Bosnian

Abstract: Aliya Izzetbegovic is an important political leader who devotes life to the freedom of his nation. Izzetbegovic produced that ideas about how people can live together in a geography with differences. His ideas and actions guided the future of Bosniaks who were not free because of communist and fascist ideologies in the former Yugoslavia and faced war and genocide. Izzetbegovic tried to reflect the world of thought that built on sincere faith and good actions to the political life. Izzetbegovic’s understanding of politics emerged from the Islamic moral understanding. Izzetbegovic, who did not see Islam as a mere belief, wanted him to reign in all spheres of life. Izzetbegovic has ensured that its people become an independent nation in line with its political perspective based on Islamic faith. Izzetbegovic presented strong political model for the independence of other oppressed nations. However, İzzetbegovic thought that morality was an important value differentiates from animal and gives people personality. The most important distinction between man and animal is to have moral and moral freedom. Izzetbegovic, who regarded freedom as a prerequisite for morality stated independence that totalitarian administrations deprive people. Izzetbegovic ensured the of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina by fighting with her people for freedom, equality, justice and democracy in the face of oppressive totalitarian administrations that gave no rights to society and the individual. So, Izzetbegovic’s understanding of politics is an important alternative to today’s totalitarian, imperialist opportunist and pragmatist politics.
Keywords: Izzetbegovic, Politics, Human, Morality, Justice, Equality, Freedom, Islamic

U ovome se radu analiziraju dosadašnje klasifikacije pridjeva u bosanskom jeziku i predlažu se neke nove klasifikacije. Pokazuje se da su dosadašnje klasifikacije, koje su se uglavnom zasnivale na značenju, nedosljedne, da nisu dovoljno precizne i nisu naročito korisne za opis gramatičkog ponašanja pridjeva. Klasifikacije koje se predlažu u ovom radu zasnivaju se na morfološkim i sintaksičkim osobinama pridjeva.

Riječ je o univerzumu Andrićeve knjige i poruci koju ona u svojoj cijelosti, meni, kao čitatelju i istraživaču, prenosi. Ovaj moj prijedlog trebalo bi shvaćati kao pokušaj relativiziranja patriotskog čitanja te knjige ističući posve drugu dimenziju Adrićeva pisma, koja se meni čini upadljivijom, pa stoga i legitimnijom. U čitanju koje želim ponuditi potrebno je pokušati u muslimanima i pravoslavcima na višegradskom mostu vidjeti prvenstveno pojedince, a ne pripadnike kolektiviteta. Čini se da je takav pokušaj gotovo nemoguć jer smo kao čitatelji s određenim spoznajnim sistemom taoci našeg univerzuma u kojem su podjele na grupe enkodirane u naše znanje. I upravo taj problem, problem relacije kolektiva i pojedinca, želim naglasiti u svojoj analizi Andrićeva pisma.

U toj knjizi jedna od najznačajnijih ‘modernističkih’ preokupacija jest problem pripadanja grupi, a s tim upravo pitanje naglašenog, ali skrivenog iza niza tekstualnih postupaka, egzistencijalnog ja. Stoga me Andrićev čovjek na višegradskom mostu više podsjeća na lik s najpoznatije Munchove slike nego na epske junake, Bošnjake ili Srbe.

It is known that the cultural legacy, traditions and behaviors, the knowledge which has been drawn from experience, historical events in collaborative memories are archived in folk songs which are a part of the oral culture. Therefore one of the functions of the folk songs is to pass down the knowledge from generation to generation. The knowledge about the oral culture in the texts of the folk songs has a place in the collaborative memory. Due to its features, the folk songs have the characteristics of a rhythmic archive and it is possible to achieve folkloric and historical data through folk songs. In this study, the “Türki-i Bana Luka Kal’ası” folk song which includes a part of the Bosnian history has been analyzed as an oral history document and the traces of Turkish history in Bosnia in the framework of this document has been discussed.

The Trebinje nobles Dragančići mark the history of the Trebinje region in the second half of the 14th and the first half of the 15th century. The author completes earlier contours of Mihailo Dinić's approach with new indicators. Dragančići are located in the Trebinje settlements of Poljice and Kremeni Dol, in the southern parts of Travunija on the border with Konavle. Their seniors are Pavlovići, and from 1438, Kosače. They are in the rank of families Ljubibratić, Kobiljačić, Starčić, Krasomirić, Poznanović and Priljubović. With their vassals, they are engaged in cattle breeding, agriculture and trade, and in the 15th century they significantly participated in looting, contextualized by the general action of their seniors Pavlović and Kosač towards the people of Dubrovnik. Thanks to the preserved sources, more detailed observations are dedicated to the Pribatovićs (successors of Pribat Dragančić) and the Usinovićs (successors of Usin Brajanović Dragančić).

