Biopsychology

Wheel-running and treadmill running physical exercise have been shown to alleviate parkinsonism in both laboratory and clinical studies. MPTP was administered to C57/BL6 mice using two different procedures: (a) administration of a double-dose regime (MPTP 2 × 20 or 2 × 40 mg/kg, separated by a 24-h interval), vehicle (saline 5 ml/kg) or saline (vehicle 2 × 5 ml/kg), and (b) administration of a single-dose weekly regime (MPTP 1 × 40 mg/kg) or saline (vehicle 1 × 5 ml/kg) repeated over 4 consecutive weeks. For each procedure, two different physical exercise regimes were followed: (a) after the double-dose MPTP regime, mice were given daily 30-min periods of wheel-running exercise over 5 consecutive days/week or placed in a cage in close proximity to the running wheels for 3 weeks. (b) Mice were either given wheel-running activity on 4 consecutive days (30-min periods) or placed in a cage nearby for 14 weeks. Behavioral testing was as follows: (a) after 3 weeks of exercise/no exercise,...

The study examines relationship between job tention and employees job satisfaction among selected academic staff of Nasarawa State University, Keffi. The study adopted cross section survey design to sample seventy five (75) the participate utilizing purposive sampling technique, descriptive and inferential statistics are used to analyze data, while three (3) hypotheses are tested. Therefore result shows a statiscally significant positive  r(75) = 0.542, PC.05. in addition, result revealed no significant difference between male and female academic staff on job satisfaction t(73) = -2.033PC.05. lastly the study result demonstrated insignificant age differences on job satisfaction t(73)= -5.53, PC.05. Based the result findings, therefore, the study recommends proper job description and good  conducive working environment for learning and teaching has to enhance job satisfaction.

"Despite the implication of the name, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) affects not merely the
ovaries, but endocrine system function, psychological health, psychosocial and psychosexual development throughout the lifespan. Up to 10% of pre-menopausal women meet the diagnostic criteria for PCOS, making it the most prevalent endocrine disorder for this population. Common features of PCOS include: polycystic ovaries, irregular or absent ovulation, disruption of the menstrual cycle, hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance, and central obesity. A review of extant literature reveals that as many as 50% of women with PCOS also meet the diagnostic criteria for a mood or anxiety disorder, with a strong correlation between PCOS and bipolar disorder. While such correlation does not equate to causality, some studies suggest that disruption of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axes might be the common etiology between the physical manifestations of PCOS and the decreased psychological wellbeing experienced by women with PCOS. Hyperandrogenism is a particular source of concern in psychosocial and gender identity development. Some studies show a significantly higher prevalence of PCOS among lesbian women and female-to-male transsexuals compared to the general population, while heterosexual women with PCOS frequently report feeling “different” or “less feminine” due to hyperandrogenism and infertility. Researchers recommend implementing routine screening of women with PCOS for psychological disorders, and conversely, screening of women with mood disorders for reproductive endocrinological dysfunction."

There have been many theories of addiction; early models pointed to moral failings as the reason for alcohol and substance abuse. The disease model was the first step toward consideration of an underlying biological reason for the symptoms of addiction. Advances in neuroimaging technology has enabled visualization of components of the reward pathway in the brain and the role of neuroadaptation in substance use disorders. The incentive-sensitization theory (IST) is a complex hypothesis that explores the neuroadaptations that may result from substance use, examines changes to the neurocircuitry and neurochemistry, and accounts for learning, behavioral, and motivational reasons of addiction. One factor of addiction which has puzzled researchers for many years is the phenomenon of relapse after long periods of abstinence. IST suggests an underlying biological basis for “cravings” that may lead to increased usage and relapse. This paper examines just a few of the numerous studies that have been completed to test the major tenets of IST, with many providing at least partial support for the theory including the concepts of incentive salience, drug wanting and drug liking.

Love, universal to the human condition, is the most profound human experience, and it is the most powerful drug. It comes in many forms, and impacts the brain in ways research is only recently beginning to probe. Love is not merely for pleasure, however. It is fundamental to human survival. This is demonstrated through neuroimaging studies, but it is also apparent in the fact that love continues to prevail in world that is marked by extreme suffering and cruelty, as the world has been over the course of the millennia of human evolution. This paper will explore a broad literature review on the theories and research on love as necessary to human survival, and will present new frontiers in biopsychological research that may reveal exciting potentials for the future of our species.

