IC ENGINES

The unique and beneficial characteristics of solid oxide fuel cell
(SOFC) technology hold much promise for their eventual
widespread adoption in numerous commercial building
applications. Nevertheless, cost and durability challenges remain
that currently limit SOFC technology penetration in stationary
energy applications. Under the U.S. DOE ARPA-E INTEGRATE
program, the Colorado School of Mines and it partners are
developing a novel hybrid stationary power system comprised of
an intermediate temperature (600°C), metal-supported solid oxide
fuel cell stack integrated with a high efficiency stationary engine
and novel balance-of-plant (BOP) equipment. In collaboration with
Colorado State University, and Kohler Power Systems, the project
aims to demonstrate a system that can generate power (125 kW)
from natural gas at high electric efficiency (>70%-LHV), and low
cost (<1000 $/kW). Project development activities on the hybrid
SOFC/IC engine system development and requirements are
presented and discussed, including modeling and experimental
results from critical balance-of-plant equipment and
technoeconomic outlook.

There is a huge competition between manufacturers to make advancement in engine technology. However, one component has stayed unaltered in the internal combustion engine advancement i.e., the camshaft has been the essential methods for controlling the valve actuation and timing, and therefore impact the overall performance of the vehicle. The issue in utilizing camshafts is being significant power wastage in accelerating and decelerating the parts of the valve train. The friction of camshafts, springs, cam belts and so on, likewise denies us of valuable power and declines efficiency not to mention contributing to wear and tear. It is a well-known fact that in the event that valves could be controlled autonomously in an Internal Combustion Engine, at that point there would be benefits like increase in power output, decrease in emission, and significant increase in efficiency. Camless innovation is catching the fate of internal combustion engines. In Camless technology valve movement ...

There are increasing pressures upon the automotive industry to reduce harmful emissions as well as meeting the key objective of enhanced fuel efficiency, while improving or retaining the engine output power. The losses in an internal combustion (IC) engine can be divided into thermal and parasitic as well as due to gas leakage because of untoward compression ring motions. Frictional losses are particularly of concern at low engine speeds, assuming a greater share of the overall losses. Piston–cylinder system accounts for nearly half of all the frictional losses. Loss of sealing functionality of the ring pack can also contribute significantly to power losses as well as exacerbating harmful emissions. The dynamics of compression ring is inexorably linked to its tribological performance, a link which has not been made in many reported analyses. A fundamental understanding of the interplay between the top compression ring three-dimensional elastodynamic behavior, its sealing function an...

NANO… one billionth of one and one third of micro
,to be precise 10-9m. Nanotechnology is much discussed these
days as a emerging frontier – a realm in which machines operate
at scales of billionth a metre. It is actually a multitude of rapidly
emerging technologies based upon the scaling down of existing
technologies to the next level of precision and miniaturization. In
the field of nano technologies researchers are enthusiastic about
its potential applications in fields such as energy, medicine,
electronics, computing and materials. Of late, one of the
emerging aspects dealing Nanotechnology in mechanical field is
the internal combustion engine on a nano scale, which we have
chosen as our area of interest. Heat engines have evolved from
external combustion engines to internal combustion engines and
the hot off the block is the nano internal combustion engine.

This paper reports on the use of carbon multiwalled nanotubes
as additive to the diesel fuel and the effects of their operational
characteristics and performance, emission and combustion characteristics
of the CRDI system assisted diesel engine. In this study, the tested fuels
were prepared by dispersing carbon multiwalled nanotubes into the
diesel fuel at the mass fraction of 25 and 50 ppm with the help of a
mechanical homogenizer and an ultrasonicator. Experimental results
showed that the flash points and cetane number of the fuels dispersed
with carbon multiwalled nanotubes have increased with higher
concentration of carbon multiwalled nanotubes. Based on the
experimental results, NOx emissions and smoke noticeably decrease,
while CO emissions dramatically increase with increasing the dosing
level of carbon multiwalled nanotubes. At the full load, the magnitude
of NOx and smoke emission for the neat diesel was 1282 ppm and
69HSU, whereas it was 910 ppm and 49HSU for the CMNT50 fuel,
respectively. The results also showed a significant enhancement in
brake thermal efficiency and heat release rate due to the influence of the
carbon multiwalled nanotubes addition in diesel blend.

