complex in  India. The country’s commitments  at the World Trade Organisation  have led to increased edible oil  imports and a simultaneous  decline in area under oilseeds.  India needs a long-term edible oil  policy to improve competitiveness  by bridging the existing
technology and yield gaps.

Bugün ekonomik yaşamda hangi mal ve hizmetlerin ne kadar ve kimler
tarafından, hangi üretim yöntemleri ile üretileceğini, elde edilen hasılanın
kimler tarafından dağıtılacağını ve bu hasılanın ne kadarının tüketilip ne
kadarının tasarruf edileceğini belirleyen bir fiyat sistemi mevcuttur. En
uygun kaynak dağılımını gerçekleştirmede, enflasyonla mücadelede,
sektörler arası kaynak transferinde, üretimin planlanmasında ve pazarlama stratejilerinin belirlenmesinde fiyatlar davranışları yönlendiren en önemli araçtır. Fiyatların zaman içindeki değişimi konusu, ekonomi alanında önemli inceleme konularından birini oluşturmaktadır. Fiyatlar günden güne, aydan aya, yıldan yıla değişiklikler göstermektedir. Bu hareketlerin bazıları belli bir düzen izlerken, bazıları oldukça düzensiz dalgalanmalar gösterir. Ülkemizde yaşanan yüksek enflasyon nedeniyle fiyatların, siyası karar alıcılar tarafından sağlıklı bir şekilde yorumlanabilmesi ve buna göre ekonomi politikalarının belirlenebilmesi için, bilimsel olarak yapılan fiyat analizlerinden yararlanmak gerekmektedir.

Farm subsidies have become increasingly maligned in agricultural policy debates, but the merits of subsidies are a distraction from deeper political, economic, and ecological problems in agriculture. Drawing on a history of the U.S. Farm Bill, this paper argues that a fixation on farm subsidies ignores why they came into being, and more generally glosses over the imperative for modern states to intervene into agricultural economies. Karl Polanyi's 'double movement' framework is used to situate the rise and fall of agricultural supply management within food regime theory. In the second, or surplus food regime, the U.S. government wielded excess commodities as geopolitical toolsdeven as domestic farm policy labored to contain overproduction, and thus support agrarian viability. In the subsequent corporate food regime, " free market " agriculture displaces and discredits supply management, even as massive government intervention into how food is grown and sold continues. Making space to remember historical price support programs, to situate their accomplishments and limitations, and to recognize residual supply-management mechanisms (such as farm cooperatives and agricultural marketing orders) is crucial for fostering agricultural viability in the US and beyond. Twentieth century supply management had flaws, but it cannot be wholly omitted. This paper highlights key motivations, elements, and contradictions of these policies and programs to begin the process of considering how supply management principles and strategies could be updated and enhanced for 21st century agriculture. Such a framework would need to pay more attention to diversity within domestic and international agricultures, and be more sensitive to the multi-scalar dimensions of food systems.

The continuously increasing rural population coupled with decreasing farm sizes present a threat to the sustainability of smallholder agriculture as the centerpiece of rural livelihoods in Zimbabwe. Although commercialization of smallholder agriculture has been advocated for as the key strategy to alleviating rural poverty, interventions focusing on smallholder commercialization are mostly hampered due to lack of information on key smallholder agricultural enterprises. This study analyzed the level and determinants of commercialization of smallholder tomato production in Domboshava, Goromonzi District. The study used primary data collected using a structured questionnaire from a random sample of 197 smallholder tomato farmers. The degree of tomato commercialization was calculated using the Household Commercialization index. The Fractional Regression Model (FRM) was used to determine factors associated with tomato commercialization while the K-means non-hierarchical clustering method was used for farmer typology analysis based on commercialization levels and underlying socio-demographic characteristics. The mean Household Commercialization Index (HCI) was 88.55% and the degree of commercialization was not significantly different across gender and wards. Results of the Fractional Regression Model showed that household size, degree level education, irrigation status and the frequency of extension contacts positively affect the degree of household commercialization, whereas farm size negatively affects the degree of commercialization. In order to improve the extent of commercialization of smallholder tomato farmers, the study recommends that the government and development agencies should promote adoption and efficient use of labor-saving technologies, invest in smallholder irrigation infrastructure and strengthen extension service delivery. Efforts to expand farm size should be accompanied by similar efforts to raise the productivity of the land through the adoption of productivity-enhancing technologies.

