Americanization

This book falls within the limits of academic research, certified by the order of the Romanian Ministry of Education, no. 5766 / December 15, 2021. The book represents the author's doctoral thesis modified according to the format and requirements of a book. It went through the academic process of double peer review and was recommended for publication.

O texto apresenta uma crítica ao processo de americanização seletiva do sistema de justiça criminal brasileiro, notadamente quanto à maneira como alguns institutos têm sido transplantados, de maneira parcial e sem as garantias que lhes são associadas em seus sistemas de origem. O artigo defende a necessidade de adoção de regras de "discovery" (descobrimento das provas) para o processo penal brasileiro, impondo ao Ministério Público a obrigação processual de revelar à defesa todo o acervo probatório que possui, inclusive as provas que porventura enfraqueçam ou refutem a sua teoria do caso e que sejam de interesse da defesa do acusado (exculpatory evidence). Aborda-se também as consequências processuais que devem decorrer do descumprimento desse dever de "discovery" (Brady violation), caracterizando desvio ou má-conduta profissional dos servidores públicos envolvidos ("prosecutorial misconduct").

The aim of the article is to introduce the authors' perspective on how English loanwords are changing the structure and the content of the verbal code of Russian culture and the Russian linguistic pictures of the world, as well as on how the latter might change the former. Having used the continuous sampling method, observation method, and synchronic-diachronic approach (lexical semantic analysis, comparative semantic analysis, morphological and quantitative analysis), the authors have allocated and analyzed 487 loanwords, which led to the introduction of three distinguished types of interaction between the verbal code of the Russian language and foreign loanwords. The first interaction type is the process whereby the loanwords adapt semantically to the rules of the host language and culture, which leads to the complete change of a loanword meaning or its modification (15 words). The second interaction type is connected with the loanwords bringing new concepts to a host language and indicating borrowed ideas and objects (270 words). The differentiation of these two interaction types is based on the results of a synchronic and diachronic study of the loanwords in Russian. The analyzed interaction types are linked to the changes in the host language's verbal code. A concept of a "hybrid linguistic picture of the world" is being introduced as the one constituting the third interaction type (201 words). According to the authors, the hybrid linguistic picture of the world is developing at the current stage of the Russian language and is caused by the process of the morphological adaptation of English loanwords, which is manifested in the production of hybrid words and Russian words being actively substituted by English borrowings.

In a mere quarter century, Mainland China has grown into a hotspot of international self-help. Though the self-help industry has a centuries-long tradition in the Anglo-American realm, this particular, commercial type of life advice is relatively new in Mainland China, first emerging in the wake of Deng Xiaoping’s reforms. Nonetheless, self-help books counseling individuals about the art of life have conquered China’s book market, while US-style ‘self-help gurus’ now play an important role in China’s speaker circuit and mass media. At first, the Chinese mainland simply imported foreign self-help books (translated from English to Mandarin), yet it eventually gave birth to a glocalised and creatively assertive cultural industry. Individual-oriented, US-style self-help now flourishes in the heart of the Middle Kingdom, blatantly defying the dichotomy between ‘Western individualism’ and ‘Eastern collectivism.’

This chapter will first outline the young history of US-style self-help in mainland China and discuss the glocalised character of Chinese self-help culture. Second, it will discuss the structural transformation of the Chinese book market and mass-mediated public sphere which enabled and continues to facilitate the prominence of the self-help industry on the Chinese mainland. Third, it will sketch self-help’s role in public life, which involves touching upon its limited autonomy and weak delineation as a cultural field, its relatively privileged position vis-à-vis institutionalised religion, and its significance as a source of guidance to uprooted individuals chasing after the ‘Chinese Dream’ in the rat race of China’s new market economy.

The article deals with the role of allegedly "Americanized" youths in the (re)building of democracy in postwar Germany. The thesis is that these mainly working class youths utilized "American" cultural props and signs to empower themselves in a country whose élites were depending on the USA. By successfully challenging the traditional concept of "German culture" they weakened bourgeois hegemony and changed the cultural balance of powers.