In this study, experimental outcomes from a Spark ignition engine (SI) which fueled with E1 to E20 (Percentage of alcohol content in total fuel blend is various between 1% and 20%) were collated with recital of combustion codes for one dimensional analysis.1-D codes, which is called SRM-Suite (Stochastic Reactor Model) and Chemkin-Pro, were estimated from combustion, emissions and heat transfer point in an SI engine. The estimations are based on empirical data and working situations which were done at karadeniz technical university Research Labs in Turkey. A bunch of empirical data was employed for analysis in both of software's according to both expanded and decreased kinetic mechanisms. Simulation outcomes were collated to empirical data from heat release rate, pressure and emission point. The vicissitude of the H2O2, temperature and OH which weren't available experimentally were achieved by comparisons between two codes. Analysis demonstrates that each code has pluses and minuses. The advantages of SRM-. Suite are blow-by Crevice, ring gap, and probability density function (PDF) – based stochastic reactor modeling and these advantages helped with better convergence of the outcomes. But, Chemkin-Pro outcomes were logical and solution duration was much shorter than SRM-.Suite. Also it was clear that both decreased and expanded kinetic mechanisms had huge effect on analysis.

Noise and vibrations from an engine form important benchmarks from customer satisfaction view while choosing an automotive car. There are several sources of noise and vibrations emissions from an engine installed in a car. Some of these sources include: combustion noise, exhaust flow noise, aero dynamic noise as well as noise due to mechanical motion of parts etc. Each of these sources of noise depends on some factors which includes fuel injection parameters, design of engine, lubrication regime, operational parameters like speed and load. Motion of piston skirt form a major source of noise and vibrations in an automotive car. Apart from normal reciprocating motion of skirt, there can be secondary motion along the lateral direction. This motion is known as piston slapping motion. There are several factors that affect this lateral motion of skirt which includes the design of piston, type of lubrication as well as the speed of engine. In the present work a numerical model of lateral motion of skirt has been proposed. The proposed model was applied for a dual cylinder water cooled diesel engine. Effects of various design parameters like piston-liner clearance, skirt length, mass of skirt, and location of piston pin has been analyzed. The proposed methodology can be used to optimize the design of skirt in order to reduce the noise and vibration emissions arising due to lateral striking motion of skirt with liner.

This research work investigates the use of neat paradise tree oil in a 4-stroke natural aspirated direct injection compression ignition engine assisted with the help of superheated hydrogen (hydrogen in gaseous state or above its saturation temperature) as a combustion improver. The high calorific gaseous fuel hydrogen gas was used as a combustion improver and admitted into the engine during the suction stroke. A 4-stroke single cylinder Diesel engine was chosen and its operating parameters were suitably modified. Neat paradise tree oil was admitted through standard injector of the engine and hydrogen was admitted through induction manifold. Inducted superheated hydrogen was initiated the intermediate compounds combustion of neat paradise tree oil. This process offers higher temperature combustion and results in complete combustion of heavier molecules of neat paradise tree oil within shorter duration. The results of the experiment reveal that 40% higher NOx, 20% lower smoke, 5% low...

Analyzation of combustion behavior of E20 fueled transparent SI engine at various speed. 3.2 APPARATUS: Figure 1 : Single cylinder single piston four stroke transparent engine i. Transparent Engine. ii. Test Bed with Dynamometer. iii. String. iv. Compressor for air cooling.

