Alternate Fuels

The research on modified fuel to be adopted in the existing engine without modification is encouraged by all section of the society to achieve the environmental benefits of reducing green house gases. One of the fuels having great expectation in reducing the emission is biodiesel. While using biodiesel in diesel engine it reduces the emission like CO, HC, particulate matters to some extent at the same time the smoke and NOx emission getting increased to a considerable amount. It is an environmental hazard which is to be curbed or minimizes then only the expectation of the biodiesel regarding the environmental benefits can be achieved. There was a limited research work concentrating for the reduction of NOx produced by biodiesel. In this research work an effort has been made by the addition of water into diesel makes emulsified diesel which can be helpful in reducing the NOx emission to a notable value. By using the emulsified diesel as diesel engine the performance and emission characteristics of the engine were studies and it shows a reduction of around 20% of NOx value while retaining the CO, HC and other emission with slight variation compared to the Base Diesel.

Biodiesel is a promising liquid fuel that is mainly derived from triglycerides and is utilized in diesel engines directly or after blending with conventional gasoline. Triglycerides comprise fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), which are generated from plant or animal based sources. Biodiesel generated from vegetable oils is expensive than petroleum-based diesel and has concerns with food vs. fuels debate. Therefore, biodiesel from renewable sources such as non-food feedstocks has attained a considerable interest in last two decades. This paper aims to examine the biodiesel generation from the non-food feedstocks available in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) as a source of renewable energy and valueadded products along with and a solution to current waste disposal problems. In KSA, non-food feedstocks such as animal fats, waste cooking oil (WCO), agricultural wastes, sewage sludge, and microalgae are promising sources for biodiesel production. These feedstocks are relatively cheap, easily available, portable, and renewable in nature. A case study of waste to biodiesel refinery is presented for KSA under three different scenarios, including (1) KSA population in 2017, (2) KSA population and pilgrims in 2017, and (3) KSA population and pilgrims by 2030. It was assessed that around 482, 488 and 627 MW of electricity on a continuous basis could be generated every year for scenarios 1, 2 and 3 respectively if using the fat fraction of municipal solid waste in waste to biodiesel refineries in KSA. Similarly, a total net savings of US$ 272, 275.2 and 353.9 million can be achieved from scenarios 1, 2 and 3 respectively. However, there are many challenges in commercializing the waste to biodiesel refinery in KSA such as collection of feedstocks, separation of lipids, products separation, soap formation, preserving products, and adequate regulations.

This paper deal with the design and analysis of hydrogen storage tank to store and supply hydrogen for the operation of fuel cell. A multi-layered composite hydrogen storage tank with a capacity to power the vehicle for 180 km has been designed. The thickness of various layers are analysed for various iterations and the optimal thickness has been chosen. The different manufacturing process through which it can be done has been determined and the most optimum one which is economical and easily available has been chosen. Various tests such as crush test, burst test, gunfire test and bonfire test has been conducted by numerical simulation to make sure that the storage tank can withstand even the worst conditions.

In this study, the effect of neat lemongrass oil [1]-diesel blends on the performance, combustion and emission characteristics of a direct injection diesel engine was investigated with different injection timings of 21° (retarded), 23° (normal) and 27° (advanced) bTDC positions by using four different fuel blends of diesel, LGO25, LGO50 and neat lemongrass oil. The experimental results show that maximum cylinder
pressure and heat release rate increased with advanced fuel injection timing for all test fuels. There was a reduction in BSFC and significant improvement in the brake thermal efficiency (BTE) with advanced injection timing. Emissions from the diesel engine such as smoke and hydrocarbon (HC) were reduced but NOX emission was very high with
advanced injection timing compared with other injection timings. When the injection timing is advanced, ignition delay increases, which leads to the more prominent initial phase of combustion in the premixed region. In the light of the experimental results, the optimal injection timing determined for LGO-diesel blends was found to be 27° bTDC.