Examining archival footage and documents about the cultural work of
silent film during the 1910s and 1920s, this essay reveals the complicity
of film with the work of organized Americanization at both federal and
industrial levels. Specifically, it argues that early American cinema was
complicit with and critical of Americanization, as it negotiated multiple
new Immigrant concerns. Joining the recent work of film and
immigration historians, the article argues that, just as Americanization did not produce compliant citizens overnight, silent film as a new and powerful
medium of persuasion could influence the new American viewers’
transformation only in part. Of particular interest is the use of film in
industrial and educational contexts—which sometimes overlapped—
purporting to both “educate” and Americanize the new immigrants to the
US. It asks: What cultural work did silent film do for Americanization, the
active and sometimes coercive campaign aiming to make new
immigrants into good Americans? The films I read as case studies later in
this essay—industrial, educational, and non-theatrical films such as An
American in the Making (1913), The Making of an American (1920), and
others—illustrate the potential of silent film as both mimesis (or
representation of ideology) and as ideology.

Why are some countries more newsworthy than others? What are the similarities and differences in the scope of international news presented in different languages and cultures? How does international news affect our perception of the world? In this book, Elad Segev explores international news flow on the internet by addressing these key questions.
Segev provides a comparative analysis of the international scope of online newspapers, news portals, and news aggregators in different languages and cultures, using innovative web mining techniques and network analysis. This book explores the theory of news flow around the world, and analyses many of its dimensions such as the global standing of the United States, the Middle Eastern conflicts as seen around the world, and, the effect of financial news. In doing so, the book unveils new patterns, meanings and implications of international news on our perception of the world.
Following these insights, the author discusses the opportunities and challenges of studying international news flow online in the future, and how this field of research can be further developed theoretically and empirically.

The thesis of this paper is that in the aftermath of World War II Rock’n’roll (more pre-cisely: what Europeans considered to be “American Rock’n’roll”)  became a prime factor of social change. Rock could play this role not by reason of its musical qualities alone; rather, the sound served as a catalyst and as an object of imaginary projections for people from different milieus.  These groups fought a “semiotic war” (Angela McRobbie) over Rock’n’roll, using antagonistic interpretations and opposing appraisals (of musical qualities, singers and bands, of the commercial music industry, of juvenile fandom et cetera) to carry out basic social and cultural conflicts of the time. Hence it takes a complex reconstruction of the concrete historical situation – of political tensions, social factors, and cultural traditions in post-World War Europe – to develop an appropriate interpretation of the advent of Rock music and what it meant to the contemporaries.

2007. Atenta contra la salud pública, impone estereotipos culturales y daña el patrimonio arquitectónico. Es un monopolio que explota a los jóvenes y mueve miles de millones de dólares por año. Se la acusa de todo esto y de mucho más. Pero ¿tiene fundamento nuestro odio al fast food?

La longévité de la Nation de l'Islam, une secte de Musulmans Noirs fondée aux États-Unis au début des années 1930, intrigue d'autant plus qu'elle maintient son adhésion au séparatisme ethnique, à en juger par les déclarations récentes de Louis Farrakhan, l'actuel maître spirituel et porte-parole de la secte. Toutefois, les déclarations de ce dernier recèlent aussi des indications qui paradoxalement trahissent une envie évidente d'appartenir à l'identité américaine. En réalité, l'identification chez ce leader gravite autour de trois dimensions identitaires distinctes, à savoir en premier lieu l'identité ethnique, qu'il s'évertue en deuxième lieu à occulter en affichant sa conversion à l'identité islamique et, en troisième lieu, l'identité nationale américaine qu'il semble ne pas répudier complètement. L'hypothèse qui sous-tend le présent travail soutient que les différences culturelles ne permettent pas à Farrakhan, en raison du stade avancé de son américanisation, une distinction identitaire nette, sans le recours à l'islamité. Ce travail se propose d'étudier la résultante de ce choix identitaire impliquant des symboles culturels aussi bien primordiaux que d'emprunt ; il se fonde sur l'analyse du contenu sémantique d'un discours fleuve de Farrakhan publié en 2013, qui a été retenu notamment pour son titre à la fois évocateur et ambigu où il est question de donner des directives au président Obama et à la « Nation »! Dans une approche psychosociologique se réclamant de l'école interprétative, ce travail cherche principalement à comprendre les finalités identitaires chez ce dirigeant afro-américain converti à l'islam ainsi que les stratégies qui en découlent qui se construisent dans ce cas grâce à des attitudes interactionnelles, en réaction à une adversité ethnique persistante, due à des pratiques racistes et discriminatoires encore très perceptibles dans la société américaine. Ce travail montre que les données qualitatives qui se dégagent de ce discours tendent à appuyer une hypothèse selon laquelle Farrakhan cherche à accéder à l'américanité par la mise en relief de son islamité afin de contourner la dévalorisation qui pèse sur son identité afro-américaine. Dans les propos antinomiques de Farrakhan s'entremêlent, en effet, des symboles identitaires culturels et religieux de tous bords, et il en ressort une stratégie complexe d’identification qui combine recherche de différenciation identitaire et revendication de similitudes culturelles.