The present work represents the performance evaluation of Gasoline and E50 for the internal combustion (IC) engine. There is a lot of scope for performance evaluation to understand and adopt the various fuels for the internal combustion engine. In this work the various performance characteristics are analyzed for both the fuels. Then a comparison is made among both the fuels to understand the adoptability of these fuels. The first fuel used is 100% gasoline and the later one is 50% gasoline and 50% ethanol. In order to the performance of the engine with these fuels the emphasis is also made on compression ratio for these fuels. After the investigation it is observed that from gasoline to E50 the compression ratio is enhanced without any trouble of knocking. The investigation has resulted in two important results. First, E50 has shown a rise in power generation, engine torque and fuel consumption. Second a fall in emissions of nitrogen oxide, carbon monoxide and hydro carbon. Particularly at high compression ratio for the spark ignition engines E50 fuel gave a better performance than gasoline alone. The blending of gasoline with ethanol is a better choice for the IC engines.

Numerical simulations were performed in a port injected spark ignition (SI) race car engine with pentroof geometry. The study was performed for a premixed case with one-step global reaction mechanisms for gasoline, gasoline-methanol and gasoline-methanol-water blends of 1.8%, 3.6% and 5.4% at stoichiometric conditions. The purpose of the study was to analyze the combustion and thermal efficiency as well as the indicated power and emissions with and without methanol/water enrichment. The model was tested using a numerical simulation code that solves compressible, turbulent, threedimensional transient equations. These equations apply to reacting multicomponent gas mixtures with flow dynamics of an evaporating liquid spray. The simulations performed provided a comparative analysis between the gasoline, the gasoline-methanol and the gasoline-methanolwater global mechanisms. The engine geometry used in this study was ø101.6 mm bore and 88.4 mm stroke, running at 6500 rpm. Earlier joint c...

In the 21st century green effect is main problem with respect to pollution. The automobile industry has entered into a new dimension in production of more fuel efficient, low emission vehicles and new or more energy sources of vehicle. The paper focus on IC Engine and electric motor are independently operated for combined effort to propel the Luna Moped. The rear wheel will design as it is as in two-wheeler with driven by ICE, and the front wheel is replaced with electric hub-motor drive, driven by batteries. Hub-motor is a mechanical transducer to convert the chemical energy to mechanical energy. As it involves compressor driven by exhaust emission the speed and throttling of main Engine can have direct impact on compressor which have by electrical output.

Crankshaft is large volume production component with a complex geometry in the Internal Combustion (I.C) Engine. This converts the reciprocating displacement of the piston in to a rotary motion of the crank. We are study selection of best material by comparing the Static analysis on a crankshaft from a multi cylinder (4-cylinder) 4-stroke I.C Engine. The modeling of the crankshaft is created using CATIA-V5 Software. This model will be converted to Initial Graphic Exchange Specification (IGS). Finite element analysis (FEA) is performed to obtain the variation of stress at critical locations of the crank shaft using the ANSYS software and applying the boundary conditions. Then the results are drawn Von-misses stress induced in the crankshaft is 15.83Mpa and shear stress is induced in the crankshaft is 8.271Mpa. The Theoretical results are obtained von-misses stress is 19.6Mpa, shear stress is 9.28Mpa. The validation of model is compared with the Theoretical and FEA results of Von-misses stress and shear stress are within the limits. Introduction: Crank shaft is a large component with a complex geometry in the I.C engine, which converts the reciprocating displacement of the piston to a rotary motion with a four bar link mechanism. Crankshaft consisting of shaft parts, two journal bearings and one crankpin bearing. The Shaft parts which revolve in the main bearings, the crank pins to which the big end of the connecting rod are connected, the crank arms or webs which connect the crank pins and shaft parts. In addition, the linear displacement of an engine is not smooth; as the displacement is caused by the combustion chamber therefore the displacement has sudden shocks. The concept of using crankshaft is to change these sudden displacements to as smooth rotary output, which is the input to many devices such as generators, pumps and compressors. It should also be stated that the use of a flywheel helps in smoothing the shocks. Crankshaft experiences large forces from gas combustion. This force is applied to the top of the piston and since the connecting rod connects the piston to the crank shaft, the force will be transmitted to the crankshaft. The magnitude of the forces depends on many factors which consist of crank radius, connecting rod dimensions, and weight of the connecting rod, piston, piston rings, and pin. Combustion and inertia forces acting on the crankshaft  Torsional Load  Bending Load Crankshaft must be strong enough to take the downward force of the power stroke without excessive bending so the reliability and life of the internal combustion engine depend on the strength of the crankshaft largely. The crank pin is like a built in beam with a distributed load along its length that varies with crank positions. Each web is like a cantilever beam subjected to bending and twisting.  Bending moment which causes tensile and compressive stresses  Twisting moment causes shear stress