Résumé
Le Togo importe près de la moitié de sa consommation en riz, troisième céréale la plus consommée dans ce pays. Pourtant,  jusqu’en 2007, le potentiel en terres rizicoles du Togo n’était exploité qu’à peine 20%. Ce constat révèle la persistance d’une faible productivité du riz alors que de grands travaux d’aménagements agricoles, ont  été réalisés par le passé au Togo. Les superficies de production sont faibles, la production est encore manuelle et dépendante d’une pluviométrie capricieuse, les circuits de commercialisations sont informels et le riz importé coûte moins cher que le riz local sur les marchés de consommation. Il en résulte des prix aux producteurs très instables saisonnièrement et d’année en année. Ces prix sont en outre peu rémunérateurs et donc très peu incitatifs, malgré l’existence d’une Agence nationale de sécurité alimentaire chargée de les réguler. Des projets sont aujourd’hui encore en cours de mise en œuvre pour promouvoir la filière sur l’ensemble du pays.
Pendant ce temps, la Corée du Sud, qui en 1960 vivait des aides alimentaires étrangères se situe à un niveau d’autosuffisance en riz d’environ 95%. Comment est-ce que, ce pays a-t-il su réaliser une telle performance ? En quoi l’expérience sud coréenne peut-elle inspirée la riziculture togolaise ? C’est à ces deux questions que cette étude a répondu à travers une recherche documentaire et dans une approche diachronique basée sur des données de seconde main portant sur la riziculture coréenne entre 1950 et 1980.
Basée sur les théories de la stabilisation des prix des produits agricoles domestiques, de l’Etat développeur et de l’Approche transformationnel ; l’étude s’est axée sur la réforme foncière coréenne d’après la libération, les stratégies de mécanisation et d’aménagement des terres agricoles,  ainsi que sur les évolutions dans la politique gouvernementale du prix aux riziculteurs. Des différentes analyses faites, il en est résulté que la réforme foncière a permis au gouvernement sud coréen de ramener le taux de métayers agricoles à 2% en 1952 alors que ce dernier était de 65% en 1945. Cette réforme a en outre permit une homogénéisation de forces en milieu rural, ce qui a joué un rôle déterminant pendant les  travaux communautaires initié par le gouvernement dans les années 1970. Ces travaux communautaires, ajouté aux constructions entreprises par l’Etat lui-même ont permis d’aménager les rizières,  de maîtriser l’eau, de désenclaver les zones rurales et en définitive de mécaniser la riziculture coréenne.
Concomitamment, l’Etat est resté maître de la politique du prix du riz sur les marchés. Après plus de dix ans de politique de bas prix au producteur (politique facilitée par les dons alimentaires étrangers) le gouvernement a décider en 1967 de révolutionner ses pratiques peu incitatives. Il a imposé dans un premier temps une politique de soutien du prix au producteur puis ensuite et afin de soulager les consommateurs, il a mis en place une politique du double du riz. Cette dernière politique du prix du riz a été conduite par le « Grain Management Fund » un organisme public budgétivore mais qui a réussi à stabiliser et encourager le prix du riz au producteur. Il en a découlé une évolution progressive de la production malgré les potentialités limitées. Ceci a conduit à l’atteinte de l’autosuffisance de la Corée du Sud en riz en 1978.
L’analyse synthétique de cette expérience coréenne a permis de retenir principalement six recommandations pour la riziculture togolaise. Ces leçons vont, de la dynamisation de la collaboration entre l’Etat et les communautés rurales togolaises, à l’instauration d’un monopole sur les importations du riz en passant par la révolution de la loi foncière en vigueur, la stabilisation et le soutien du prix aux riziculteurs avec une réforme de l’ANSAT,  la priorisation des stratégies d’autosuffisance et une gestion adéquate des aides alimentaires.
La mise en œuvre de ces mesures quoique coûteuse devrait permettre la modernisation de la riziculture togolaise à travers la maîtrise de l’eau, la mécanisation et l’instauration d’un cadre incitatif pour la production rizicole.

