Anti-inflammatory

A new sesquilignan glycoside 1, together with seven known phenolic glycosides 2–8 were isolated from the aerial parts of Capsella bursa-pastoris. The chemical structure of the new compound 1 was elucidated by extensive nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data (1 Hand 13 C-NMR, 1 H-1 H correlation spectroscopy (1 H-1 H COSY), heteronuclear single-quantum correlation (HSQC), heteronuclear multiple bond correlation (HMBC), and nuclear overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY)) and HR-FABMS analysis. The anti-inflammatory effects of 1–8 were evaluated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated murine microglia BV-2 cells. Compounds 4 and 7 exhibited moderate inhibitory effects on nitric oxide production in LPS-activated BV-2 cells, with IC 50 values of 17.80 and 27.91 µM, respectively.

Objective:  This paper intends to evaluate inflammatory proteins and
hematological factors  concurrently blood obtained during the
cupping and with the venous blood.
Methods:  About 30 samples of 10 men participated in this clinical
evaluative study aged between 23 and 58 years. The hematological
factors were evaluated by by KX-. Cytokines (IL-10) &  hs-CRP were
measured by a sensitive sandwich ELISA kit.
Results:  Analysis of the results showed  a significant difference  in
many of the inflammatory proteins, hematological factors between
the venous blood and the cupping blood.
Conclusion: Based on the results of the comparison between venous
blood and cupping blood, the cupping blood is different, both in
components and immunologic response.

Context: The anti-nociceptive and anti-pyretic properties of the crude aqueous extract of Anogeissus leiocarpa (DC). Guill. & Perr. leaves have been reported.

Aims: To investigate the anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive, and anti-pyretic properties of aqueous extract of A. leiocarpa leaves (AEAL) and its fractions to identify the bioactive compound(s).

Methods: AEAL was fractionated successively and eluted in gradients of solvent mixture (n-hexane, ethylacetate, and methanol). Eluates, which showed similar TLC profiles were pooled to afford 5 fractions (F1-F5). AEAL and the fractions were subjected to phytochemical analysis and investigated for anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive, and anti-pyretic effects using carrageenan-induced paw edema and Brewer’s yeast-induced pyrexia in rats, and acetic acid-induced writhing in mouse models, respectively.

Results: Phytochemical analysis indicated presence of terpenoids, saponins, steroids, glycosides, flavonoids, tannins and alkaloids. At 200 mg/kg b.w, AEAL and F1-F5 recorded significant (p<0.05) improvements in paw edema, abdominal constrictions and pyrexia, which is comparable to the standard (ketoprofen or Aspirin), relative to the control groups, with F4 observed to be the most potent fraction. GC-MS analysis of F4 reveal the presence of hexadecenoic acid, 15-methyl-, methylester, 9-oxabicyclo (6.1.0) nonane, cis-, cholest-4-en-3-one, cholesterol and 3-diazo-1-methyl-1, 3-dihydro-indol-2-one.

Conclusions: The results indicate that identified compounds, particularly 3-dihydro-indol-2-one, could be responsible for the anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive, and anti-pyretic properties of the extract.

Lagenaria Breviflora is from the family Cucurbitaceae. Traditionally, it is useful in the treatment of human measles, digestive disorders and as wound antiseptics. The phytoconstituents present in the plant include triterpenoids, curcubitacin etc. Pharmacological study reported the anti-implantation, anti- bacterial, antiulcer, anti-inflamatory, antioxidant, Miracidal and Cercidal activity and antifertitlity. This review is an attempt to pin-point unexplored potential of the plant for further research.

Terpenoids accounts for the major class of secondary metabolites produced by plants. It shows defense activity against environmental stress and help to heal injuries. Medicinal plants are rich in monoterpenoids, diterpenoids, sesquiterpenes, triterpenes, tetraterpenes, and ceramide. A number of therapeutic applications such as antibacterial, antimicrobial, antitumor, anti-inflammatory activity have been identified. Terpenoids are compounds similar to terpenes derived from 5-carbon monomer isoprene units. The review puts and detail insight on different class of compounds isolated from natural source from 2000 to 2016 showing anti-inflammatory potential of pharmacologically interesting agent and their mechanism of action.