Poštovani čitaoci i korisnici,

Pred Vama je Mali leksikon neuropsihologije (MLN), knjiga priručnog karaktera. Razišljao sam da ga nazovem leksikonom neuronauka ili kliničke psihologije, međutim, u prvom slučaju bi naziv bio preširok, a u drugom preuzak. U svakom slučaju, MLN sadrži ne samo pojmove i njihova objašnjenja iz neuropsihologije, već i iz neurologije, psihijatrije, defektologije, te kognitivne i kliničke psihologije. Bez poznavanja korpusa znanja koje je iznjedrilo pomenutih pet oblasti, moglo bi se reći da bi neuropsihologija ozbiljno ''šepala'' i ''štopala'' kako na svom kliničkom, tako i na naučnom putu koji je morala prevaliti da bi bila priznata kao profesionalno legitimna i praktično korisna disciplina.

MLN je namijenjen prvenstveno neuropsiholozima i kliničkim psiholozima (ovdje treba imati na umu da se klinička neuropsihologija može smatrati poddisciplinom kliničke psihologije), ali i stručnjacima iz povezanih oblasti kojima povremeno može biti potreban podsjetnik na značenje nekih pojmova.

Leksikon nije iscrpan registar terminologije u pobrojanim oblastima, već predstavlja pregled bitnih, većinom uobičajeno korištenih pojmova kako u kliničkoj praksi, tako i tokom akademskog rada.

MLN sadrži i korisnu terminologiju iz opšte medicine (npr. anamnesis vitae, recidiv, remisija, status praesens...) koju bi psiholozi koji se bave kliničkim radom takođe trebali poznavati.

Vjerujem da će Vam koristiti ovakav vid leksikona, a za sve nejasnoće, sugestije, poboljšanja i komentare možete mi se obratiti na e-mail selman9r@yahoo.com.

Selman Repišti

Sistem limbik adalah bagian otak yang berhubungan dengan tiga fungsi utama: emosi, kenangan, dan gairah (stimulasi). Bagian sistem limbik terdiri  dari talamus, hipotalamus, amigdala, hipocampus, dan basal ganglia. Talamus adalah bagian dari otak yang bertanggung jawab untuk mendeteksi dan menyampaikan informasi dari indera kita, seperti bau dan penglihatan. Hipotalamus adalah bagian penting dari sistem limbik yang bertanggung jawab untuk memproduksi beberapa pembawa pesan kimiawi, yang disebut hormon.Amigdala membantu dalam pengembangan kenangan, terutama yang berkaitan dengan peristiwa emosional dan keadaan darurat. Amigdala ini juga terlibat secara khusus dengan perkembangan emosi rasa takut. Hipocampus bertanggung jawab untuk mengubah kenangan jangka pendek ke memori jangka panjang. Basal ganglia adalah kumpulan badan sel saraf yang bertanggung jawab untuk mengkoordinasikan gerakan otot dalam postur tubuh. Beberapa gangguan pada lobus limbik, antara lain: (1) skizofrenia; (2) depresi; dan (3) autism spectrum disorder.

After a long journey in research reaching at this point, we consider it appropriate to underline the topicality of philosophical thinking of Hippocrates. The general spirit of learning, knowledge, philosophy and humanity enters several times in second place, neglecting the bioethics anthropology and political philosophy of the Ancient medical philosophers whose practice method and way of life should again puzzle us positively in the 21st century.
Several opinions on the great medical philosopher of Kos Island even today are highly timely, as both the scientific education, and the fight of Hippocrates against priestly Medicine against preconceptions or superstition of the time is important.
Today unfortunately the Hippocratic Oath is no longer pronounced in several medical schools of the modern world and perhaps this is a sample of variance of historical knowledge and reality. Bioethics and the ethics report on activity of the philosopher practitioner retains all its validity for Hippocrates, mainly in scientific rigor and moral rigor, which equates them to a genuine social and political philosophies and true medical anthropology, of the "Father of Medicinal" science.
We felt his presence as a Greek and philosopher, educator and anthropologist, even though we read about him intensely. We tried and listened to his silence, more than we heard his words through his writing lessons. Medical ethics deontology in the modern world of science doesn't belong only to physicians but also to lawyers, to sociologists, to philosophers, to theologians, and in every human being simplistic or scientist. With a nice initiative in Greece the birthplace of Hippocrates founded the Greek company Ethics and became accepted with a purpose to outline the safeguards that ensure the dignity of human existence and merit-based coexistence. From the perspective of Orthodox Christian morality addressing these issues is done on the basis of anthropological teaching of the fathers of the Christian Church. So with this survey it is attempted to define the scientific field of bioethics and the historic retrospect of Hippocratic point of view and of John Chrysostom. Thus it is attempted the pinpointing and promotion of the principles underlying the science of bioethics and the determination of the basic principles of Orthodox Christian morality through which made the deal with the issues arising from the application of genetic engineering in humans.
Today it is needed not only good scientific and technical training but also critical thinking psychic sensitivity, excellent information on ethical issues. The life of man constitutes God's gift, it is not private property that degrades to an object of derogatory decisions but in divine gift that the Creator God gave out oflove to man. As we know the value of human life is prevalent in all religions and all people and Nations of the world, its removal brings shock to humanity. Having all this in mind the medical philosopher and educator must respect the value of human life of every human being regardless of their psychosomatic problem. 
The terrible signs of the upcoming catalysis of godless physician Antichrist, from the almighty word of Healer Christ will be the darkening of the Sun and the stars.
The great luminers who were created by the therapist physician Creator God himself will shake and will be destroyed in the appearance of the Almighty Creator, who is praised by the universes and who will come to launch 'new heavens' spiritual, yielding the justice for centuries with the resurrection of all the righteous and the unrighteous, for the first to eternal life, for the second to eternal hell. According to Hippocrates, all diseases come from the Soul. Everything gets sick when the Soul is sick. Finally, the Greek physician and philosopher Hippocrates from the island of Kos, teaches us that what matters is the healing of the human soul, because from there come the diseases in man. John Chrysostom completes this teaching by emphasizing that the healing of the human soul is done only by the Creator God who also acts as a healing physician of souls and bodies.