This book is about the Americanization of Yugoslav culture and everyday life during the nineteen-sixties. After falling out with the Eastern bloc, Tito turned to the United States for support and inspiration. In the political sphere the distance between the two countries was carefully maintained, yet in the realms of culture and consumption the Yugoslav regime was definitely much more receptive to the American model. For Titoist Yugoslavia this tactic turned out to be beneficial, stabilising the regime internally and providing an image of openness in foreign policy. Coca-Cola Socialism addresses the link between cultural diplomacy, culture, consumer society and politics. Its main argument is that both culture and everyday life modelled on the American way were a major source of legitimacy for the Yugoslav Communist Party, and a powerful weapon for both USA and Yugoslavia in the Cold War battle for hearts and minds. Radina Vučetić explores how the Party used American culture in order to promote its own values and what life in this socialist and capitalist hybrid system looked like for ordinary people who lived in a country with communist ideology in a capitalist wrapping. Her book offers a careful reevaluation of the limits of appropriating the American dream and questions both an uncritical celebration of Yugoslavia's openness and an exaggerated depiction of its authoritarianism. " In this book Radina Vučetić shows very vividly how one can understand the different trends of " appropriation " of certain " American " / " Western " trends by taking a closer look at certain fields of cultural and social life: cinema and films, jazz and rock'n'roll, Pop-Art and Abstract expressionism, lifestyle and fashion as well as consumption. But she also offers a careful reevaluation of the limits of " appropriating " the " American dream. " Capitalism and democracy was never seen as compatible with socialism, Yugoslavia remained a very much ideologically driven socialist society. This books is very successful in opening very original insights into both: the appropriation and admiration of " American culture, " on the one hand, and the wariness and even antagonism against it, on the other. " Eric Gordy, University College London " In this pioneering book, Radina Vučetić shows how the 'American way of life' and its material emissaries, ranging from film to fashion to music, were received and reworked in 1960s Yugoslavia, with surprising results. She provides a fresh perspective on how and why Yugoslavia's uniquely pivotal place between East and West served as a key testing ground for the making of Cold War culture. " Paul Betts, University of Oxford P u b l i s h e d i n 2 0 1 8 b y C e n t r a l E u r o p e a n U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s

This article is  about Americanization in Global Culture and The Global Spread of English. As you can see OUTLİNE.
 Concept of Americanization
 Debate on Americanization
 Based on Economic and Cultural Historians
 Advantages and Disadvantages
 Spread of English Language
 Imperialism  of American Culture, Economy and Media
 Conclusion

Curricula, cookbooks, and advertisements published in the early 1900s provide a means by which we can see the various ways that the Americans attempted to influence all aspects of Filipino life following their colonial agenda. How did the Americans use food and technology so foreign to Filipinos to entice them to participate in modernization? Through the use of alternative sources, this study offers a socio-historical narrative of the American rule in the Philippines as it explains how the Americans tried to colonize the Filipino taste and palate by (1) teaching Filipinos the American ways and ideals in schools and (2) portraying the "American" as modern and cosmopolitan in advertisements. In discussing the implementation of the American colonial project, this paper looks at the popularization of American imports such as the refrigerator and ice cream in the 1920s to examine the role of education and media in the creation of new desires and the promotion of a new lifestyle in the country.

Suomessa esitetään enemmän yhdysvaltalaisia elokuvia kuin kaikkia muita elokuvia yhteensä. Aina näin ei ole ollut. Hollywood-studiot ryhtyivät levittämään elokuviaan suurissa määrin kaikkialle maailmaan kun ensimmäinen maailmansota miltei pysäytti eurooppalaiset elokuvateollisuudet. Tässä tutkimuksessa analysoidaan kaksikymmentäluvun Suomessa käytyjä amerikkalaisiin elokuviin liittyviä julkisia keskusteluja sekä muutoksia, joita näissä keskusteluissa tapahtui. Tämän pohjalta arvioidaan, kuinka suomalainen elokuvakulttuuri amerikkalaistui aikakaudella.