Each combustion process is a source of various emissions. During combustion, are formed not only carbon dioxide and water, but still a lot of other products of combustion and incomplete combustion. The emissions exhausted in to the surrounding pollute the atmosphere and causes various problems such as global warming, acid rain, smog, odors, respiratory and other health hazards. Knowledge of the mechanisms and the pathways of formation allow the use of so-called primary methods of reducing emissions and thereby reduce emissions to the atmosphere. In this paper we are going to focus on the basic mechanisms of pollutant formation in continuous-flow combustors internal combustion engines and gas cleaning systems. We are also going to have a glance at various pollutants and their effects on environment as well as on human. The main pollutants contributed by I.C. engines are CO, NOX unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and other particulate emissions. Other sources such as Electric power stations industrial and domestic fuel consumers also add pollution like NOX, SO2 and particulate matters. In addition to this, all fuel burning systems emit CO2 in large quantities and this is more concerned with the Green House Effect which is going to decide the health of earth. Lot of efforts are made to reduce the air pollution from petrol and diesel engines and regulations for emission limits are also imposed in USA and in a few cities of India. An extensive analysis of energy usage and pollution shows that alternative power systems are still a long way behind the conventional ones.

In, Asia two wheeler are popular mode of transportation to a large group of people because of there relative affordability and ability to maneuver in heavy city traffic. However the rate of fuel consumption and emission contribution by them, especially in urban areas need more attention to improve sustainability of energy and air quality. Recently plug-in hybrid technology has been emerged as one of the most promising alternative in reducing petroleum consumption and emission.

The heat transfer processes in an internal combustion engine can be modeled with a variety of methods. These methods range from simple thermal networks to multidimensional differential equation modeling. Fins are placed on the surface of the cylinder to enhance the amount of heat transfer by convection. For thermal analysis of the engine cylinder fins, it is more beneficial to know the heat dissipation inside the cylinder. Literature survey shows that heat transfer is enhanced through extended surfaces and the heat transfer coefficient is affected by changing cross section of the fins. This study is useful to recognize the better geometry and material for the fins for higher heat dissipation rate and engine cooling. In this project we are taking general material like gray cast iron for engine block. The components are designed by using SOLIDWORKS and analysis is done by ANSYS.

In this paper various methods & fuels used for improvement of exhaust & performance of the SI engine .Engine water coolant property improved by provide Nanoparticle AL2O3 for improves engine performance & AL2O3 also used ad lubricant of SI engine. Result from that Friction power is reduced, Break power is improved 2 or 3 %, Mechanical efficiency is increased up to 4% & thermal efficiency is also increased. Now in second trial of experiment on same engine by providing above tools & it is also provide catalytic converter to reduce the emission as far as possible & result found very drastic change like CO is reduced 2%,CO2 is reduced 3 to 4%,& HC is also reduced.
Now experiment is on diesel engine to improve the exhaust and for that catalytic converter is used & result found that CO, CO2, HC, and NOX reduced about 0.5%, 6%, 12.5% & 7 % respectively.