Ireland has the lowest breastfeeding rates and highest birth rate in the European Union (EU) (HPO 2017, p. 155) and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (OECD 2014). Research is needed on current and future interventions required to achieve higher breastfeeding rates, improve the health of Irish women and their children, and to redress the economic, social, and environmental costs of ‘not breastfeeding’ (Rollins et al. 2016). These costs are deemed to be higher health service expenditure, lower living standards, increased waste and energy expenditure through production of breastmilk-substitutes, and insecure food security which affects all populations in low, middle, and high-income countries globally (Rollins et al. 2016, Victora et al. 2016). To redress this, interventions that “protect, promote, and support breastfeeding” need to be supported at a political level through action plans and financial investment (Rollins et al. 2016, p. 491).
Breastfeeding support is considered an effective intervention for improving breastfeeding practices (WABA 2007) provided by a breastfeeding mother or group who is equal to the mother and not a health professional (Kaunonen et al. 2012), comprising “emotional, appraisal and informational assistance” (Dennis 2003b). In Ireland, there are three main Breastfeeding Support Groups (BSGs): Cuidiú, Friends of Breastfeeding, and La Leche League along with Public Health Nurse BSGs, who provide support and facilitate breastfeeding mothers to meet in their communities. The emphasis in these BSGs is on face-to-face support, however, mothers also access breastfeeding support online.
The aim of this study is to investigate the role and impact of BSGs from the mothers’ perspective. The objectives are to explore women’s experiences; determine their knowledge and use of BSGs; their views on BSG limitations; to ascertain if BSGs helped mothers to achieve their goals and successful outcomes; and to assess their Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy (BSE).
A Sequential Explanatory Mixed methods Design (Creswell et al. 2011, Creswell 2014, Creswell & Creswell 2017), useful for explaining and interpreting relationships, was considered as appropriate for this study. Cultural Historical Activity Theory (CHAT), a theoretical framework, incorporates and allows for crossover between a post-positivist, constructivist and pragmatic worldview in this study.
The main findings of this study are:
Breastfeeding Support Groups in Ireland 6
BSGs counteract a perceived non-breastfeeding culture outside of the group and normalise their breastfeeding experiences, with attendance offering a ‘buffer’ to the current cultural norm of artificial milk-feeding.
BSGs are not just about breastfeeding but provide parenting support also. Mothers consider food and refreshments as extremely important in providing a social outlet, fostering inclusion, with BSG attendance creating structure and meaning to their day.
Personal breastfeeding experience and training is highly valued. Experience is particularly valued by women in rural areas with health professionals perceived as having insufficient experience and knowledge.
Women attending BSGs are already confident with high breastfeeding self-efficacy (BSE), hence, attendance at BSGs does not increase BSE. Skilled support and practical help can lead to mothers achieving their goals and even exceeding them.
Women interact with many formats of BSGs, transition from PHNs to voluntary BSGs, and are highly satisfied with their experience at BSGs. Key junctures in the BF journey are supported by BSGs such as returning to work.
Online Breastfeeding support is highly utilised by women, but mostly supplements other formats, rather than replacing face-to-face, and has its own complex ‘sub-culture’.