Hollywood-elokuvien vuosittaiset maahantuontimäärät on laskettu elokuvien ennakkotarkastuspäätöksistä. Kunkin vuoden määrää on verrattu kaikkien samana vuonna tarkastettujen elokuvien määrään. Näin on luotu arvio yhdysvaltalaisten elokuvien markkinaosuudessa tapahtuneista muutoksista. Maahantuotuja Hollywood-elokuvia on analysoitu niihin liittyvien aikakauslehdissä ja sanomalehdissä julkaistujen artikkelien kontekstissa. Keskustelut tuottivat tulkintoja, jotka ohjasivat aikalaisia katsomaan Hollywood-elokuvia tietyistä näkökulmista ja liittämään niihin tiettyjä merkityksiä. Keskustelujen ja elokuvien analyysin pohjalta osoitetaan, millaiset tulkinnat olivat aikakaudella mahdollisia ja todennäköisiä sekä millaisia merkityksiä aikalaiset liittivät Hollywood-elokuviin.

Suomalainen elokuvakulttuuri amerikkalaistui kaksikymmentäluvulla monessa suhteessa. Hollywood-elokuvat saivat vakaan aseman elokuvaohjelmistoissa ja elokuvista käydyissä keskusteluissa. Hollywood-elokuvien maahantuontimäärien kasvu ja niiden maahantuontiviiveen lyheneminen vaikuttivat teoksiin liittyvissä keskusteluissa tapahtuneiden muutosten ohella siihen, että ylenkatsotusta yhdysvaltalaisesta elokuvasta tuli  universaalia elokuvaa , johon nähden suomalaiset ja muut eurooppalaiset elokuvat näyttäytyivät poikkeustapauksina. Mitä suomalaiseen elokuvatuotantoon tulee, kaksikymmentäluvun alussa Hollywood-elokuva tarjosi mallin, jollaista suomalaisen kansallisen elokuvan ei tullut olla, mutta vuosikymmenen edetessä jotkut elokuvantekijät alkoivat jäljitellä Hollywood-elokuvia. Kaksikymmentäluvulla suomalaisten suhde Hollywood-elokuvaan saavutti jotakuinkin nykyisen muotonsa, jota voi luonnehtia viha-rakkaus-suhteeksi.

This chapter provides a historical perspective on the influence of US cultural forms, norms, practices and textual conventions on European journalism since the rise of the mass press in the 1880s. It critically discusses and challenges the notion of "Americanization." Point of departure is not the question if and how the United States has "Americanized" Europe, but how European news media have "Americanized" themselves. How were US examples perceived, incorporated and adapted in various national contexts? This chapter discusses "Americanization" as a discursive label that was used to deal with the up-and downsides of modernity and mass society, and it critically engages with the grand narrative of journalism history that frames the development of journalism in terms of professionalization and modernization. It shows how influential this normative framework has been over time and how it impacted journalism while simultaneously making a plea for understanding European traditions of journalism in their own right.

Agora vamos prosseguir passo a passo. Primeiro faremos uma breve retrospectiva histórica onde trataremos a homogeneização cultural juntamente com a primeira globalização impulsionada pelo colonialismo europeu, a partir das primeiras potências coloniais: Espanha e Portugal; continuaremos com uma breve discussão sobre a primeira revolução industrial na era vitoriana e as implicações culturais que esse período acarretou; subseqüentemente, entraremos no coração do argumento, isto é, homogeneização cultural e globalização a partir do pós-segunda guerra mundial.
Portanto, nos concentraremos na ascensão americana no século XX e na difusão do american way of life (capitalismo fordista-keynesiano, neoliberalismo, Hollywood, Disney, MacDonald, etc.); e, finalmente, analisaremos a identidade cultural na pós-modernidade, destacando os vínculos invisíveis que ligam a revolução tecnológico-digital, a aceleração do fenômeno da globalização e a fusão / confusão de identidades culturais no mundo contemporâneo.

This book is a cultural history of the processes by which Sydney became a modern city between the 1890s and the late 1920s. It details the activities of the entrepreneurs of commercial pleasures - moving pictures, radio, gramophone records, cheap magazines, dance halls and fun fairs - and the opposition they encountered from proponents of  civilization. It tells how the people of Sydney were encouraged both to enjoy and to discipline those pleasures and how in the process they forged an identity as modern Australians and modern citizens of the world.

