Aquatic Nanotoxicology

Golden shower tree, or Cassia fistula, is a well-known medicinal plant with a long history of traditional use. The purpose of this thorough investigation is to clarify Cassia fistula's phytochemical components and pharmacological properties. The plant is rich in bioactive substances like flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and anthraquinones, according to extensive phytochemical studies. Its various pharmacological qualities, including as antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, and anticancer effects, are attributed to these components. Particularly noteworthy is the antibacterial action against a wide range of bacterial and fungal infections. The plant's ability to scavenge free radicals and strengthen cellular antioxidant defenses is what is thought to provide it antioxidant qualities. On the other hand, its anti-inflammatory actions are mediated through the suppression of important inflammatory mediators. Hepatoprotective effects are supported by the mitigation of liver damage induced by various toxins. Additionally, emerging evidence suggests potential anticancer properties, as certain compounds in Cassia fistula exhibit cytotoxic effects on cancer cell lines. This review underscores the therapeutic potential of Cassia fistula and advocates for further clinical studies to validate its efficacy and safety in medical applications.

One of the possible threats in increasing use of nanomaterials is the emergence of toxicity in humans and other animals which is discussed in nanotoxicology. In addition to toxic effects of nanomaterials themselves, different chemical precursors which are usually used in bottom-up approaches for production of nanomaterials may have secondary toxic effects in living organisms. In contrast, less use of chemicals in top-down approaches may reduce these secondary effects. To test this hypothesis, toxic effects of two types of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) produced by physical (top-down) and chemical (bottom-up) methods were investigated and compared on the tadpole, Rana ridibunda survival. The estimated 48 h LC50 values of AgNPs produced by chemical and physical methods for tadpoles were 0.055 ± 0.004 and 0.296 ± 0.085 mg.L-1, respectively. No observed effect concentration, lowest observed effect concentration, maximum acceptable toxicant concentration and median lethal concentration of ...

The aim of this study was comparing the toxic effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) versus zinc ions (Zn) at a high nonlethal (500μg/L) and a low environmental relevant (0.05μg/L) concentrations on gills of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) following 14 days of waterborne exposure. Structural alterations, histopathological anomalies, and zinc bioaccumulation were investigated in the gills using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), hematoxylin and eosin staining (H&E), and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry (GFAAS) respectively. Some damages such as shortening and fusion of secondary lamellae, surface epithelium hypertrophy, and hyperplasia of the primary lamellae were observed in the gill tissue. Histopathological alterations of gills were minimum in bot h none exposed (control) fish and fish exposed to 0.05μg/L Zn. The severity of gill damages were higher in fish exposed to 500μg/L ZnO NPs compared to 500μg/L Zn and 0.05μg/L ZnO NPs. The ...

BACKGROUND: Silver nanoparticles are now widely used in various industries and consumer products, especially because of their antimicrobial properties. The widespread use of these nanoparticles has increased the likelihood of their release to aquatic ecosystems and their effects on aquatic organisms.
OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to investigate the histopathological effects of waterborne silver nanoparticles on the gills of Caspian brown trout.
METHODS: In this study, 84 fish (27.46±4.3 g) were tested in four concentrations of silver nanoparticles (0, 0.01, 0.02 and 0.03 mg/L) for 14 days. At the end of the experiment, gill tissue was evaluated to determine the effects of tissue damage caused by silver nanoparticles.
RESULTS: Observed tissue damage included hyperplasia, hypertrophy, curvature of secondary lamellae, shortening of second lamellae, separation of epithelium from lamellae and aneurism.
CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study showed that colloid silver nanoparticles in water could lead to tissue damage in the gills of Caspian brown trout, and long-term exposure to the sublethal concentrations of these nanoparticles can cause fish death.

This study aims to evaluate the potential toxic effects of ZnO nanoparticles on Artemia franciscana nauplii. The ZnO NPs suspension was characterized by TEM, EDS and DLS techniques. Acute toxicity was investigated by exposure of nauplii to concentrations of 1, 5, 7.5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 mg/L of ZnO NPs for 48 h and 96 h. The 96-h EC and EC values of ZnO NPs were found to be 1.39 mg/L and 4.86 mg/L respectively. The ZnO NPs suspensions did not cause any significant acute toxicity after 48 h of exposure, but the immobilization rate increase significantly compare to control group after 96 h (P < 0.05). The results showed that the uptake, accumulation, and elimination of NPs in nauplii depends on the concentration of NPs and time. The elimination rates of 46.66% and 83.85% were recorded at 1 and 10 mg/L of NPs after 24 h of depuration period, respectively.