Check the properties attributed to medicinal plants is of vital importance as an alternative in the medical therapy and as a source of development of new drugs. Medicinal plants offer a path with great possibilities, an encouraging alternative for the control of various diseases in man. Mangroves are a resource of great significance for Cuba and the world, mangrove vegetation is represented in this country for four tree species, where Rhizophora mangle L. also known as red mangrove, is now the dominant species. Due to the pharmacological results found in this species as healing, antiseptic, antimicrobial, anti-ulcer, treatment of open wounds, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiarrheal, insecticide, larvicide among others; it could be an important source of new products aimed at solving health problems of great current relevance, but using this species for drug development has been limited by the damage it can cause to the ecosystem over-exploitation of mangroves. The objective of this scientific review is to show the benefits and therapeutic potential of R. mangle from a review of existing information and the main results in the researches on this species.

Objective: The objective of the study was to synthesize a series of 3-chloro-4-(substituted phenyl)-1-(5-styryl-1, 3, 4-thiladiazole-2-yl) azetidin-2-one / 2-(substituted phenyl)-3-(5-styryl-1, 3, 4-thiadiazole-2-yl)-thiazolidin-4-one and screened for their possible anti-inflammatory activity by carrageenan induced paw edema in rats. Method: The synthesis of 2-amino-5-styryl-1, 3, 4-thiadiazole, an intermediate was carried out by oxidative cyclization method. In the current study, thiosemicarbazone (I) was subjected to oxidative cyclization using ferric chloride as an oxidising agent, to get 2-amino-5-styryl-1, 3, 4-thiadiazole (II). Futhermore, compound (II) was reacted with different aromatic aldehydes in methanol to form N-(4-sustituted)-5-styryl-1, 3, 4-thiadiazol-2-amine (III a-h). Compound (III ah) was reacted with chloroacetyl chloride in triethylamine to form 2-azetidinone derivatives bearing 1, 3, 4-thiadiazole nucleus (IV a-h). Compound (III a-h) on cyclocondensation with mercaptoacetic acid leads to the formation of 4-thiazolidinone derivatives bearing 1, 3, 4-thiadiazole nucleus (V a-h). Results: The synthesis of the targeted compounds IVa-h and Va-h was confirmed through their MP, IR, 1H-NMR and mass spectrum studies. Compounds IVa, IVb and IVc (56.32, 61.11 and 58.24 % inhibition) exhibited significant antiinflammatory activity than that of diclofenac (65.13% inhibition). Conclusion: It may be concluded that the presence of methoxy, nitro and hydroxyl phenyl groups substituting 2-azetidinone bearing 1, 3, 4-thiadiazole showed significant anti-inflammatory activity.

Clitoria ternatea or commonly known as 'But-terfly pea' has been used traditionally in Ayurvedic medicine in which various parts of the plants are used to treat health issues such as indigestion, constipation, arthritis, skin diseases, liver and intestinal problems. The flowers of C. ternatea are used worldwide as ornamental flowers and traditionally used as a food colorant. This paper reviews the recent advances in the extraction and biological activities of phytochemicals from C. ternatea flowers. The application of maceration or ultrasound assisted extraction greatly increased the yield (16-247% of increase) of phy-tochemicals from C. ternatea flowers. Various phyto-chemicals such as kaempferol, quercetin and myricetin glycosides as well as anthocyanins have been isolated from C. ternatea flowers. Clitoria ternatea flower extracts were found to possess antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflam-matory, cytotoxic and antidiabetic activities which are beneficial to human health. Clitoria ternatea flower is a promising candidate for functional food applications owing to its wide range of pharmacotherapeutic properties as well as its safety and effectiveness.

Background: Mangoes are a popular fruit enjoyed worldwide. The mango is known for its pleasing aroma in addition to its refreshing and soothing taste. Researchers around the globe have demonstrated the diverse beneficial effects of Mangifera indica Linn in human health and disease prevention. Additionally, we should acknowledge how Ayurvedic medicine uses different parts of the mango tree. This branch of medicine has used the leaves, twigs, bark, seeds, flowers, raw and ripe fruits of mango to treat diverse degenerative diseases for thousands of years.