This article explores the impact of 'Americanisation' on Italian society in the  period leading up to the economic boom. Focussing especially on television, advertising and consumption, it suggests that - despite the influence of American ideas of mass consumption on a fast-developing society - Italy ultimately found its own path to consumer society.

This book offers a detailed account of the impact that contact with the English language has had on Italian language and society. The first chapter places the Italian case within the current sociolinguistic and language policy debates on the spread of English as a global language. The following chapters focus on how English influences have contributed to the historical development of certain grammatical structures of the Italian language, from phonology to word-formation and syntax. Finally, Chapter 5 turns to lexical influence in order to assess the specific contribution of American English, as opposed to other varieties of English. The book as a whole shows how the impact of English on the history of the Italian language is linked to the social stratifications and hierarchies of prestige and power within the community that uses Italian, and how these hierarchies and stratifications are in turn affected by the spread of English.

Çalışmanın amacı, 1950’li yıllarda Türkiye’nin Amerika etkisinde kalan modern hayatını, mimarisini ve mobilya tasarımlarını İstanbul Hilton Oteli üzerinden ele almaktır. Çalışmanın Türkiye’deki modern yaşantıyı ele almasının sebebi, II. Dünya Savaşı sırasında Türkiye’nin yaşadığı ekonomik zorluklara rağmen lüks yaşantılarından vazgeçemeyen zengin kesimin, savaş sonrasında Batı mimarisinin Türk mimarisine adaptasyonu meselesini benimsemesi ve kendilerine bu anlayış kapsamında evler tasarlamaları için önde gelen mimarlar ile çalışmasıdır. İstanbul Hilton Oteli örneğine geçilmeden önce, genel olarak Amerikalılaşma kavramı açıklanacak ve 1950’li yıllardaki Amerikalılaşma kavramından bahsedilecektir. Bu çalışmanın araştırma kapsamında 1950’li yıllara damgasını vurmuş iki dergi olan Arkitekt ve Hayat incelenecektir. Bu dergilerde yayımlanan görsellerdeki Batılı hayatlar ve mimarilerin Türk yaşantısına nasıl etkilerde bulunduğu tartışılacaktır. Ayrıca, İstanbul Hilton Oteli’nin Türkiye’deki modern mimarinin öncüsü olması nedeni ile kendisinden sonra yapılacak olan yapılara emsal teşkil etmesi de çalışma kapsamında değinilecek konulardan biri olacaktır. İstanbul Hilton’un açılışından sonra, Türkiye’nin ekonomik gelir seviyesi yüksek insanlarının hayatları da otel içinde ve çevresinde değişmeye başlamıştır. Bunlara ek olarak, İstanbul Hilton içerisinde kullanılan mobilyaların, Türkiye’de daha önce kullanılmakta olan oymalı ve ağır mobilyalardan farklı olarak, daha sade, düz formlu ve lake cilalı olması mobilya anlayışında da yenilik getirmiştir. Bu nedenle İstanbul Hilton’da kullanılan mobilyaların benzerleri mobilyacılar tarafından üretilmeye ve ekonomik gelir seviyesi yüksek insanların evlerinde yer almaya başlamıştır. Aslında Hilton, yalnızca kendisinden sonra inşa edilen otellerin mimarisine emsal olmakla kalmamış, kullanılan mobilyaları ve malzemeleri de piyasada kullanılarak evlere girmiş ve Türk toplumuna yeni bir yaşayış biçimi sunmuştur.


Anahtar Kelimeler: Amerikalılaşma, Hilton Otel, İstanbul Hilton Otel, Modernleşme, 1950’ler Yaşam Biçimi, Savaş Sonrası Türkiye

Keywords: Americanization, Hilton Hotel, İstanbul Hilton Hotel, Modernization, 1950’s Life style, American Reflection, Postwar Turkey

This article examines the presence and influence of US advertising in Italy between the early 1950s and the mid-1970s. It argues that there is a need to further qualify and deconstruct the notion of “Americanization” by integrating the now well-established notions of “hybridization” and “mediation” with more specific attention to the competing “hearts and souls”, the different strategies and discursive
practices that different individual actors (American, British and Italian) operating within the Italian advertising business tried to instil into goods and consumers and the economic and cultural results that they achieved. This is the first research on the history of Italian advertising that fully places it within a transnational and comparative perspective using so far unpublished records, aiming at moving beyond traditional, eastbound Americanization frameworks through a detailed empirical investigation.