The function of a fuel injection system is to meter the appropriate quantity of fuel for the given engine speed and load to each cylinder, each cycle, and inject that fuel at the appropriate time in the cycle at the desired rate with the spray configuration required for the particular combustion chamber employed. It is important that injection begin and end cleanly, and avoid any secondary injections. To accomplish this function, fuel is usually drawn from the fuel tank by a supply pump and forced through a filter to the injection pump. The injection pump sends fuel under pressure to the nozzle pipes which carry fuel to the injector nozzles located in each cylinder head. Excess fuel goes back to the fuel tank. CI engines are operated unthrottled, with engine speed and power controlled by the amount of fuel injected during each cycle. This allows for high volumetric efficiency at all speeds, with the intake system designed for very little flow restriction of the incoming air. FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF AN INJECTION SYSTEM For a proper running and good performance of the engine, the following requirements must be met by the injection system: • Accurate metering of the fuel injected per cycle. Metering errors may cause drastic variations from the desired output. The quantity of the fuel metered should vary to meet the changing speed and load requirements of the engine. • Correct timing of the injection of the fuel in the cycle so that maximum power is obtained. • Proper control of the rate of injection so that the desired heat-release pattern is achieved during combustion. • Proper atomization of fuel into very fine droplets. • Proper spray pattern to ensure rapid mixing of fuel and air. • Uniform distribution of fuel droplets throughout the combustion chamber • To supply equal quantities of metered fuel to all cylinders in case of multi-cylinder engines. • No lag during the beginning and end of injection i.e., to eliminate dribbling of fuel droplets into the cylinder. TYPES OF INJECTION SYSTEMS There are basically two types of injection systems: Air injection system and solid injection system. Air Injection System: In this system, fuel is forced into the cylinder by means of compressed air. This system is a little-used nowadays because it requires a bulky multi-stage air compressor. This causes an increase in engine weight and reduces the brake power output further. One advantage that is claimed for the air injection system is the good mixing of fuel with the air resulting in higher mean effective pressure. Another advantage is its ability to utilize fuels of high viscosity which are less expensive than those used by the engines with solid injection systems. These advantages are offset by the requirement of a multistage compressor thereby making the air-injection system obsolete. Solid Injection System: In this system, the liquid fuel is injected directly into the combustion chamber without the aid of compressed air. Hence, it is also called airless mechanical injection or solid injection system. It can be classified into four types. i. Individual pump and nozzle system ii. Unit injector system iii. Common rail system iv. Distributor system Individual Pump and Nozzle System: In this system, each cylinder is provided with one pump and one injector. Separate metering and compression pump is provided for each cylinder. The pump may be placed close to the cylinder. The high-pressure pump plunger is actuated by a cam and produces the fuel pressure necessary to open the injector valve at the correct time. The amount of fuel injected depends on the effective stroke of the plunger.

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Complete combustion will leads to significant improvement in engine performance as well as reduction of pollutants in emission. Researches emphasize that analyzing the fluid dynamics in combustion chamber will show the right path to achieve maximum thermal efficiency in diesel engine. Due to the high velocities inside the combustion chamber the flow has been termed as turbulence. Heat transfer, fuel air mixing and rate of combustion were increased due to this turbulence. This turbulence categorized as squish, swirl and tumble. The rotational motion of the fluid mass within the cylinder is termed as swirl. It can be generated by means of suitable design of inlet manifolds, valves and piston faces. It improves the combustion process by rapid fuel air mixing. Radially inward flow occurring at the end of the compression stroke is called as squish which helps with better fuel air mixing. After reaching the TDC the squish motion generates a secondary flow called as tumble. In this paper we put front the existence of these turbulence and significant effects on the complete combustion in a diesel engine.

by Jean Pierre Corbat + Uwe L. Pawlowski (1973)
19 pages

> Content ...
  » 1. Einleitung  3
  » 2. Die Form der Laufflaeche  3
  » 3. Die Form des Laeufers (Rotors)  6
  » 4. Der Hubraum des Wankelmotors  8
  » 5. Das Verdichtungsverhaeltnis  10
  » 6. Gleitgeschwindigkeit der Dichtleisten  12
  » 7. Das Drehmoment des Wankelmotors  13
  » 8. Berechnung der Leistung  14
  » 9. Die Auslegung des Wankelmotors  15
  » 10. Schlussbemerkungen  18
  » Formelzeichen  19
  » Literaturhinweise  19

german keywords: Wankelmotor / Kreiskolbenmotor
English Keywords: Wankel Engine / Wankel Rotary Engine / Rotary Piston Engine / Rotary Combustion Engine