Ethnobotany: The mango (Mangifera indica) originally came from India about 4,000 years ago. Since then, the mango has slowly spread across the world. The mango belongs to the family “Anacardiaceae” under the genus “Mangifera” and species “indica”. The mango is also referred to as “Asia’s King of Fruits” or a Royal fruit. The color of the mango fruit varies from green, yellowish green, yellow, yellowish red, orange red and red. The smell and taste of the mango fruit varies based on its state of maturity in addition to place of origin and climate. Different parts of a mango tree and mango fruit are rich in vitamins and antioxidants including vitamins B, C, E and beta-carotene, alkaloids, flavonoids, and polyphenolic compounds which include mangiferin, anthocyanins and anthocyanidins, micronutrients and essential minerals, structurally diverse carbohydrates, dietary fibers, fat, and protein.

Health Benefits: Previous and current research demonstrate that the mango fruit and leaf extract, which is enriched in mangiferin and contains structurally diverse chemical constituents, are beneficial. The mango fruit and leaf extract have been shown to boost vitality, vigor, and endurance, leading to extensive application in exercise physiology. Furthermore, these constitutes ameliorate diverse degenerative disease related to metabolic syndrome, bacterial infections, gastrointestinal, and immunomodulatory disorders.

Conclusions: Mango and mangiferin exhibit diverse health benefits including energy boosting, exercise performance, and human health.

Keywords: Mango (Mangifera indica); mangiferin; vitamins and anthocyanins; anti-inflammatory; endurance, energy homeostasis; exercise

Cyclooxygenase (COX) receptor is a dual-function receptor that bound to the membrane which acts to catalyze two important stages in the formation of prostanoide, namely cyclooxigenation and peroxidation. Cyclooxigenation stage is the stage in which COX cyclization process and the addition of two molecules of oxygen to arachidonic acid to form prostaglandin G2 (PGG2). While the stage is the stage of the reduction of the peroxidation of PGG2 endoperoxide become unstable compound called prostaglandine H2 (PGH2). The purpose of this study is to determine the features that are important pharmacophore on anti-inflammatory activity of compounds on COX-2 receptor. Modeling and determination pharmacophore features created using the program MOE application version 2009 Virtual screening of chemical compounds to look for natural ingredients in accordance with pharmacophore features that have been made. Molecular docking to study ligand-receptor interactions, performed using MOE.

Inflammation is a manifestation of a wide range of disorders which include; arthritis, atherosclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, inflammatory bowel syndrome, physical injury and infection amongst many others. Common treatment modalities are usually nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin, paracetamol, indomethacin and ibuprofen as well as corticosteroids such as prednisone. These however, may be associated with a host of side effects due to non-selectivity for cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes involved in inflammation and those with selectivity may be highly priced. Thus, there is a continuing search for safe and effective antiinflammatory molecules from natural sources. Research has confirmed that iridoids exhibit promising anti-inflammatory activity which may be beneficial in the treatment of inflammation. Iridoids are secondary metabolites present in various plants, especially in species belonging to the Apocynaceae, Lamiaceae, Loganiaceae, Rubiaceae, Scrophulariaceae and Verbenaceae families. Many of these ethnobotanicals have an illustrious history of traditional use alluding to their use to treat inflammation. Although iridoids exhibit a wide range of pharmacological activities such as cardiovascular, hepatoprotection, hypoglycaemic, antimutagenic, antispasmodic, anti-tumour, antiviral, immunomodulation and purgative effects this review will acutely focus on their anti-inflammatory properties. The paper aims to present a summary for the most prominent iridoid-containing plants for which anti-inflammatory activity has been demonstrated in vitro and / or in vivo.

Context: Bombax ceiba is a large deciduous tree found in tropical and sub-tropical regions of Asia, Africa, and Australia. Traditional systems of medicine such as Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani have been highlighted the use of B. ceiba parts (bark, leaves, and flower) for the treatment of numerous ailments like algesia, hepatotoxicity, hypertension, HIV infections, fever, dysentery, inflammation, catarrhal affection, ulcer, acne, gynecological disorders, piles and urinary infections. However, no scientific pharmacognostic, phytochemical and pharmacological study has been reported for B. ceiba thorn.

Aims: To study the pharmacognostic and pharmacological potentials of B. ceiba thorn extract.