Historians and sociologists have long had a fascination with the idea of the postwar British ‘affluent society’. Yet, up until now, most work in this area has been centred upon developments within the private and commercial sectors of the British economy. What this article shows is that rising levels of affluence, and the subsequent emergence of mass consumerism, also had quite profound effects upon the British public sector during the 1950s and 60s. Using the public housing sector as the case study through which to explore these changes, this article shows how the increased emphasis upon consumer spending and consumer choice in this period not only resulted in heightened levels of consumption within the domestic sphere, but also fundamentally altered the shape and meaning of the council estate home.

Die "Verwestlichung" der bundesdeutschen Gesellschaft nach der Niederwerfung der NS-Herrschaft ist ebenso unbestreitbar wie ihre Bedeutung und Bewertung umstritten sind. Genaueres Wissen über die damit verbundene  Umorientierung in Mentalitäten und Dispositionen ist gefragt. Da erweist es sich als bedeutender Mangel, dass einschlägige Studien vor allem politischen Fragen nachgegangen sind; "Amerikanisierung" wurde vor allem als Schlagwort politischer und kulturkritischer
Debatten benutzt. Das Defizit abzutragen und Aspekte der Alltagskultur in die Diskussion um Kontinuität und Wandel in der Nachkriegsgeschichte einzubringen, ist Anliegen der drei hier vorgelegten Aufsätze.
    Es handelt sich dabei um überarbeitete Vorträge, die anlässlich eines Kolloquiums des Hamburger Instituts für Sozialforschung zum Thema "Dialektik der Amerikanisierung" im Juli 1990 gehalten wurden.  Alle Texte verweisen darauf, dass
es wenig nützlich ist, pauschal von "Amerikanisierung" zu sprechen und dass konkrete Analysen der damit gemeinten Aneignungs- und Veränderungsprozesse noch eine Menge wichtiger Befunde zu erbringen haben. Der Blick auf
die Niederlande macht bewusst, dass die bundesdeutsche Nachkriegsentwicklung bei allen Besonderheiten auch im Rahmen eines westeuropäischen Modernisierungsprozesses zu sehen ist, dem die Vorstellung einer nach 1945 von auβen aufgenötigten "Amerikanisierung" nicht gerecht wird. Die widersprüchliche Verbindung von inneren Modernisierungstrends und US-amerikanischen Mustern, von Übernahme und Umwandlung, von Kommerzialisierung und Zivilisierung, von Konsumorientierung und
Autonomiegewinnen findet sich in den ganz verschiedenen Gegenständen der drei Beiträge und verweist damit auf interessante Fragestellungen für die weitere Forschung.

This essay examines select graphic and textual depictions of the corporate body of ‘America’ as a fattened – but also fattening – ‘beast’. Using the controversy sparked by the 2012 California foie gras ban as a way of approaching French and Francophone objections to American cultural imperialism, the article seeks to unravel the complicated knot of concerns implied in feeding and fattening that serve to animalize fat people in fundamental ways. What I term the ‘logic of gavage’ illustrates how the relationality of eating ‘conjoins us in a network of the edible and inedible, the human and nonhuman, the animate and the inanimate’. Insofar as these relations are often asymmetrical, eating implies the possibility of being fed by someone else in ways that call into question the agency, and at times even the humanity of the one that eats. It can also entail another kind of ‘consuming’, namely, a predatory form of eating in which the powerful consume or ‘feed upon’ the powerless. As a form of consumption involving asymmetrical (and often sexualized, racialized and classed) relations of power, the logic of gavage invokes a plurality of practices for different ends – interpersonal as well as intrapersonal, cultural and cross-cultural – located at multiple points around world. By probing the complex and unstable network of relationships that gavage signifies and enacts, this article shows that animalized representations of the fat American pivots on issues germane to many discussions of ‘obesity’ in general.

This paper analyzes how and why ‘art museum at department-store’ a museum form unique within Japan, emerged and developed. By analyzing the institutional relationship between a diffusion of ’contemporary art’ and a cultural development of Americanization since the 1970s Japan, I demonstrate that The Seibu Museum of Art, the first art museum at department-store, which operated from 1975 to 1999 in the heart of Tokyo, aimed to have somewhat different functions from conventional ‘museums’ in Euro-American definition. In other words, this museum did not possess any collection and was an institution focusing on diffusion of contemporary art newly-imported into Japan. Understood as a space to be valued based on only event, exhibition, curation and direction, rather than its collection, thus, Seibu Museum of Art could be characterized as a metaphor of ‘theater’ within museum studies theory.

