Bullae

Seals can help to identify the unknown aspects a culture. Parthian seals and bullaes not only have played an important role in business in the community, but also they are important to identify the art and culture of this period. Except a few reports about Parthian site and a few works that can be found in collections and museums little has been written with regard to the seals of this period. Therefore, the aim of the present study is the introduction of Parthian seals and Bullae, the designs carved on them and understanding their functional role. The results show that make a distinction between the bullaes and seals of Seleucid and those of Parthian periods is often difficult. Parthian seals are inspired by the traditions of Achaemenid, Greece, Central Asia animals and the local styles. Common motifs of the seals are human bust, winged mythical creatures, full-length human, horseman and deer.

In the course of sifting earth removed from the Temple Mount in Jerusalem, dozens of clay sealings from the First Temple period were recovered. Among them was a sealing bearing the name of the priestly family of Immer. In-depth study of the writing on the sealing, as well as the fabric imprint on its reverse, indicated with a high probability that this sealing was used in the Temple treasury. The article reviews the function and use of sealings in the administration of ancient Near Eastern treasuries and the significance of sealings with a textile imprint on their reverse. The study revealed similar patterns in the finds near the "Royal Building" exposed in the Ophel excavations, and we therefore suggest identifying it with Judah's royal treasury.

Robert Deutsch interprets six bullae from the late Judean Monarchical period. Four of the bullae are aniconic while the other two are iconic depicting Egyptian iconography. The seal impressions are used as “fiscal bullae” in King Hezekiah’s taxation system. They include names of biblical towns heretofore unknown to us from collateral sources. "

New Inscriptions and Seals
Relating to the Biblical World
edited by Meir and Edith Lubetski
Society of Biblical Literature 2012
pp. 59-68
Robert Deutsch interprets six bullae from the late Judean Monarchical period. Four of the bullae are aniconic while the other two are iconic depicting Egyptian iconography. The seal impressions are used as “fiscal bullae” in King Hezekiah’s taxation system. They include names of biblical towns heretofore
unknown to us from collateral sources.

Different ideas have been put forward by the researchers for the functions of the seals made of baked clay, stone and metal. The most common view among these is that particularly beginning from the Early Bronze Age, seals were used for expressions of ownership and registration. Another view is that seals could be stamping tools used on the body or in textile printing. The pottery with seal impressions recovered in excavations is important archaeological evidence demonstrating that the find termed a 'seal' was used also for decorative purposes. A total of 11 stamp seals dated to the Early Bronze Age were recovered from Küllüoba Höyük between the years of 1996 and 2019. It could be observed that the stamp seals uncovered in Küllüoba share many common characteristics with those unearthed in other contemporary settlements in Anatolia. Particularly, the close resemblance of the motifs seen on the stamping surfaces of the seals gives rise to the thought that there was a common sealing tradition in Anatolia in the Early Bronze Age. Towards the end of the Early Bronze Age, an organized trade had developed as a result of the close relations with distant regions. This study aims to examine the seals that have been found in the excavations at Küllüoba Höyük, located in Western Central Anatolia, which lay along a significant trade route and which has provided important data on urbanization and trade in the EBA.

Presented at the annual Society of Biblical Literature conference (San Diego, 2014). Frequently overlooked by scholars is the importance of Jeremiah's uncle's inheritance for informing his new covenant discourses, a covenant Paul adopts and echoes sporadically in 2 Corinthians 1-7. An ancient contract, bullae, and an earthenware vessel for storage seem to inform the apostle's words, as this study shows.

An anthropomorphic bronze vessel was recovered from a cremation burial of the Budaújlak cemet­
ery section of the canabae’s western cemetery by Bécsi Road in Budapest. The other grave goods
from the burial were three light coloured handled jugs, a silver T brooch lacking the pin, a strong­
ly corroded iron belt buckle (?) and bronze fragments that probably came from a small casket.
According to the anthropological examination, the few calcinated bone fragments from the burial
suggest that the deceased had been a “probably adult man”

The article focuses on a Late Roman lead seal found in the area of ancient Altino. The chronology of this object seems to be determinable on the basis of the presence on the obverse of three frontal imperial busts side by side. These iconographic elements are comparable with those present on other late antique artifacts, in particular exagia solidi, some of which are attributed with a good margin of security to the joint reign of Arcadius, Honorius and Theodosius II. The seal is therefore datable between 403 and 408 AD. This is an exceptional finding that testifies to the contacts between Altinum and the imperial court, which according to the Codex Theodosianus stayed in the ancient city several times between 364 and 406 AD.