District heating networks are commonly addressed in the literature as one of the most effective solutions for decreasing the greenhouse gas emissions from the building sector. These systems require high investments which are returned through the heat sales. Due to the changed climate conditions and building renovation policies, heat demand in the future could decrease, prolonging the investment return period. The main scope of this paper is to assess the feasibility of using the heat demand – outdoor temperature function for heat demand forecast. The district of Alvalade, located in Lisbon (Portugal), was used as a case study. The district is consisted of 665 buildings that vary in both construction period and typology. Three weather scenarios (low, medium, high) and three district renovation scenarios were developed (shallow, intermediate, deep). To estimate the error, obtained heat demand values were compared with results from a dynamic heat demand model, previously developed and validated by the authors. The results showed that when only weather change is considered, the margin of error could be acceptable for some applications (the error in annual demand was lower than 20% for all weather scenarios considered). However, after introducing renovation scenarios, the error value increased up to 59.5% (depending on the weather and renovation scenarios combination considered). The value of slope coefficient increased on average within the range of 3.8% up to 8% per decade, that corresponds to the decrease in the number of heating hours of 22-139h during the heating season (depending on the combination of weather and renovation scenarios considered). On the other hand, function intercept increased for 7.8-12.7% per decade (depending on the coupled scenarios). The values suggested could be used to modify the function parameters for the scenarios considered, and improve the accuracy of heat demand estimations. Abstract The concept of energy from waste is getting popular nowadays across the globe, as being capable of producing multi fuels and value-added products from different fractions of municipal solid waste (MSW). The energy recovery technologies under this concept are anaerobic digestion (AD), pyrolysis, transesterification, refuse derived fuel (RDF) and incineration. This concept is very relevant to implementation in countries like Saudi Arabia, who wants to cut their dependence on oil. Moreover, the waste to energy becomes the imperative need of the time because of new governmental policy 'Vision 2030' that firmly said to produce renewable energy from indigenous sources of waste, wind and solar and due to given situations of Hajj and Umrah with massive amounts of waste generation in a short period. This study focused on two waste to energy technologies, AD and pyrolysis for food (40% of MSW) and plastic (20% of MSW) waste streams respectively. The energy potential of 1409.63 and 5619.80 TJ can be produced if all of the food and plastic waste of the Madinah city are processed through AD and pyrolysis respectively. This is equivalent to 15.64 and 58.81 MW from biogas and pyrolytic oil respectively or total 74.45 MW of continuous electricity supply in Madinah city throughout the whole year. It has been estimated that the development of AD and pyrolysis technologies will also benefit the economy with net savings of around US $63.51 and US $53.45 million respectively, totaling to an annual benefit of US $116.96 million. Therefore, in Saudi Arabia and particularly in Holiest cities of Makkah and Madinah the benefits of waste to energy are several, including the development of renewable-energy, solving MSW problems, new businesses, and job creation and improving environmental and public health. Abstract The concept of energy from waste is getting popular nowadays across the globe, as being capable of producing multi fuels and value-added products from different fractions of municipal solid waste (MSW). The energy recovery technologies under this concept are anaerobic digestion (AD), pyrolysis, transesterification, refuse derived fuel (RDF) and incineration. This concept is very relevant to implementation in countries like Saudi Arabia, who wants to cut their dependence on oil. Moreover, the waste to energy becomes the imperative need of the time because of new governmental policy 'Vision 2030' that firmly said to produce renewable energy from indigenous sources of waste, wind and solar and due to given situations of Hajj and Umrah with massive amounts of waste generation in a short period. This study focused on two waste to energy technologies, AD and pyrolysis for food (40% of MSW) and plastic (20% of MSW) waste streams respectively. The energy potential of 1409.63 and 5619.80 TJ can be produced if all of the food and plastic waste of the Madinah city are processed through AD and pyrolysis respectively. This is equivalent to 15.64 and 58.81 MW from biogas and pyrolytic oil respectively or total 74.45 MW of continuous electricity supply in Madinah city throughout the whole year. It has been estimated that the development of AD and pyrolysis technologies will also benefit the economy with net savings of around US $63.51 and US $53.45 million respectively, totaling to an annual benefit of US $116.96 million. Therefore, in Saudi Arabia and particularly in Holiest cities of Makkah and Madinah the benefits of waste to energy are several, including the development of renewable-energy, solving MSW problems, new businesses, and job creation and improving environmental and public health.