Environmental context The increased use of nanomaterials in industrial and consumer products requires robust strategies to identify risks when they are released into the environment. Aquatic toxicologists are beginning to possess a clearer understanding of the chemical and physical properties of nanomaterials in solution, and which of the properties potentially affect the health of aquatic organisms. This review highlights the main challenges encountered in aquatic nanotoxicity testing, provides recommendations for overcoming these challenges, and discusses recent studies that have advanced our understanding of the toxicity of three important OECD nanomaterials, titanium dioxide, zinc oxide and silver nanomaterials. Aquatic nanotoxicologists and ecotoxicologists have begun to identify the unique properties of the nanomaterials (NMs) that potentially affect the health of wildlife. In this review the scientific aims are to discuss the main challenges nanotoxicologists currently face i...

This study was conducted to measure the bioconcentration of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in artemia brine shrimp (Artemia salina) and its transfer to zebrafish (Danio rerio), in order to: (1) determine the uptake of AgNPs by artemia from water, and (2) evaluate trophic transfer potential of AgNPs from artemia to zebrafish under controlled conditions. The artemia exposed to 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mgL AgNPs for 24 h and then were administrated to zebrafish for 14 days. Silver body burden was assayed using a Phoenix 886 flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer both in artemia and zebrafish. The results of this study showed that the uptake of AgNPs in artemia was higher than zebrafish (p < 0.05). The accumulation of AgNPs in zebrafish was dose dependent, with greater accumulation observed at higher AgNPs concentrations. Moreover, the results of this study indicated that the trophic transfer factor (BMF) of AgNPs was lower than 1 (< 1), and this nanoparticle was not potential of trophi...

production and Zebrafish embryo toxicity assay (ZETA) test was conducted in accordance with OECD specific guidelines. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to the test substance with semistatic technique (2.5, 5.5, 12, 25 and 50 ppm). Apical sublethal and endpoints of acute toxicity in zebrafish embryos were checked at 5, 24, 36, 48, 72 and 96 h post-fertilization. Mortality of embryos was found to be around 10% at concentrations levels of 5.5, 12 and 25 ppm of glyphosate, whereas the highest mortality levels were found at the concentration of 50 ppm of glyphosate, with around 95% of embryos’ mortality, therefore exceeding the maximum rates established by the OECD. In sublethal effect studies, eggs exposed to ≥5.5 ppm of glyphosate presented a premature hatching rate at 36 h post-fertilization, with the highest hatching rate (40%) corresponding to 25 ppm of glyphosate. Completion of morula and gastrula was found in all concentrations assayed, but mainly in 5.5 and 12 ppm concentrations wit...

Among the most common chronic diseases in the world, Diabetes mellitus (DM) is an extremely studied and widely manifested multi-factorial disease which deliberately requires multi-modal therapeutic strategies [1]. It has an age-old history of being recognized and even symptomised in various cultures of the world majorly as glycosuria (sweet urine). Hence, the treatment strategies for DM have been in the process of development and documentation since a long time in traditional medicine systems. Back then the nature of drug used to be mostly unorganized and crude. The major difference now in the modern era is that the treatment strategies basically concentrate on identifying, isolating, modifying or searching alternatives of the lead compounds and exact active principles which attribute to the desired therapeutic nature of the plant. The aim of this paper is to acknowledge the various treatment methods available for Diabetes mellitus and to review the Traditional Indian herbs and plants which are most efficiently, safely and widely accepted medicament for DM and source of future lead compounds and family-wise segregation of these plants. This review is in total compliance with the strong and effective traditional medicinal systems of India.