Methods: The physicochemical properties were determined using pharmacopoeial tests. The phytochemical screening was carried out using standard protocols. The in vitro anti-inflammatory activity was performed by human red blood cells stabilization method, in vitro anthelmintic activity by Pheretima posthuma method, in vitro antioxidant activity by DPPH scavenging method, and anti-microbial studies by agar streak dilution method against bacteria E. coli, B. subtilis, K. pneumonia, and fungi C. albicans and A. niger.

Results: The hydroalcoholic thorn extract of Bombax ceiba (TEBC) showed significant anti-inflammatory (46.9% stabilization), anthelmintic (death at 59.22 min), in vitro anti-oxidant (41.62% inhibition), and anti-microbial activities (B. subtilis > E. coli > K. pneumonia; A. niger > C. albicans).

Conclusions: The study revealed the physicochemical, photochemical and pharmacognostic features of thorn of the B. ceiba. The study also revealed the possession of different pharmacological potentials of extract.

Purpose: the non-edible fruit parts of Casimiroa edulis Llave et were evaluated for their active
constituents and their potential as antioxidants, anti-inflammatory and antitumor activity.
Methods: Fruits peel (FP) and seeds kernel (SK) of Casimiroa edulis Llave et Lex. were
extracted successively with hexane and then methanol. Fatty acids were prepared from hexane
extracts and identified by GC. Total flavonoid, phenolic acids and tannins contents in methanol
extracts were determined by UV spectrophotometer and identified by HPLC. Antioxidant, invitro
anti-inflammatory activity and antitumor effect against Caco-2 cell line were determined .
Results: GC analysis of hexane extracts showed that oleic acid (47.00%) was the major
unsaturated fatty acids in both extracts while lignoceric acid (15.49%) is the most abundant
saturated fatty acid in (FP). Total phenolic, flavonoid and tannin contents in (FP) & (SK)
methanol extracts were; 37.5±1.5, 10.79±0.66 and 22.28±0.23 for (FP); 53.5±1.5mg/g,
14.44±0.32 mg/g; and 53.73±3.58 mg/g for (SK) respectively. HPLC analysis of methanol
extract revealed that; the major phenolic compound was pyrogallol in (FP) and phydroxybenzoic
acid in (SK), the major flavonoid was luteolin 6-arabinose-8-glucose in (FP)
and acacetin in (SK).
Conclusion: This study showed that non-edible parts of C. edulis fruit is a rich source of
different phenolic compounds and fatty acids which has great antioxidant, anti-inflammatory
and antitumor activities; that could be used as a natural source in pharmaceutical industry.

Context: Magnolia champaca (L.) Baill. ex Pierre has traditionally been used by the culture to prevent and cure the inflammatory disease.

Aims: To determine the benefit of M. champaca in the local community, especially in the treatment of tuberculosis, and investigate the potency of the flavonoid content of M. champaca as an anti-inflammatory agent through in silico analysis.

Methods: An ethnobotanical survey was conducted by structured interviews and responses in the Pamekasan district. The identification of flavonoid in selected plant was carried out from literature. Then, quercetin, (-)-epicatechin, and kaempferol were docked with protein targets including cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), mitogen-activated protein kinases (p38 MAPK), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), and phosphoinositide 3 kinases (PI3k). The ability of complex compounds was considered dependent on energy binding and the ability to bind native ligand to proteins.

Results: M. champaca exhibited the highest RFI value, indicated that this plant mainly used to treat tuberculosis symptoms in the local community. The compounds of quercetin and (-)-epicatechin can only be bound to a native ligand COX-2, NAG. The compounds quercetin, rutin, kaempferol, and (-)-epicatechin can then be bound to both the native proteins NF-κB and PI3K. Nevertheless, native ligand-protein p38 MAP-kinases cannot be bound by complex compounds like quercetin, rutin, kaempferol, and (-)-epicatechin.

Conclusions: The research offers proof for considering the flavonoid compound in M. champaca as a beneficial ligand complex throughout the treatment and prevention of inflammatory diseases. Further in vitro and in vivo studies could prove its therapeutic potential.

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is an inflammatory disorder of
the gastrointestinal tract with no cure at present. The allopathic
drugs available for its treatment are associated with serious side
effects which may worsen the patient’s condition. From times
immemorial man has been using plants not only as food but also
for treatment of diseases. At present research is being conducted to
find evidence regarding rationale for use of plants in the treatment
of various diseases. In purview of these facts the review is aimed
to securitize plants used for the treatment of IBD.