Hydrogen is considered as the best fuel due to its excellent combustion properties. But its use as a fuel is confined by its low energy density. In the present investigation an attempt has been made to utilize some of the benefits of hydrogen by using it as an additive in a butanol fueled engine. The experimental study has been carried out on a 4 stroke, single cylinder, manifold electronic fuel injected (EFI) engine mapped to run at stoichiometric conditions. Butanol blends were chosen as the base fuel due to their higher energy density compared to ethanol. A small fraction of hydrogen was injected into the air stream. The engine was run at 3000 RPM at full load condition. The performance, emission and combustion parameters are compared for four concentrations of butanol (10%, 20%, 30%, and 100% by volume of fuel) and two concentrations of hydrogen (5%, and 10% by volume of air) with gasoline. The results indicated that the efficiency of the engine improved upon hydrogen enrichment. An average of 60% reduction was observed in HC and CO emissions with 10% enrichment of hydrogen, whereas the NO emissions almost doubled itself. The combustion analysis showed reduced delay periods, shorter combustion durations, higher cylinder pressures, higher temperatures and improved combustion.

The increase in fuel price due to inflation and the ruminative shortage in the supply of conventional fuels have led to a serious research and development on the alternate fuel sources. In India one of the option is plant which are available in plenty and can be used as bio fuels. The current utilization of non-edible oilseeds which are available is very low. Bio diesel from 'Mahua' seed is one option. 'Mahua' is known as 'Illupaimaram' in Tamil and 'Hippi' in Kannada, can be successfully grown in wastelands and dry lands. The seeds of the tree are popularly known as Indian butter tree. In this work, experiments were carried out to study and analyses the emission, combustion and performance characteristics of the mahua methyl esters. For the analysis, the setup consisting of a single cylinder, water-cooled, four stroke diesel engines is used. Initially the engine is run with the diesel fuel and the performance was analyzed. Then the experiments were conducted with blended fuels, mahua methyl esters (B20, B40 and B60) , added in volume basis, and the performance was analyzed. All the tests were conducted with varying conditions of load over the entire range of engine operation. The engine performance parameters such as the BTE (Brake thermal efficiency), SFC (Specific fuel consumption), and emission from exhaust (CO2, CO, NOx, HC and O2) were recorded. The results of the selected mahua mixtures are compared with the neat diesel fuel. Engine performance using the mahua oil and its blends were on par with the experiments performed using pure diesel fuel at most of the loads. The carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions of the mahua oil and its blends were found to be lower than that of the diesel fuel at all loads. The carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions were higher for mahua oil blends than that of pure diesel fuel at all loads.

Automotive Silencers (or) Mufflers are used to minimize the noise level and vibrations produced in the engine exhaust gas. The Mufflers usually contain complex internal components such as extended inlet and outlet tubes, thin baffles with eccentric holes, internal connecting tubes, perforated tubes, flow plugs, and sound absorbing materials. In this project, thermal analysis is carried out in the existing muffler of C.I.engine. The various influencing factors of muffler such as thermal concentration, thermal stress and properties of material have been analyzed by the software and the input values for the analysis are measured from the experimental setup. Based on the results of analysis, the optimal modification is to be done in the design in order to improve the life and performance of muffler.