Nano-ecotoxicology is extensively debated and nanomaterial surface reactivity is an emerging topic. Iron oxide nanoparticles are widely applied, with organic or inorganic coatings for stabilizing their suspensions. Surface active maghemite nanoparticles (SAMNs) are the unique example of naked iron oxide displaying high colloidal and structural stability in water and chemical reactivity. The colloidal behavior of SAMNs was studied as a function of the medium salinity and protocols of acute and chronic toxicity on Daphnia magna were consequently adapted. SAMN distribution into the crustacean, intake/depletion rates and swimming performances were evaluated. No sign of toxicity was detected in two model organisms from the first trophic level (P. subcapitata and L. minor). In D. magna, acute EC50 values of SAMN was assessed, while no sub-lethal effects were observed and the accumulation of SAMNs in the gut appeared as the sole cause of mortality. Fast depuration and absence of delayed ef...

The results of antioxidant assays with Gymnema sylvestre leaf extracts revealed that methanol, acetone, and aqueous extracts possessed maximum DPPH (83, 83, and 75%) and ABTS scavenging potential (85, 71, and 82%). Chloroform possessed maximum total flavonoid (24.6 mg/100 ml) and total iron contents (435.3 ± 0.0125 mg FeSO4 E/G). The extracts of n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and chloroform of Gymnema sylvestre leaves displayed an IC50 value of 170.2, 44.4, 131.6 μg/ml, respectively in α-glucosidase inhibition assay. Methanol and aqueous extracts showed maximum inhibition of E. ammni (17 ± 2.0 and 19.6 ± 0.57 mm), E. coli (15.3 ± 0.57 and 17.6 ± 0.57 mm), and S. aureus (16.6 ± 1.52 and 19.3 ± 1.15 mm). It may be concluded that all potential effects of G. sylvestre leaf extracts were due to the presence of phytochemical constituents such as flavonoids, steroids, quinones, phenols, triterpenoids, tannins, alkaloids, and saponins. Present findings suggest that these extracts present a satisf...

Abstract. The rotifer Brachionus plicatilis is commonly cultured and used in hatcheries as the first feed of marine and fresh water fish larvae. Several cultivation techniques have been developed and applied in hatcheries by aquaculture researchers. In this study, we ...

The aim of the present study was to determine the anti-diabetic activity of a polyherbal formulation in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. The methanolic extracts of Achyranthes aspera, Catharanthus roseus and Momordica charantia were used in 3:1:1 w/w/w ratio for polyherbal formulation (PHF) preparation. Fifty Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups (GI, GII, GIII, T1 and T2) based on body weight. The high fat diet treated rats of four groups (GII, GIII, T1 and T2) were injected with 45 mg/kg body weight of streptozotocin intra peritoneally to induce diabetes. Rats of group GI, GII were kept as normal and diabetic control respectively and GIII as standard control, were administrated with glibenclamide (2.5 mg/kg, orally for 60 days); and group T1 and T2 were administered with PHF daily at a dose of 375 mg/kg and 750 mg/kg body weight respectively for a period of 60 days. Administration of PHF showed dose dependent reduction in the blood glucose level on 30th a...

Fenugreek (trigonella foenum graecum) is one of the most widely used medicinal plants in folk medicine. It is known to have a diuretic, cardio tonic, hypotensive, hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effect. This study was designed to evaluate the hypoglycemic effect of Trigonelline isolated from Iraqi fenugreek seeds in normal and alloxan –diabetic rabbits. Sixty male adult albino rabbits were used in this study. They were divided randomly into two main groups, a non-diabetic group (group A) and a diabetic group (group B). The two groups were further subdivided into subgroups, A1- A4 and B1 – B5. Group A1 & B1 were control. Group A2 & B2, A3, B3 and A4 & B4 were received orally 10mg/12hrs isolated pure trigonelline, 10mg/12 hrs standard Trigonelline and 7.7ml/12hrs ethanol extract of the fenugreek seeds respectively, while group B5 received insulin. The data revealed that the isolated pure trigonelline exhibited a significant (P < 0.05) hypoglycemic effect in normal and diabetic rabbi...

The present era is considered the nanotech age. Nanomaterials have gained a great deal of importance in the field of technology, engineering, and medicine progression because of their tunable, physical, chemical, and biological properties rather than their bulk counterparts. Nanomaterials are classified based on their size, shape, composition, origin, and toxicity. Due to the increasing utility and industrial applications of nanomaterials, it has become important to investigate nanomaterials' toxicity and environmental risks. In the present review, we have critically discussed the applications, behavior, and toxic impact on humans, animals, and the environment. Its fate and challenges and future requirements for the development and design of safe nanotechnology for sustainable development have been discussed.