Siyasal kampanyalar 1932 yılında ilk kez Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nde (ABD) başlamış ve günümüze kadar
farklı tekniklerle devam ederek gelişmiştir. Uluslararası alanda başlayan küreselleşme dönemiyle birlikte, seçim
kampanyalarında bu dönemle ilintili olarak bazı değişimler gözlenmiştir. Seçimler ve siyasal kampanyalar açısından
bu süreç, küreselleşme döneminde iletişim teknolojilerinin gelişimiyle, kampanyalarda meydana gelen yeni
tekniklerin gözlemlenmesiyle kendini göstermiştir. ABD’de 1950’li yıllardan itibaren kullanılan pazarlama teknikleri,
kitle iletişim araçları ve yüksek bütçeli imaj çalışmalarıyla yapılan seçim kampanyaları, 1960’lı ve 1970’li
yıllardan itibaren Avrupa’da da katılımı artırmak ve halkı siyasete dâhil etmek için kullanılmaya başlar. Böylece
Amerikan seçim teknikleri ABD coğrafyası dışına yayılarak küreselleşme dönemine girer. Pazarlama tekniklerinin
ve iletişim teknolojilerinin kullanıldığı, medyatikleşmenin yoğun bir biçimde yer aldığı, karizmatik ve güçlü lider
söyleminin yer aldığı teknikler Amerikanvarileşen kampanyaların en belirgin özellikleridir. Bu çalışmada; kitle
iletişim araçlarının egemenliğinde gerçekleşen seçim kampanyaları Amerikanvarileşme kuramı üzerinden incelenecek,vatandaşın
seçmen rolünden çıkarak siyasal tüketiciler olarak görülmesi ve tüketimi arttırmada başarılı
olan reklamın politik alanda da boy göstermesi irdelenecektir.Çalışmanın amacı; Amerikanvarileşen siyasetin
en belirgin özelliklerinden olan siyasal pazarlama tekniklerinin medya üzerinden seçmene nasıl sunulduğunu
göstermekle birlikte, televizyon hâkimiyetinde gerçekleşen Amerikanvari siyasal kampanya süreçlerinde siyasal
reklamın öneminin açıklanmasıdır.Söz konusu evrenin daraltılması amacıyla ABD, Fransa ve Türkiye örnekleri seçilerek
bu ülkelerde Amerikavari siyasal kampanya teknikleriyle gerçekleşen ilk siyasal seçimler irdelenecektir.
Adayların seçmeni etkilemek için kullandığı Amerikanvari siyasal kampanya teknikleri, siyasal pazarlama pratikleri
doğrultusunda irdelenerek söylem çözümlemesi yöntemiyle sonuca ulaşılacaktır.

Exploring Quicksand. Translation Criticism and Literary Criticism in the Face of the Petrification of Contemporary World Literature


In contemporary discussions on the condition and further perspectives of World Literature, the mood of disappointment and disillusionment seems to dominate. Reservations concern World Literature in its complexity – its canon, potential multilingualism, existing hierarchies and often contradictory conceptualizations. The crisis of World Literature is not, however, the result of a scandal, but rather of many years of progressive petrification resulting in actual monolingualism, formulaic narrative patterns, consolidation of the center-periphery hierarchy and abandonment of the real pluralism of interpretation. One of the areas that seems to meet the challenge of World Literature is undoubtedly translation criticism. Therefore, the aim of the article is to reflect on how contemporary theories and conceptualizations of World Literature as well as its far-fetched utopia can benefit from translation criticism’s input. The article also argues that translation criticism may become a field that dynamizes contemporary World Literature and restores its reordering or even revolutionary potential.

This article discusses different conceptions of cultural transfers from the USA to Western Europe. It argues in favour of a perspective that regards European actors and their ideas of "Americanness" as decisive forces of what is usually called "cultural Americanization". From this point of view it is possible to differentiate between several European "Americanisms". This term denotes different ideas of what Americanness means and why adapting this specific Americanness would serve the specific interests of the social group in question.

This article is a critical (not merely descriptive) guide to fake news. It tracks the term’s history, first in American comedy shows, and shifting more recently into a feature of “post-truth” politics, where it is manufactured (un-humourously) as a weapon of strategic deception (even geo-political). Fake news phenomena have considerably dangerous implications for contemporary democracy.