Bioethanol-gasoline blends represent for Otto-cycle engines a consolidated alternative in the attempts to reduce GHG emissions and to limit the use of fossil fuels. However, the use of alternative fuels can strongly influence the performance of engines.
The purpose of this study is to analyse the output and the pollutant emissions of a four-stroke SI engine fuelled with 0%, 50% and 80% bioethanol-gasoline blends. Tests were performed on a 3-kW engine used in broad applications. No specific modifications were applied to the carburetion system in order to evaluate its fuel flexibility capabilities.
The tests evidenced that the mixture tends to get lean with alcoholic fuels; the brake specific fuel consumption increased due to the lower LHV of bioethanol, while the highest brake thermal efficiency was obtained with E50. Minor torque and power reductions were recorded with the ethanol blends. The concentration of UHC decreased with E50 and E80 while NOx emissions reduced because of the lower combustion temperature due to the bioethanol cooling effect and the leaner mixture. In contrast, the concentration of CO increased because a poor homogenization of the charge and a lower combustion temperature had facilitated the formation of partial oxidation products.

This paper is an elucidation of the present scenario of the conventional solar power usage and the possible ideas of enhancing the efficiency of the same, by ways of what is known as one of the most effective technology of modern sciences – Nanotechnology. The impact of nano-level researches on the need-of-the-hour requirements is also being dealt on.

Environmental concerns and energy crisis of the world has led to the search of viable alternatives to conventional sources of fuel. FAME (Fatty Acid Methyl Ester) is environment friendly, alternative, and nontoxic, safe, biodegradable has a high flash point and is also termed as Bio-Diesel. It is commonly produced by the process transesterification. For its production, establishment of suitable process, selection of proper feedstock and reaction parameters is of utmost importance in present scenario. This paper is an attempt to investigate diesel engine performance with cotton seed biodiesel. A higher BTE was found with the preheated with B20, B40 and B60 that 3.74%, 10.46%, 3.27% at full load more than that for diesel. Smoke was reduced with considerable factor when quantity of biodiesel is increased in pure diesel.

Introduction of water into diesel/biodiesel could be an answer to simultaneous reduction of NOX and PM, with increased combustion efficiency. Micro explosion phenomenon plays a vital role in influencing the combustion and emission characteristics of the emulsion, which is explained in detail. The stability of water in oil emulsions is better explained by surfactant concentration, HLB of the surfactant, water concentration in the emulsion which are discussed in this paper. This review paper collects and discusses the recent advances in water in diesel and water in biodiesel emulsion fuel studies and their impact on the performance and emission of diesel engines.

Biodiesel is a promising liquid fuel that is mainly derived from triglycerides and is utilized in diesel engines directly or after blending with conventional gasoline. Triglycerides comprise fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), which are generated from plant or animal based sources. Biodiesel generated from vegetable oils is expensive than petroleum-based diesel and has concerns with food vs. fuels debate. Therefore, biodiesel from renewable sources such as non-food feedstocks has attained a considerable interest in last two decades. This paper aims to examine the biodiesel generation from the non-food feedstocks available in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) as a source of renewable energy and valueadded products along with and a solution to current waste disposal problems. In KSA, non-food feedstocks such as animal fats, waste cooking oil (WCO), agricultural wastes, sewage sludge, and microalgae are promising sources for biodiesel production. These feedstocks are relatively cheap, eas...

