Agrochemical

The study was conducted to Analysis the Physicochemical parameters of wetlands of Jammu district and to know the survival status of aquatic organisms found in the water of all these wetlands of Jammu district during the period from January 2020 to March 2020. Over exploitation of fisheries resources and human activities are gradually hampered the aquatic environment of the wetlands. For existence and conservation of aquatic resources, it is essential to investigate the water quality and surrounding environment of the wetlands of Jammu district. The results of the study showed that Some water quality parameters lies in permissible limit except Dissolved Oxygen, pH, Nitrate, Alkalinity were not within the tolerance limit of IS 2296:1982 of class D prescribed by Bureau of Indian standard for inland surface water for fish culture and wildlife and IS 13891:1994 prescribed by Bureau of Indian standard for fresh water fish culture. Except Gharana wetland water quality of other wetlands such as Pargwal, Makhwal, Mansar and Surinsar wetlands were found not suitable for the survival of Aquatic Organisms due to higher concentration of pH, Nitrate and Ammonical Nitrogen and lower concentration of Dissolved oxygen and Alkalinity which were not within tolerance limits of both standards IS 2296:1982 of class ‘D’ and IS 13891:1994 prescribed by BIS for fish culture and wildlife. Some other reasons which are responsible for the polluted water quality of all these wetland are due to agrochemical pollution, presence of toxic chemicals, contamination of water by human activities like dumping of waste, throwing of garbage, washing clothes and bathing in the wetland.

Abstract It is predicted that by the year 2050, majority of Africans will living in urban area. In Cameroon, urbanization rate radically evolved from 37.8 % in 1987 to 52.0 % in 2010 and projections for 2030 show that 2 out of 3 Cameroonians will live in urban areas. Such a situation will outstrip job creation and the capacity of Africans governments to control and provide essential infrastructure. It will also an increase of unemployment as well as underemployment, poverty, food insecurity and health risks among those living in and around cities. Urban and peri-urban agriculture appear to be a better response to these challenges, as observed in the case of Bamenda, where local productions around the town (rural urban continuum) remain essential to feeding citizens. However, environmental impacts studies have not been carried out to examine qualitative and quantitative positive impacts of these activities centered on crop production, mainly production of leafy traditional vegetables around the cities. The actual context of sustainable development requires a better understanding between the vegetable gardening and the environment, which was the main focus of research. An environmental impact assessment based on gardeners’ inputs was conducted along the rural-urban continuum of Bamenda in the Northwest Region Cameroon. A survey questionnaire was administered among 150 growers divided equally in rural and peri-urban areas. The survey strongly insisted on the determination of active composition, families and chemical classes using the Phytosanitary Index ACTA, as well as the list of Cameroon registered pesticides. Data on environmental impacts were processed and analyzed through the Leopold and Fecteau matrices. Two variables were used for this: original impacts factorial (crop management) and production systems. The main results show that the majority of gardeners were young (34.67 %) of 30 to 40 years age group. Most of the gardeners in urban areas (88%) grow vegetables in home gardens of smaller size (less than 0.05 ha) while in peri-urban area, 76 % of respondents have farms measuring between 0.1 to 0.25ha located near their homes. In rural areas, the majority of growers (48 %), operating away from their habitat, owned farms larger or equal to 0.25 ha. Among the chemical used in production systems on the continuum were Carbonates and Thiocarbonates (35 %) followed by organophosphate (21 %), unidentified Pyrethroids synthetic components (17 %) and Organochlorines (4 %). The threshold of environmental impacts criticality is established and appears greater or equal to the average value of 16 in the rating scale. The results of this survey confirmed that there was an uncontrolled use of chemical fertilizers on vegetables throughout the rural-urban continuum of Bamenda. The study identified lack of training and gardeners’ sensitization as well as the non-compliance to the legal texts relating to the safe use of chemical fertilizers and chemicals, as the aggravating factors and causes of environmental damage around rural-urban Bamenda. Resume Il est prevu que d’ici 2050, la majorite des Africains vivront en milieu urbain. Au Cameroun, le taux d’urbanisation a radicalement evolue, passant de 37,8% en 1987 a 52,0% en 2010 et les projections pour 2030 montrent que 2 Camerounais sur 3 vivront dans des zones urbaines. Une telle situation sera superieure a la creation d’emplois et a la capacite des gouvernements africains a controler et a fournir l’infrastructure essentielle. On assistera egalement a une augmentation du chomage ainsi que du sous-emploi, l’accentuation de la pauvrete, l’insecurite alimentaire et des risques de sante chez les personnes vivant dans les centres urbains et periurbains. L’agriculture urbaine et periurbaine semble etre une meilleure reponse a ces defis, comme on l’observe dans le cas de Bamenda, ou les productions locales autour de la ville (continuum urbain-rural) restent indispensables a l’alimentation des citoyens. Cependant, des etudes d’impacts environnementaux n’ont pas ete menees pour examiner les impacts qualitatifs et quantitatifs positifs de ces activites centrees sur la production agricole, principalement la production de legumes traditionnels autour des villes. Le contexte actuel du developpement durable exige une meilleure comprehension des relations entre les cultures maraicheres et de l’environnement, ce qui etait l’objectif principal de la recherche. Une evaluation de l’impact environnemental de ces cultures au milieu des producteurs a ete realisee le long du continuum rural-urbain de Bamenda dans la region du Nord-Ouest Cameroun. Un questionnaire a ete administre aupres de 150 producteurs repartis egalement dans les zones rurales et periurbaines. L’enquete a fortement insiste sur la determination de la masse active, les familles et les classes chimiques en utilisant le phytosanitaires Index ACTA, ainsi que la liste des pesticides homologues au Cameroun. Les donnees sur les…