This article investigates how hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) refrigerant affects compressor operating conditions and system performance using experimental testing under different conditions. In a heat pump or refrigerator cycle, it is necessary to move the fluid in the system to achieve heating or cooling. The compressor is the responsible component in fluid movement and so is a key factor in system power consumption. For this reason, it is essential to discover ways to increase compressor energy efficiency. R404a refrigerant was selected to evaluate the influence of refrigerant on compressor performance. Compressor inlet and discharge temperatures and pressures were measured experimentally. For the tested refrigerant, compressibility factor (Z) and deviation from ideal gas behavior were analyzed cautiously to compute power consumption, isentropic work, coefficient of performance, energy and exergy state, and compressor efficiency. Also analyzed were the influence of condenser water flow rate and the effect of evaporator inlet temperature. The study discussed here provided results that can be used to enhance the performance of compressors in heating/cooling systems.

This paper reports the experimental results of a single cylinder diesel engine regarding performance,
combustion and emission characteristics using Mahua (Madhuca indica) biodiesel and its blends in different
volumetric proportions with petro-diesel. The thermo-physical properties of various blends selected
for investigation have been experimentally measured for better evaluation of the performance characteristics.
Tests have been carried out on a four stroke tangentially vertical (TV) single cylinder diesel engine
at 1500 rpm using an eddy current dynamometer. The static injection timing employed is 20 bTDC with
constant nozzle opening pressure of 250 bar. Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) as well as Cold and Hot
Exhaust Gas Recirculation (CEGR and HEGR) techniques are employed to study the reduction of NOx.
Results are compared at full load under steady state condition with conventional engine where no
reduction techniques are applied. The comparison indicates that the SCR gives substantial reduction in
oxides of nitrogen (NOx) as compared to other technique in a conventional diesel engine fuelled with
biodiesel, B100. For B100 with SCR technique, the percentage reduction in NOx is around 20% as compared
to conventional engine. This research has been carried out keeping in mind the energy consumption by
pumps coupled to diesel engines for irrigation purpose and locomotive tractors used in developing

In the present work, transesterified new biodiesel of sterculia foetida oil is mixed with diesel and the engine performance, combustion and emission was analysed. The primary objective work is to produce a new alternate and biodegradable fuel for compression ignition engine. The biofuel oil is an extract from sterculia foetida seed and transesterfied with 20 % methanol and 2 % KOH. The transesterfied biofuel concentrations were varied at 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% with diesel viz. B25, B50, B75 and B100. The engine is operated at different load conditions with different concentration of fuel. The experiments are conducted and the fuel blend B25 produces maximum of brake thermal efficiency in comparison with other biodiesel blends and produced maximum heat release and minimum emission produced at B25 biodiesel blend.

Abstract. Random extraction and consumption of fossil fuels have leads to a reduction in petroleum reserves. As for as developing countries like India is connected the need to search for alternative fuels is most urgent as India is heavily dependent upon the import of petroleum to meet its demands for automotive and power sectors. This has inspired curiously in alternative sources for petroleum based fuels. An alternative fuel must be economically competitive and environmentally acceptable. India has great potential for production of biofuels like Biodiesel from vegetable seeds. In the quest to find an alternative to the existing diesel and petrol fuels various Biodiesel and alcohol has been tried and tested in the Internal Compression engine. In this direction, an attempt has been made to investigate the performance and emission characteristic of Biodiesels and compare it with diesel. The Biodiesels considered are Tamanu, Mahua and Pongamia were tested
with four stroke diesel engine. A drastic improvement in reduction of Hydrocarbon (HC) and Carbon monoxide (CO) were found for Biodiesels at high engine loads. Smoke and Nitrogen oxides (NOx) were slightly higher for Biodiesels. Biodiesels exposed similar combustion stages to diesel
fuel. Therefore use of transesterified vegetable oils can be partially substituted for the diesel fuel at most operating conditions in term of the performance parameters and emissions without any engine modification.