Mots Clés: Promotion de la riziculture, Stabilisation du prix, Mécanisation, Réforme foncière, 
                      Corée du Sud et  Togo

Barley is cultivated by small holders in every region of Ethiopia, since it is able to grow at all elevations, but it performs best at the higher elevations in the northern and central regions of the country. Barley is a major staple food crop in the highlands of Ethiopia. The crop is used for preparing various types of traditional foods such as Kita, Kolo, Beso, Enjera, Giat, cuko (shakeka) and many others. Although the day to day survival is linked to barley, little focus has been given to improve the productivity of the crop in the dry land. The market potential for malt barley is directly dependent on the market for beer; as such, its potential can best be assessed by looking at the evolving dynamics of Ethiopia's growing brewery sector. Much of Ethiopia's beer demand is currently being met by domestic brands. BGI Castel is the largest operator in the market, with production capacity of roughly 2 million hectoliters per year (out of a total market production of ~4 million hectoliters per year. The major players in the barley value chain are the input suppliers, smallholders, state and commercial farms, rural assemblers, cooperative unions, grain wholesalers, flourmills, processed food wholesalers, grain retailers, bakeries and pastries, and retailers of processed food. Donors and NGOs also play some role in procuring barley locally for their relief and development activities. To balance the demand and supply of barley the country have to be increase the productivity of the barley by using modern technology, high-yield varieties for specific location based on end user needs, with varieties to include characteristics such as resistance to drought and diseases.

The price of foodstuffs stable is the expectation of the community. Chili is one food that has fluctuation prices. This paper aims to analyze the price fluctuations between the time and the price disparity between regions. The data used is the price data of curly red chili pepper and cayenne pepper period in 2014-2016. The results show that still occurs fluctuations and price disparity on the period. These fluctuations caused by planting the chili are seasonal while the disparity in price because the concentrated chili production in certain regions. Policy recommendations which can be delivered is the Government need to develop planting chilli in the off-season, chili and planting arrangement encourages the growth of central chili production outside Java and provides a good infrastructure for the distribution of chili.

The objective of this paper was to study Tanzania's rice sector, regarding the seasonal behavior of wholesale rice prices in the Mbeya Region. It's considered that price is the most crucial variable in the farmer's decision making. The classical multiplicative model was employed in the analysis of monthly time-series data from 2004 to 2018 to verify if there were changes in the seasonal variation pattern. The data were obtained from the Ministry of Industry, Trade, and Marketing in Tanzania. According to the results, rice prices seem to have followed a consistent and logical pattern around their annual average, in spite of increased uncertainty and variability in the overall Tanzania grains markets. The months of November to May were the best month for selling rice as the seasonal variation indexes were highest, above 100%; thus, farmers would gain more by storing rice during the harvest period for future sales. On the consumer side, the best month for purchasing rice was from June to October, which is harvest season. Knowledge of these rice price patterns and the risk levels of specific months can be useful to producers and purchasers as they develop their annual marketing plans.

Uncertainty in staple food prices places the economy under jeopardy if not managed coherently and markets are not integrated. An attempt was made to analyze the wheat price behavior and extent of integration across selected wholesale and retail markets in India sourcing monthly data from FAO (July 2000-June 2016). Findings indicated that the price in wholesale and retail markets as well as its divergence was lowest in Patna, implying a major production and consumption zone, and highest in Chennai, indicating a negligible production. Monthly price indices exhibited a clear-cut seasonality linking with the arrivals of post-crop harvest. Extent of price integration was examined using Johansen’s approach to know whether markets share a linear deterministic trend followed by testing the Law Of One Price (LOOP). The maximum likelihood test indicated a strong integration in different combinations of markets with some market pairs showing unidirectional-causality, while the rest exhibiting ...

The Kenyan coffee industry makes a major contributor to Kenya's economy. The industry is a top foreign exchange earner coming fourth after tourism, tea and horticulture. The sector directly and indirectly supports over 6 million people, making it one of the leading sources of livelihood in the country. Despite the immense contribution, the production of coffee in Kenya has declined significantly over the past decades – associated with inefficiencies – resulting in increased poverty in coffee-dependent communities. This paper explores the determinants of technical efficiency in Murang'a County; a leading coffee producing region in Kenya. The analysis of the data followed a two-step approach following Helfand and Levine (2004). In the first step, technical efficiency measures were calculated using the non-parametric data envelopment analysis (DEA) model. In the second step, the estimated technical efficiency scores were regressed on a set of explanatory variables which included farm size, household characteristics and various indicators for institutional arrangements and adoption of technology. Results showed that the average technical efficiency was low at 54%. The findings show that farm size, coffee variety, access to credit, farmers' age and household size are critical determinants of technical efficiency in coffee farming. It is therefore concluded that adoption of improved varieties especially by youthful farmers and increased access to credit facilities which help farmers to purchase market inputs for coffee enterprise would increase TE and ultimately coffee productivity.

