Andalucismo

El autor escudriña concienzudamente los orígenes ideológicos del galleguismo, del catalanismo y del nacionalismo vasco –sin descuidar el andalucismo y el nacionalismo canario– y muestra cómo las fuentes intelectuales de las que se nutrieron estos movimientos fueron primordialmente la tradición romántica e idealista, sobre todo en su versión germánica, y el racialismo “científico”. Las cabezas pensantes de los regionalismos que brotaron en la España de las últimas décadas del siglo XIX fueron románticas, enemigas de las “ideas de 1789”. Pero también fueron racistas. Hoy, los movimientos separatistas se agitan en una permanente victimización, sucumbiendo a la pegajosa mística de la “identidad cultural”, apelando a la existencia de unos “pueblos” cuya esencia espiritual y sanguínea habría permanecido inmutable a lo largo de los siglos. El atractivo de lo ancestral, la seducción de lo nativo. Polo demuestra en esta obra que los ilustres padres de tales ideologías exhibieron indisimuladamente unas concepciones profundamente reaccionarias y etnicistas. La sustancia ideológica del galleguismo, del catalanismo y del nacionalismo vasco es romántico-reaccionaria y racista. Así, con semejante contundencia, se expresa Jorge Polo en estas páginas.

The first chapter contains a justification of the thread running through this doctoral thesis (the role of civil society), together with the hypotheses and main objectives: to underscore the importance of social networks, nuance the supposed neighbourhood demobilisation in 1980s, explain how certain discourses on self-government conditioned social mobilisation in favour of autonomy and how the autonomic process influenced the discourses of the PCE, PSA and PSOE. The second chapter outlines the theoretical perspective guiding the thesis, based on the social construction of reality, the theory of frameworks and micro-mobilisation contexts. The third chapter is devoted to the methodology. In accordance with the problems in the sources (condition, location and typology), it studies the difficulties in the access to archives and the importance of oral history and gives an overview of the interviews made. A double state of the art is developed in the fourth chapter. On one hand it analyses scientific literature on urban social movements in Europe (comissões/associações of the population in Portugal) and Latin America (people’s movements in Chile). It also describes the case of the different regions in Spain. On the other hand, it explains how the Andalusianist movement has been approached and its relationship with the process of obtaining autonomy. After explaining the historiography both of urban social movements and the Andalusianist movement, the necessary material conditions (migration, urban changes, etc.) that favoured the emergence of neighbourhood associations will be analysed. The fifth chapter also discusses the role of social networks, associationism and the contribution of the ground-level Church and anti-Francoist political forces, with their discourses and ways of working. It goes on to study the alliances, repertoire of protests and the defence of popular culture by the neighbourhood associations. Finally, it describes the neighbourhood movement in six towns and cities (Córdoba, Granada, Jaén, Linares, Motril and Seville). The sixth chapter highlights the opposition to the last Francoist town corporations, the role of democratic councillors and the wearing down of mayors and councillors. It then analyses the 1979 local elections and the degree of transfer of neighbourhood activists to the new corporations. To conclude, it describes the evolution in the neighbourhood movement in the 1980s, with old and new goals: urban problems in general, mobilisation in favour of the Yes vote in the Andalusian referendum on February 28th 1980, consumer protection, anti-NATO mobilisations and influence in policies of citizen participation. Finally, seventh chapter addresses the Andalusianist movement and the autonomic process, from the viewpoint of the construction of an Andalusian identity in the semi-public sphere (Andalusianist political parties, the work of intellectuals and journalists, cultural associations, Andalusianist collectives, cultural initiatives, etc.) and in the public sphere (mobilisations in December 1977 and 1979, the campaign for the referendum on February 28th 1980 and unblocking the autonomic process).

Propuestas para una historia del andalucismo en la emigración.
A lo largo del siglo XX ha habido una fuerte emigración de andaluces a Cataluña. Muchos de estos emigrantes fueron desarrollando un movimiento asociativo cultural y político que podemos calificar de andalucista. Hemos querido analizar en este estudio las dificultades con las que se ha desenvuelto todo el movimiento andaluz en Cataluña, tanto político como cultural; la incidencia de ese movimiento en dicho territorio y su trascendencia para la propia Andalucía; las relaciones de las entidades con las Administraciones, tanto de Cataluña como Andalucía, y las relaciones del mundo asociativo con los partidos políticos catalanes.

The article is devoted to the ideology of andalucism, expressed in the official symbols of the region. The Emblem, the flag and the anthem of Andalusia were created by the ideologist of andalucism B. Infante in 1918. B. Infante was executed by rebels in 1936. The presentation of the region’s anthem was held, and the flags of Andalusia were raised above the city halls of Cadiz and Seville at the beginning of the Spanish Civil War. Since 1981 they are official symbols of Andalucia. The ideology of andalucismo consists in reconstructing of the cultural identity, rediscovering its valuable position in history, redeeming it from its “economic prostration”.

En el presente trabajo ofrecemos un análisis de ciertos elementos ideológicos que concurrieron en la conformación doctrinal del andalucismo y del nacionalismo canario. Siendo conscientes del carácter complejo y plural de dicha conformación, mostraremos, no obstante, que algunas ideas románticas y ciertas alusiones etnicistas se encuentran presentes en el corpus teórico de dichos movimientos. En el caso del nacionalismo canario cobrará mucha relevancia el guanchismo, y en el caso del andalucismo la mitificación de al-Andalus.