Abstrak Saat remaja, terdapat hormon-hormon sex yang sudah bekerja dan berfungsi, maka remaja sudah mempunyai rasa ketertarikan dengan lawan jenis yang dapat menumbuhkan cinta pada remaja. Namun, nyatanya perasaan cinta dan jatuh cinta justru tidak selamanya indah dan berwarna, beberapa remaja justru mengalami kegagalan cinta. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui hubungan antara strategi coping terhadap stress akibat kegagalan cinta pada remaja. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif (Quantitative Research) dengan subyek penelitian sebanyak 300 responden adalah remaja berusia 15-21 tahun. Sedangkan sampel yang digunakan yaitu Nonprobability Sampling dengan Teknik Voluntary Sampling. BErdasarkan hasil penelitian tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara kegagalan cinta dan stres terhadap tingkat coping pada remaja berusian 15-21 tahun. Hal tersebut dapat dibuktikan pada nilai Standar Defiasi tertinggi terdapat pada kelompok dengan tingkat stres tinggi. Oleh sebab itu peneliti menyarankan kepada remaja untuk memahami diri sendiri dan memilih strategi coping yang tepat untuk mengurangi tingkat stres, mengambil makna positif ketika mengalami kegagalan cinta. Abstract As a teenager, there are sex hormones that are already working and functioning, so teenagers already have a sense of attraction to the opposite sex that can foster love for teenagers. However, in fact the feelings of love and falling in love are not always beautiful and colorful, some teenagers actually experience failure in love. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between coping strategies to stress due to love failure in adolescents. This study uses a quantitative approach (Quantitative Research) with a total of 300 respondents research subjects are adolescents aged 15-21 years. While the sample used is Nonprobability Sampling with Voluntary Sampling Techniques. Based on the results of these studies it can be concluded that there is a significant relationship between love failure and stress on the level of coping in adolescents aged 15-21 years. This can be proven at the highest Defiation Standard values found in groups with high stress levels. Therefore, researchers suggest to adolescents to understand themselves and choose the right coping strategy to reduce stress levels, take a positive meaning when experiencing love failure.

This research aims to investigate neurotic disorder and parenting style in Posesif's film. Obsession and manipulation attitudes in adolescent dating indicate unhealthy relationship also the neurotic need for affection. Horney (1937) said neurosis comes from the hatred children who are repressed due to a lack of parental love, thus rising to feel anxiety. Therefore, neurotic adolescents seek to meet their needs through a tendency to moving toward people, moving against people, and moving away people. Baumrind (1971) emphasized parenting style that dominates, indulges, neglects has potential risk to be neurotic individuals who lack social competence and self-control. As for the Islamic view Syeikh Ulwan (2004) stated that parents who are harsh and abusive will worsen children's communication relationships, and leave deep trauma that leads to pathological behavior. The research method used is qualitative with a literature study approach to Posesif's film and novel, then analyzed using psychoanalytic social theory and Islamic view by content analysis techniques. The results of the study found that the main character of Yudhis has a neurotic trend to moving toward people which refers to the need to be loved, accepted, and protected. This situation is caused by hatred due to father's affair and abandonment, also mother's authoritarian parenting which results instrapsychic conflict of self-hatred that had been ingrained since he was a child.

Kleptomania adalah suatu gangguan akibat kegagalan atau ketidakmampuan mengontrol keinginan untuk mengambil (mengutil, mencuri) barang yang seharusnya tidak dibutuhkan atau sebenarnya tidak cukup berharga untuk pengambilnya. Tujuan utama orang dengan kleptomania mengutil adalah perasaan senang, lega dan puas ketika melakukan pengutilan.

Dissociative Identity Disorders (DID) has been thought to occur in individuals with trauma in their early developmental years. Many argue on the reason this happens, having some even question its reality. Although some think DID is a fictional disease, others believe it to be a form of developmental Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, having the alters carry the burden of the toxic memories. The purpose of this literature review is to collect past studies done on DID and evaluating its relationship with PTSD. The analysis will particularly be focused on the symptoms of DID, it’s diagnosis, treatment, and brain imaging. It will compare that of which we know about PTSD to what latest studies have shown about DID. Its result will show that these two disorders although linked by symptoms, diagnosis, and treatments, are not entirely the same. Because of three problematic questions with DID being PTSD in early developmental years, it concludes that those with DID are suffering from both PTSD and BPD.

The task performed is called autorhythmometry, which is the self monitoring of psychological and physiological performance or functions. Obtaining the results in this task provides us with the statistical analysis for biological rhythms. The psychological or physiological rhythms are varying in a day, influenced by internal or external factors.
Biological rhythm is a periodic biological fluctuation in an organism that corresponds to, and is in response to, periodic environmental change (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2013). This internal mechanism that maintains the certain balance among internal factors and external influences is called Biological clock.

The current paper provides an explanation of neurophysiological pain processing based the Dimensional Systems Model (DSM), a theory of higher cortical functions in which the cortical column is considered the binary digit for all cortical functions. Within the discussion, novel views on the roles of the basal ganglia, cerebellum, and cingulate cortex are presented. Additionally, an applied Clinical Biopsychological Model (CBM) based on the DSM will be discussed as related to psychological treatment with chronic pain patients. Three specific areas that have not been adequately addressed in the psychological treatment of chronic pain patients will be discussed based on the CBM. The treatment approaches have been effectively used in a clinical setting. Conclusions focus on a call for researchers and clinicians to fully evaluate the value of both the DSM and CBM.