This study aimed at analyzing the determinants of small holder dairy farmers' milk production and supply to market in Uasin Gishu County, Kenya. A Cobb Douglas production function was used to determine the factors influencing the quantity of milk produced while a supply function was used to determine factors influencing the quantity of milk marketed. Results of this study indicated that farmers are doing dairy farming for commercial purpose (79%) which is a clear step towards improving productivity and marketing. Factors which significantly affected milk production included milk price, training on animal husbandry, access to AI services, total farm size and group membership whereas sex of household head and the duration of keeping dairy cattle did not significantly influence milk production. The variables which significantly influenced the quantity of milk sold to the market were amount of milk produced and amount of milk consumed at home whereas household size and average price of milk did not significantly affect amount of milk supplied to the market. Given the results of this study the government should invest more in dairypolicies geared towards price stabilization, provision of AI services and training on dairy farming. Farmers should also be encouraged to join farmer dairy groups.

A study was conducted to determine the factors affecting production and profitability of shrimp production in the Batticaloa district. The survey covered 90 farmers from 8 villages, located in 6 D.S. divisions in the Batticaloa district. Stratified random sampling method was used in this survey and data were collected through pre questionnaires. Data were analyzed for descriptive statistics, frequencies and multiple regressions were done. Factors affecting shrimp production was determined pond preparation and feed conversion ratio had a significant impact on shrimp production. Average price of shrimps/kg, total production of shrimps, and cost of leasing of land/year ha results that profitability of shrimp production was significantly affected by sale price of shrimps, total production of shrimps, other expenses (fuel, medicine) and cost of land used for pond const

This article analyzes the transmission of prices between marketing agents and the factors affecting onion prices at the consumer level. The Error Correction Model-Engle Granger (ECM-EG) was used to test the price transmission by including the impact of the rise and fall of producer, wholesale and retail prices in past periods. The Error Correction Model (ECM) was applied to the factors affecting onion prices. The test results showed that price transmission was asymmetrical in the short and long-run. With regard to factors, the results show that consumer price in the short-run was influenced by wholesale prices, producer prices and the price of fuel while in the long-run it was influenced by wholesale prices, producer price, price of fuel and consumer prices in the previous period (t-1). These results suggest the existence of a short-term adjustment cost and a long-term market power which distorts price transmission.

The  study was undertaken to examine the marketing system and price behavior of Hilsha fish in selected areas of
Chandpur district of Bangladesh during the month of March-April 2012. The objectives of the study were to estimate
costs and margins, seasonal price variation and to test market integration of Hilsha fish. Primary and secondary
data were used for this study. The higher marketing cost was incurred by aratdars and the lowest by retailer. On the
other hand, retailers earned the highest net marketing margins. Analysis of market integration shows that Hilsha
fish market in Bangladesh was well integrated. The findings of the study revealed that the marketing of Hilsha was
a profitable business and some recommendations were provided for the improvement of Hilsha marketing in the
country.

As a staple food, rice has an enormous market in Bangladesh in terms of market participants and the volume of the product. As the price of rice is always a sensitive factor for producers, poor consumers and policy makers, this paper investigates market integration and price transmission along the vertical supply chain of rice. Johansen's test of co-integration confirmed that farm, wholesale and retail prices are co-integrated in the long-run. A causality test revealed that prices were found to be at wholesale levels for both the upstream and downstream markets. The asymmetry error correction model (ECM) has discovered short-run and long-run asymmetry in price transmission in the vertical supply chain where both producers and consumers were being affected due to positive and negative asymmetry. Threshold autoregressive (TAR) and momentum threshold autoregressive (M-TAR) models have confirmed threshold co-integration as well as threshold effect on asymmetry in price transmission. The results highlight the inevitability of policy implementations and increased public interventions to reduce asymmetry for engendering greater pricing efficiency in Bangladesh rice markets.