The present era is considered the nanotech age. Nanomaterials have gained a great deal of importance in the field of technology, engineering, and medicine progression because of their tunable, physical, chemical, and biological properties rather than their bulk counterparts. Nanomaterials are classified based on their size, shape, composition, origin, and toxicity. Due to the increasing utility and industrial applications of nanomaterials, it has become important to investigate nanomaterials' toxicity and environmental risks. In the present review, we have critically discussed the applications, behavior, and toxic impact on humans, animals, and the environment. Its fate and challenges and future requirements for the development and design of safe nanotechnology for sustainable development have been discussed.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Aquatics specially fish is considered one of the most decaying food stuff. Having less connective tissues, more nonsaturated fatty acid, free amino acids and more anzyme activities are the factors influencing fish deterioration. In response to consumers demands for food with the least preservatives, new technologies in the food industry is important. Therefore, in this review article, the application of nano technology in aquatics packaging was studied. METHODS: Search by the keywords “Packaging Nano Aquatics” in databases Pubmed, Scopus and Web of Science were done and then 30 related articles that published in 2000-2017 were selected. FINDINGS: In this research, 30 related articles were found. One of the most important packagings is nano-packaging occurring by nanotechnology science. There are much nano-material in packaging including clay polymeical nano composities as nonpreamation matters, which on aquatics, absent of oxygen which itself is a barrier t...

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are known to have bactericidal and fungicidal effects. Since, there is few information available on the interaction of colloidal nanosilver with fish pathogens. Hence, the current study investigated the effects of colloidal AgNPs on the in vitro growth of the fish pathogen Saprolegnia sp.. Before the experiments, various important properties of AgNPs were well-characterized. The antifungal activity of AgNPs was then evaluated by determining the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) using two-fold serial dilutions of colloidal nanosilver in a glucose yeast extract agar at 22oC. The growth of Saprolegnia sp. on the AgNPs agar treatments was compared to that of nanosilver-free agar as controls. The results showed that AgNPs have an inhibitory effect on the in vitro growth of the tested fungi. The MIC of AgNPs for Saprolegnia sp. was calculated at 1800 mg/L, which is equal to 0.18 percent. It seems that AgNPs could be a proper replacement for teratogenic ...

Aquaculture industry especially shrimp farming in Iran and other parts of the world has been facing various disease that among various agents, pathogenic bacteria has emerged as important because it causes large economic losses to the shrimp farming industry. This study investigated the antagonistic properties of copper nanoparticles (34 mg/L), probiotic Bacillus subtilis (108 CFU/mL), and combination of these two against with pathogenic bacteria, luminescent Vibrio harveyi in vitro condition in order to investigate possible use of probiotic B. subtilis and copper nanoparticles in the diet for growth and immunity enhancement in Litopenaeus vannamei. This study reports that in Well diffusion test and Disc diffusion test against pathogenic bacteria luminescent V. harveyi maximum inhibition showed by combination of suspension of probiotic B. subtilis and copper nanoparticles the amount of (W = 22.54±1.72 and D = 16.37±2.9) whereas minimum inhibition was copper nanoparticles the amount ...

Diabetes mellitus is a common and serious metabolic disorder throughout the world. It is a dreadful disease found in all parts of the world and is becoming a serious threat to mankind health. Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by high blood sugar levels that result from defects in insulin secretion, or action, or both. Traditional plants have been used throughout the world for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Among many medications and polyherbal plants, several herbs have been known to cure and control diabetes; additionally they have no side effects. Although, synthetic oral hypoglycemic agents/insulin is the mainstream treatment of diabetes and effective in controlling hyperglycaemia, they have prominent side effects and fail to significantly alter the course of diabetic complications. This forms the main reason for an increasing number of people finding alternating therapies that may have less severe or no side effects. This article presents a re...

BackgroundCurrently, nanotechnology and nanoparticles have been quickly emerged and have gained the attention of scientists due to its massive applications in environmental sectors. However, these environmental applications of silver nanoparticles potentially cause serious effects on terrestrial and aquatic organisms. In the current study, freshwater fish C. carpio were exposed to blood mediated AgNPs for toxicity, mortality, bioaccumulation, and histological alterations. Silver nanoparticles were fabricated using animal blood serum and their toxic effect was studied against common carp fish at different concentrations level (0.03, 0.06, and 0.09 mg/L).ResultsThe findings have revealed a little effect of blood induced silver nanoparticles (B-AgNPs) on fish behavior at the highest concentration (0.09 mg/L). However, bioaccumulation of B-AgNPs was reported in different organs of fish. Maximum bioaccumulation of B-AgNPs was reported in the liver, followed by intestine, gills, and muscl...