From the 19th–20th-century beginnings of modern linguistics, scholars reported on various results of interactions between diverse language speakers; but it was only with Uriel Weinreich's Languages in Contact (1953) that a solid theoretical basis for the systematic study of contact linguistics was elaborated. The present article studies lexical influences from South Slavic on Judezmo (Ladino/Judeo-Spanish) resulting from contact during the 16th–19th centuries between speakers of these two languages in the regions that, between 1918 and 1992, were known jointly as Yugoslavia. During the Ottoman and then Austro-Hungarian periods, borrowings in local Judezmo from South Slavic were relatively few compared with Turkisms. But from the nineteenth century, when the South Slavs gained political independence, Serbo-Croatian exerted an ever-increasing influence on Judezmo in this region. The case of Judezmo there differs considerably from Yiddish in Slavic Eastern Europe throughout the same period, as described by Uriel Weinreich and others.

Pokušali smo u ovoj našoj studiji o Gazi Hasan-paši Bogojeviću, na osnovu
dostupnih izvora i napisane literature, po prvi put iscrpno i potanko
obraditi njegovo porijeklo, biografiju, karijeru, život i djelo, ukazati na
određene greške u pogledu njegove biografije koje su se potkrale kod
izvjesnih pisaca, na jednom mjestu objediniti sve što je do sada napisano
o njemu, te ukratko pojasniti pojam gaziluka u Osmanskom carstvu.
Nadamo se da će ovaj pionirski korak probuditi interesovanje za proučavanje
ličnosti i djela Hasan-paše, te će možda dovesti i do pronalska
novih izvora. Ne bi bilo naodmet kad bi makar jedna ulica u nekom od
naših bosanskih gradova dobila ime po gaziji Hasan-paši.

From the 19th–20th-century beginnings of modern linguistics, scholars reported on various results of interactions between diverse language speakers; but it was only with Uriel Weinreich’s Languages in Contact (1953) that a solid theoretical basis for the systematic study of contact linguistics was elaborated. The present article studies lexical influences from South Slavic on Judezmo (Ladino/Judeo-Spanish) resulting from contact during the 16th–19th centuries between speakers of these two languages in the regions that, between 1918 and 1992, were known jointly as Yugoslavia. During the Ottoman and then Austro-Hungarian periods, borrowings in local Judezmo from South Slavic were relatively few compared with Turkisms. But from the nineteenth century, when the South Slavs gained political independence, Serbo-Croatian exerted an ever-increasing influence on Judezmo in this region. The case of Judezmo there differs considerably from Yiddish in Slavic Eastern Europe throughout the same pe...

Most observers of Bosnia and Herzegovina’s political situation have focused only on the problems that the Dayton Peace Accord created for the normal functioning of this Southeastern European state, but a workable solution is yet to be proposed.

The Accord achieved peace by blocking any ability for effective governing and by diminishing the Bosnian state capacity through an excessive dispersion of power with an uncommon constitutional focus on internationalism, and the wrong type of pluralism that undermines the normal functioning of a democracy. The solution for these problems is to be found by adjusting the procedural selection of the United Nations High Representative, who is the primary actor directly responsible for the implementation of the Accord, both in terms of the letter and intent of the document, and this paper explains how that change can be made and what problems it will resolve.

Relations between Russia and Serbia are closely allied with historical, spiritual, and cultural ties. Of all the great powers, Russia has had the strongest influence on Serbia. This paper will deal with the history of Serbian-Russian relations, starting with 16th century and Ivan the Terrible's interests in Balkans. Since the 18th century, the opinion has emerged that Russia is a protector of Serbia. First, the Serbian Uprising was a great opportunity for Russia's " entry " into the Balkan regions. After the October Revolution, relations tensed since the monarchy was opposed to communism. After World War II, relations improved, but only until 1948 when Tito and Stalin came into the direct conflict that lasted until Stalin's death. The second half of the 20th century was marked by better relations between these two countries.