Perang dunia kedua memberikan banyak sekali dampak di berbagai sektor kehidupan negara-negara dunia. Perang yang berlangsung sejak tahun 1939 hingga 1945 tersebut membuat negara yang terlibat dan terdampak perang harus menyesuaikan berbagai kebijakannya untuk dapat menstabilkan kondisi perekonomian dalam negerinya. Salah satu indikator perekonomian yang harus dikendalikan oleh negara-negara tersebut adalah harga. Harga menjadi kian penting dalam kondisi peperangan karena menentukan kondisi berbagai aspek kehidupan masyarakat dalam kondisi yang serba tak tentu. Faktor-faktor sosial,budaya,politik,pertahanan, dan keamanan menjadi riskan terganggu apabila harga tidak terkontrol dengan baik oleh pemerintah. Terlebih lagi mengenai kebijakan kontrol harga di sektor pangan, sektor yang sangat dekat dengan kehidupan sehari-hari masyarakat. Paper ini akan menjelaskan tentang kebijakan kontrol harga sektor pangan di dua negara dunia, yaitu Inggris sebagai negara yang terlibat secara langsung dalam perang dunia kedua, dan Indonesia, dalam hal ini adalah Hindia Belanda pada masa penjajahan Belanda dan Jepang, sebagai negara yang terdampak langsung atas perseturuan sengit dua blok besar di perang dunia kedua. Tulisan akan disampaikan dengan analisis komparatif kedua negara tersebut agar mampu menyajikan perbandingan secara komprehensif. Metode penulisan paper ini adalah dengan telaah berbagai jurnal terkait dan dilakukan dengan pendekatan kualitatif.

This paper analyses the change in fertilizer subsidy policy in Sri Lanka with a view to understand its impact on national rice production, demand/supply of inputs, farm profit and government budget. In addition, cost effectiveness of the fertilizer subsidy is evaluated in terms of transfer inefficiency. Demand supply equilibrium model along with input markets is employed to obtain the results. The results indicate, complete fertilizer subsidy reduction would reduce rice production by around 4%, while a 36% decline in the fertilizer demand for paddy cultivation. Although, the subsidy cut reduces the enormous government burden, farmers are unfavorably affected by 40% reduction of farm profit. Moreover, fertilizer subsidy would cause government to spend Sri Lankan Rupees (SLRs.) 1.38-1.91 to increase farm profit by one rupee. Meanwhile, a 3% decline of paddy production and a 14.5% increase in the rice price is expected with the proposed cash transfer policy. JEL classification numbers: Q11, Q13

Since World War II and the subsequent Occupation period, Japan has made the transition from a devastated and defeated nation with an authoritarian political system to an industrialized society with a democratic system dominated for the most part by a single-party, Liberal Democratic Party (LDP). Dubbed for high rates of economical growth, inheritance from pre-war era combined with the dynamics of the ‘Japanese miracle’ brought forth a rarely-if ever-seen phenomenon: costly yet publicly supported rice market that gave birth to a politically influencial class of rice farmers amidst an industrial economy. Interests of these farmers were gradually incorporated into the ruling party’s agenda and came to mold significant portions of Japan’s political, social and economical structure. However, this mold is subject to recent changes stemming from incentives of trade liberalization prescribed by Trans-Pacific Partnership and pressures of the economically troubled domestic constituency. This paper aims to explain the actors, background and conditions that gave rise to said power dynamics and take the explanation further to inspect the contemporary shifts occurring in the field of Japanese rice policies in addition to their implications for the future of the Japanese rice farmers.

Keywords: Japanese agricultural policy, LDP, Shinzo Abe, Japanese Agricultural Group (JA), patron-client relationships, TPP, rice farmers, subsidies

Uncertainty in staple food prices places the economy under jeopardy if not managed coherently and markets are not integrated. An attempt was made to analyze the wheat price behavior and extent of integration across selected wholesale and retail markets in India sourcing monthly data from FAO (July 2000-June 2016). Findings indicated that the price in wholesale and retail markets as well as its divergence was lowest in Patna, implying a major production and consumption zone, and highest in Chennai, indicating a negligible production. Monthly price indices exhibited a clear-cut seasonality linking with the arrivals of post-crop harvest. Extent of price integration was examined using Johansen's approach to know whether markets share a linear deterministic trend followed by testing the Law Of One Price (LOOP). The maximum likelihood test indicated a strong integration in different combinations of markets with some market pairs showing unidirectional-causality, while the rest exhibiting either bidirectional-causality or no-causality. Barring Patna, Delhi, and Mumbai's retail and wholesale markets, the rest of the market combinations did not confirm the LOOP. The study advocates rational allocation of resources based on the extent of price integration and reducing the market distortion for improving the overall performance.