The idea of Single Fuel Policy (SFP) is simple and consist of using one military fuel on the battlefield. This concept was conceived after World War II, in order to simplify the logistic supply chain for petroleum products. In the mid-1960s two NATO nations had converted to F-34 (Jet A), in order to move in a single military fuel for the battlefield. NATO Air Forces, in the 1970s, agreed to change their operational fuel from the wide-cut F-40 to the safer, less flammable kerosene fuel, F-34. One of the main reasons for this change was improved flight and ground safety based largely on the experiences during the Vietnam war activities. In nowadays the definition of the SFP is to achieve equipment interoperability through single fuel for use, ensuring that the specification of the fuel is Standardized with its commercial equivalent in common use, and that the physical and chemical characteristics of the fuel are such that it can be introduced, stored, transported and distributed by the fuel logistic systems. The above mention policy concept was based on the following three different types of fuels: gasoline, kerosene, gas oil/diesel fuel.
Based on the above mention concept this experimental work, tries to investigate the use of a kerosene NAVY turbine fuel (F-44) JP-5 stand alone and in mixtures with Marine Light Diesel Fuel (F-76) and its spray performance in two types of high speed marine engines MTU 538 and MTU 232. The mixtures which were used are:
 100% F-76,
 75% F-76 with 25% JP-5,
 50% F-76 with 50% JP-5,
 25% F-76 with 75% JP-5 and
 100% JP-5.
The finding remarks that are exported are basic the same and for the both types of injectors. There is a pressure drop as the blends become richer in JP-5. Injectors do not hold the pressure on the intermediate mixes. The time that a spray lasts increases gradually as the fuel content of JP-5 increases. It is evident that the blends are more volatile as the JP-5 content is increased. The scattering angle shows that the MTU 232 injector is increased as long as the concentration of JP-5 in the mixtures increases, while for the MTU 538 injector cannot be safely inferred. The time span between two sprays is and an increase is observed as the concentration of the JP-5 increases in the fuel content.

In the present scenario electricity has become an integral part of humans' life. Modern technology for its various operations uses electrical power in huge amount in contrast to this lot of energy resources been already exhausted and wasted. Production of electricity is the only source of pollution worldwide. With the growing population the gap is created between demand and supply of electricity. There comes the need of an alternate source of power generation which is eco-friendly and uses the ever increasing human population for its power generation without any adverse effect on environment. This technique works on the principle of piezoelectric effect. Countries like India where temples, railway stations, airports, etc. are always overcrowded, waste energy of foot power can be utilized and is very much relevant. This power source comes with wide range of applications as in home appliances, street lightning, and agriculture and will prove to be very efficient in remote locations.

The article describes preparation of an alternative solid fuel from corn alcohol distillery stillage, which is the waste of the alcohol industry. We determined the calorific values of the dried alcohol distillery stillage and experimental briquettes, which were made of it by pressing at high pressure and temperature. The average value of the higher calorific value of the dried alcohol distillery stillage is 19545 kJ kg-1 , while this value for the produced briquettes is in the range of 22445 to 26594 kJ kg-1. The established calorific values exceed those of analogues, which are widely used for the producing of alternative solid fuels (miscanthus and energy willow). Solid fuel prepared from corn alcohol distillery stillage can be used both in a solid form and in a dried one. The proposed method for preparation of the solid fuel allows providing additional utilization of alcohol distillery stillage and rational use of secondary raw materials of alcohol production.

Biodiesels and Improved combustion chamber design have better in-cylinder air motion which positioned them to offer increased advantages in addressing the major concern of high emission and low thermal efficiency of compression ignition engines. This study therefore investigated the impact of Shea-butter biodiesel and redesigned combustion chamber on the performance and emission characteristics of a compression ignition engine. Biodiesel was prepared from Shea-butter using the standard process. Experiments were conducted on a Yoshita-165F engine operated on a blend of AGO and Shea-butter biodiesel and then Yoshita-165F engine equipped with a truncated cone piston crown with a cone base-angle of 40° modified from the standard piston, operated on a blend of AGO and Shea-butter to determine the engines’ performance characteristics using a TQ TD115 MKH Absorption Dynamometer. The performance and emission characteristic of the engine witnessed an improvement with the use of the truncated...

Energy recovery has been found to be a promising approach for disposal of polymer waste such as expanded polystyrene (EPS) which entraps large volume of air. Biodiesel known as an advantageous alternative fuel possesses bio-solvent attributes and is feasible to be used for energy recovery from EPS. In this study, maximum EPS dissolution value in biodiesel was calculated and a homogenous fuel composition was achieved. At the second phase, several biodiesel-diesel blends (B5) containing various percentages of ...