Abstract: The Agrochemical Industry in India has many players with huge competition.The companies present in this Industry havea huge comprehensive portfolio of pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, fertilizers and plant nutrients for Indian farmers.The Marketing and Distribution Channel of these Agrochemical Companies serves as pivotal role in company’s reach to its end customers. From the existing channel there is a need to analyse channel performance at each stakeholders ’ level, to analyse strengths and weaknesses of the individual retailers. Also there is a need to analyse product performances tailored to different areas reached out by the channel partners. And thereby to recommend ways for designing promotional strategiesto revamp the channelfrom time to time.The study aims at developing a model/modelsby defining the importance of a comprehensive parameter

The study was conducted to Analysis the Physicochemical parameters of wetlands of Jammu district and to know the survival status of aquatic organisms found in the water of all these wetlands of Jammu district during the period from January 2020 to March 2020. Over exploitation of fisheries resources and human activities are gradually hampered the aquatic environment of the wetlands. For existence and conservation of aquatic resources, it is essential to investigate the water quality and surrounding environment of the wetlands of Jammu district. The results of the study showed that Some water quality parameters lies in permissible limit except Dissolved Oxygen, pH, Nitrate, Alkalinity were not within the tolerance limit of IS 2296:1982 of class D prescribed by Bureau of Indian standard for inland surface water for fish culture and wildlife and IS 13891:1994 prescribed by Bureau of Indian standard for fresh water fish culture. Except Gharana wetland water quality of other wetlands such as Pargwal, Makhwal, Mansar and Surinsar wetlands were found not suitable for the survival of Aquatic Organisms due to higher concentration of pH, Nitrate and Ammonical Nitrogen and lower concentration of Dissolved oxygen and Alkalinity which were not within tolerance limits of both standards IS 2296:1982 of class ‘D’ and IS 13891:1994 prescribed by BIS for fish culture and wildlife. Some other reasons which are responsible for the polluted water quality of all these wetland are due to agrochemical pollution, presence of toxic chemicals, contamination of water by human activities like dumping of waste, throwing of garbage, washing clothes and bathing in the wetland.