Antitrust enforcement makes it difficult to test theories of cartel formation because most attempts to form cartels are blocked or kept secret. However, federal laws allow U.S. produce growers to operate marketing cartels through devices called “marketing orders.” These cartels use quantity controls and quality standards to raise prices of fresh produce. Some growers have adopted marketing orders, and others have not. This paper develops and tests a positive theory of the adoption of marketing orders. The theory suggests that growers in a region are more likely to adopt a marketing order if the demand for fresh produce is inelastic, the growers’ market share in the fresh market is large, there are barriers to entry and expansion, the fraction of the output the growers ship to the fresh market is not too large or too small, growers are homogeneous, and large cooperatives exist. Probit analyses support these hypotheses.

Il periodo dal 1975 al 2000 è stato un periodo particolarmente
animato e anzi talvolta estremamente agitato sul fronte dei
mercati agricoli, delle politiche agricole e delle relazioni
commerciali internazionali.
Ciò è vero, in particolare, per la politica agricola comune che,
dopo una fase di progressiva estensione delle misure di
sostegno dei prezzi e dei mercati agricoli, si è trovata
confrontata ad una serie di sfide, interne ed esterne, che ne
minacciavano la stessa sopravvivenza: dall’esplosione delle
eccedenze produttive e della spesa agricola alle crescenti
tensioni nelle relazioni commerciali internazionali, dalla scarsa
competitività dell’agricoltura europea sui mercati interni e
internazionali al deterioramento dell’ambiente derivante dai
metodi intensivi di produzione.
Per lungo tempo si è tentato di rispondere a queste sfide con
aggiustamenti successivi delle misure in vigore, che spesso
però non sono stati all’altezza delle reali necessità. E’ soltanto a
partire dall’inizio degli anni Novanta che la politica agricola
comune è stata sottoposta ad una serie di riforme radicali al
punto da poter affermare che da allora essa rassomiglia assai
poco a quella messa in atto nel trentennio precedente.
Gli sviluppi della politica agricola comune nel corso di questo
periodo sono dettagliatamente esaminati in questa raccolta di
analisi che l’autore ha dedicato nel tempo a questo argomento.
L’approccio seguito è quello di dar conto non solo delle decisioni
adottate, ma anche del processo negoziale che le ha generate,
delle ragioni che le hanno motivate, del ruolo che i governi, ed in
particolare quello italiano, nonché le associazioni professionali
agricole, hanno avuto in questo processo. E questo, tenendo
conto del contesto internazionale in cui sono maturate e con

In developing countries in Asia and Africa average size of landholdings are generally less than 2 hectares compared to about 300-400 hectare in developed countries. Small landholding farmers are facing different constraints due to their small size of cultivatable lands. The problems are ranging from lack of economies of scale in field operations, small size of production and marketable surplus, which are uneconomical to market, less scope for farm mechanisation and value addition, less scope for investments in large machinery. All these resulted in higher costs per unit area and low profitability. Hence, developing countries across the world are encouraging Farmers Producer Organisations (FPOs) to overcome small size of landholdings and to increase scale economies.

RESUMO Este estudo tem como objetivo: 1) analisar e descrever as principais características dos canais de comercialização, assim como da cadeia produtiva do aipim e; 2) analisar os resultados empíricos de margens de comercialização e transmissão de preços desta cultura em algumas feiras do estado de Alagoas. Este trabalho foi dividido em duas etapas, além de uma extensa viagem teórica sobre a comercialização do aipim, procurou-se diferenciar a comercialização nas diversas feiras por diferentes regiões, dividindo essas em capital (Maceió) e interior (Coruripe e Teotônio Vilela), através de uma aplicação estatística. O modelo revela que na transmissão de preço do produto analisado, existe uma maior dificuldade de se repassar o preço do produtor para os varejistas da capital em relação ao interior. Isso acontece, porque existem outros fatores que determinam o preço de varejo do aipim na capital que não somente o preço, como será analisado. Isso indica que o canal de comercialização mais curto no interior influencia, pois nesse caso existe a maior participação do produtor direto no processo de comercialização. Palavras-chaves: Cadeia Produtiva, Custo de Transação, Transmissão de preço.