U tekstu su predstavljene neke značajne činjenice o imperfektu, njegovu čuvanju u savremenom jeziku te o njegovu tretmanu u gramatikama. Zaključak je da imperfekt u bosanskom jeziku još nije sasvim odumro i da bi bilo neopravdano ukloniti ga iz opisa savremenog jezika.

This article focuses on the public writings of Muslim women in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Habsburg period. From the beginning of the twentieth century, several Muslim women, mainly schoolgirls and teachers at Sarajevo’s Muslim Female School, started for the first time to write for Bosnian literary journals, using the Serbo-Croatian language written in Latin or Cyrillic scripts. Before the beginning of World War I, a dozen Muslim women explored different literary genres—the poem, novel, and social commentary essay. In the context of the expectations of a growing Muslim intelligentsia educated in Habsburg schools and of the anxieties of the vast majority of the Muslim population, Muslim women contested late Ottoman gender norms and explored, albeit timidly, new forms of sisterhood, thus making an original contribution to the construction of a Bosnian, post-Ottoman public sphere.

During Mussolini’s fascist regime, the Atlante internazionale del Touring Club Italiano published in Milan (1927-1938) and too in Barcelona (1930-1935), and widely recognised far beyond the borders of Italy, included among its plates two maps of European ethnic groups. The makers of the TCI’s atlas passed on to us a specific approach to determine the kind of collective that ought to be considered an ethnic group. The enigmatic second reprint of the fifth edition (1938) was inexplicably not accompanied by the symbolic features required by the Italian fascist authorities, but, after World War II started, the new version of the “Europa etnografica” map – on a 1:12.000.000 scale –  clearly showed the changes that occurred in the political context.
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On 18 and 19 January 2011 in Sarajevo, a scientific discussion on the topic "Bosnia and Herzegovina – 15 Years of the Dayton Peace Agreement" was held, organized by the Rectorate of the University of Sarajevo. During the discussion 33 papers were submitted and participants held 32 of speeches. The debate set itself the task to discuss and adopt the assessment of the impacts caused by the Dayton peace agreement in Bosnia and Herzegovina upon the life of Bosnian society and the state of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The discussion did not aim at making the specific review and appraisal of the agreement as a document; the discussion was envisioned and managed without considering its historical foundation, the legal merits of their political and moral validity of ways how it had been achieved. Basic facts, suggesting the major problems of this nature, related to the Dayton Peace Agreement, are: that the agreement was imposed, that it was negotiated with the real aggressors against the State and the country of Bosnia and Herzegovina, ad who were: to the presidents of Serbia and Croatia: Slobodan Milošević and Franjo Tuđman, and the agreement was an obvious indicator and confirmation of the war's international character, as expressed in the fact that the war was halted by the international peace agreement, but in the fact that state aggressors received the special rights in the implementation and controlling of the achieved agreement, while the agreement itself was built on the view that it was a civil war instead of aggression against a sovereign and independent state and the UN member. This inconsistency disqualifies this Agreement as an expression of justice, truth in relation to the basic facts about which it was dealing, and in relation to the law as a system of norms governing international relations. The agreement was an expression of power to impose solutions to the weakest side, i.e., the victim of aggression and genocide.

This paper will deal with several instances of reclaiming the past using the example of the use of Iron Age Iapodean stone cinerary urns in Roman times. While only a few examples of this practice/phenomenon are known, the reuse and reinvention of these urns provides at least some insight into strategies of the construction of individual identities through self-presentation in this part of the Roman world.

For this purpose formulation was designed using ethanolic green tea extract and Abil® EM was used as an emulsifier. Formulation was applied to the cheeks of healthy human volunteers (n=) for a period of weeks. Measurements for skin sebum production were ...

This paper analyses the possibility of existence of linking words (junctors) of subordinate interogative clauses (indirect questions). It is shown that subordinate interogative clauses are always included in the structure of the complex sentence asyndetically, without junctors. That opinion is different than usual one, mentioned in the grammatical literature.

U ovom tekstu ukazano je na dva metaforički upotrijebljena izraza koji se odnose na bosanskohercegovačku jezičku situaciju. To su izrazi "trofazni visokonaponski sistem" i Rašomon". Pokazano je u kojoj su mjeri oni prikladno upotrijebljeni u naučnim tekstovima i koliko doprinose pravilnom razumijevanju tih tekstova.