Background Currently, nanotechnology and nanoparticles have quickly emerged and have gained the attention of scientists due to their massive applications in environmental sectors. However, these environmental applications of silver nanoparticles potentially cause serious effects on terrestrial and aquatic organisms. In the current study, freshwater fish C. carpio were exposed to blood-mediated silver nanoparticles for toxicity, mortality, bioaccumulation, and histological alterations. Silver nanoparticles were fabricated using animal blood serum and their toxic effect was studied against common carp fish at different concentrations levels (0.03, 0.06, and 0.09 mg/L). Results The findings have revealed a little influence of blood-induced silver nanoparticles on fish behavior at the highest concentration (0.09 mg/L). However, bioaccumulation of blood-mediated silver nanoparticles was reported in different organs of fish. Maximum bioaccumulation of silver nanoparticles was reported in ...

In recent times, focus on plant research has increased all over the world and a large body of evidence has collected to show immense potential of medicinal plants used in various traditional systems. Over the last few years, researchers have aimed at identifying and validating plant derived substances for the treatment of various diseases. Similarly it has been already proved that various parts of plants such as Leafs, fruits, seeds etc. provide health and nutrition promoting compounds in human diet. The Cassia auriculata Linn. is another Indian plant, which has enormous traditional uses against various diseases. The present review aims to compile medicinal values of Cassia auriculata Linn. generated through the research activity using modern scientific approaches and innovative scientific tools. 2 Department of Chemistry, St. Joseph’s College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli, India.

Trigonelline is a plant alkaloid and Andrographolide is a diterpene lactone, both exhibiting anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and neuroprotective activities. The present study was designed to evaluate the antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activity of the above said compounds in Dimethylnitrosamine induced toxicity in albino rats. Extraction of Trigonella foenum and Andrographis lineata was carried out by using methanol, petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and ethanol assisted with suitable temperature, followed by DPPH scavenging activity (IC-50) of these extracts.Cmax, Tmax, t1/2, CL, Vd and AUC were evaluated as pharmacokinetic parameters by using calibration curves of Andrographolide and Trigonelline. Extracts of T. foenum-graecum and A. lineate have antioxidant activity by inhibiting DPPH (IC50 value was 69.04±3.65% and 71.76±6.99%, respectively) comparable with ascorbic acid (53.99±4.88%). Phytochemical analysis of T. foenum-graecum and A. lineate was found with maximum number of ph...

The aim of the present study was to determine and compare acute toxicity of terbutryn in Danio rerio and Poecilia reticulata, and in two different developmental stages of D. rerio – embryonic and juvenile. Acute toxicity tests were performed according to OECD methodology. The LC50 values were assessed by probit analysis using EKO-TOX 5.2 programme. The 96hLC50 terbutryn mean value of 5 tests was 2.85 ± 0.75 mg·l-1 for the juvenile stage of P. reticulata and 5.71 ± 0.46 mg·l-1 for the juvenile stage of D. rerio. For the embryonic stage of D. rerio the 144hLC50 terbutryn mean value of 6 tests was estimated as 8.04 ± 1.05 mg·l-1. The study proved significantly higher (p < 0.01) sensitivity of the juvenile stage of D. rerio to terbutryn compared to the embryonic stage of D. rerio and significantly higher (p < 0.01) sensitivity of the juvenile stage of P. reticulata to terbutryn compared to the juvenile stage of D. rerio. herbicides. This study documented differences in sensitivity...

Diabetes mellitus is one of the major health problems in the world, the incidence and associated mortality are increasing. Inadequate regulation of the blood sugar imposes serious consequences for health. Conventional antidiabetic drugs are effective, however, also with unavoidable side effects. On the other hand, medicinal plants may act as an alternative source of antidiabetic agents. Examples of medicinal plants with antidiabetic potential are described, with focuses on preclinical and clinical studies. The beneficial potential of each plant matrix is given by the combined and concerted action of their profile of biologically active compounds.