In the wake of the central government’s minimum
support prices hike for kharif 2018–19, the state
government in Madhya Pradesh implemented a variant
of the deficiency payments system called the Bhavantar
Bhugtan Yojana for compensating the farmers when
market prices fell below MSP. Besides the problems of
long delays in payments to farmers, large transaction
costs that farmers incurred due to multiple registrations,
and the disposal of inferior quality produce by farmers, a
major limitation of BBY is that it is a counter-cyclical
payment, insulating farmers from the market by
ignoring the demand side completely. A differentiated
MSP based on quality and dovetailing with electronic
National Agriculture Market may help address some of
these problems. A carefully designed price deficiency
payment system with partial procurement and
dovetailing with e-NAM and other ways of ensuring MSP
to farmers, such as direct payments and participation of
private sector, are also discussed.
The

The Agribusiness Sub-terminal (STA) in Jetis as the initial clearinghouse for the farmers and the collectors has made it substantial to the forming of vegetables selling prices. Price movements in which the prices dynamically moved caused the price of vegetables commodity unpredictable. There are several things which influence vegetable commodities price movements namely the process of trading transaction between farmers and collectors, the role of the local government as a facilitator and a superviser of the inflation influence, the uncertain production quantity and the commodity price in the past. The influence of those factors or variables above caused the forming of vegetable prices in STA Jetis dynamic. The investigated vegetabels were big red chillie, cabbage, tomato, and carrot. In this model, the price movement of vegetable was approached by an appropriate method representing dynamics. An analysis was done before arranging the model to find out the relation between the variable and the behavior of the price margin in STA Jetis. From the model, a sensitivity analysis was done towards the input variable to find out which variable was most affected the model of the price movements of vegetable. The approach used for the dynamic price movement model was Analytical Neural Network (ANN). The result of ANN model was compared to the other model namely Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) to find out wich model was the best. The result showed that ANN model was more accurate than ARIMA proved by the output of retail prices from fitness parameter value of R2 model, RMSE and MAE. A sensitivity analysis was also done towards ANN model in the form of NARX. The result showed that the investigated commodity price input has higher sensitivity towards the output variable of retail prices in Semarang regency.

The balance stock can't tally with out a missing figure. Missing and DEEC/Adv.L (Duty free Import) permits unwanted import. Positive missing means the SUM of availabilty reduced to less to show shortage and DEC/Adv.L added with Domestic Consumption to subtract the Production to get Estimated Shortage. The details of Import available up to July 2017 at http://indiannaturalrubber.com/IMPChannel.aspx The anomaly in Indian Rubber Statistics continued by the Rubber Board to help the Manufacturers to Import poor quality SMR/TSR on low price up to Rs. 45/Kg. Replies submitted on Commerce Minister's Tweet on 1 st December 2015 is unanswerd. Small scale Growers, Workforce, Small Scale Dealers and Small Scale Manufacturers are the victims. Non of the Media, Economists, Politicians, State OR Central Govt are botherd with these irregularities. All these analysis done by a Grower with out any acadmic knowledge. From past 18 Years. The summary of Import is an evidence of irregularities. The following image limelights the impact on the price fall of Natural Rubber.

When a traceability system takes place, either when mandatory or voluntary, many questions arise that need to be addressed and answered. One of the firsts concerns whether it introduces new costs with no gain in efficiency or, on the contrary, the system efficiency increases lowering costs and, as a consequence, market price of the good in hand. Among others, another issue that only rarely is addressed regards the effect of a price change on the final market. The objective of this paper was to simulate the effect on fresh Italian ...

The objective of this short paper is to offer a holistic perspective on impact of speculation and food price crises. The general opinion seems to accept that speculation lies at the roots of the food price crises. In this paper, I try to advocate that those opinions mainly stem forth from the complexity of the matter and the failure of the scientific community to communicate optimally with policy makers and advisers.