This small, polished seal sat at the Israel Museum for more than 40 years, and it spent countless years before that as part of a private collection. The great paleographer Nahman Avigad published it in 1964, and he-as well as other scholars since-recognized that the inscription bore a name very similar to Jezebel. But only now, with a better understanding of the iconography and the reconstruction of two crucial letters, can the seal be identified as belonging to the notorious wicked Phoenician queen Jezebel, wife of King Ahab of Israel.

Building on the recommendations of Janssen and colleagues it is herewith proposed that copper-heparin therapy is a potential treatment in the emphysema affected patient (2019). The novelty of the Cu-heparin inhalation approach is that it targets an underlying casual factor of emphysema. A solid basis for successful treatment of lung parenchyma damage, is the combination of external facilitation of elastic tissue repair, along with cessation of exposure to toxic irritants. Administration of the copper-heparin complex via inhalation therapy, would provide a cost-effective and practical non-invasive treatment for emphysema. In contrast to current practice (i.e. lung resection or transplant), this is a highly desirable therapeutic approach.

Het archeologisch bodemonderzoek dat sinds 2010 op het terrein van het voormalige vrouwenklooster Yesse te Haren plaatsvindt, heeft al verheugend veel informatie opgeleverd. Daarover is in dit Jaarboek al meermalen bericht. Ditmaal komt de verrassende ontdekking van een tweetal eminente zegels aan bod. In het voorjaar van 2017 werd een loden zegel (Latijn: bulla) gevonden van paus Gregorius IX (1227-1241) en een jaar later een tweede van diens voorganger Honorius III (1216-1227). Het klooster Yesse werd in 1215-1216 gesticht en deze zegels voeren dus terug naar de eerste kwart eeuw van zijn bestaan.
De brieven die met deze bullae waren bekrachtigd, zijn net als alle andere
schriftelijke stukken van Yesse tot 1245 verloren gegaan. In deze bijdrage van een mediëvist en een archeoloog worden eerst de beide gevonden zegels nader bekeken. Vervolgens wordt nagegaan wat de inhoud kan zijn geweest van de pauselijke brieven waaraan deze bullae bevestigd waren. Bij het inventariseren van de mogelijkheden komt vanzelf het opnemingsproces van Yesse in de cisterciënzer orde in beeld.

Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA) is a chronic autoimmune bullous disease characterized by the presence of IgG and IgM antibodies at
the level of basement membrane. It is rare in humans and animals with an incidence ranging from 0.2 to 0.5 new cases per million and per year.
This dermatological condition is a severe autoimmune disease. Scarring of the extensor surfaces of the extremities, hands and feet are typical;
milia occur frequently; and nails often become thick and dystrophic or are lost. The disorder affects both sexes equally and occurs in all racial
and ethnic groups.

The Seleucid Seals and bullae play a significant role in understanding the administration and social structures of this period. Due to the limitations in the Seleucids sigillographic study, a wide variety of administrative archives of bullae found from important sites such as Qumis, Susa, Babylon, Nippur and Kadesh are waiting for the researchers to deal with the bullae’s various aspects. Apart from the hellenistic style, characteristic of bullae, they generally are bearing the impressions concerning the political and social status of Seleucid officials as well as the bureaucratic economic system of the Seleucid society. It seems that there has been association between the iconography of the seal and its owner’s social or political status. In some cases, the iconography of the seal could have been served to realize either the role of seal owners or his professional status because the privilege of some of iconographic motif of the seals were reserved for a certain class of nobility.

Recent excavations at Kültepe have revealed a unique collection of stamp- and cylinder-seal impressions. In particular, a number of bullae  recovered during recent excavations formed part of the administrative apparatus dating to the formative period of the international trade network. These discoveries provide the first clear evidence of tags attached to goods sent from northern Mesopotamia to Anatolia before the strong commercial links of the Assyrian trading network were established in the second millennium BC. The evidence from Kültepe-Kanesh throws new light on the date, scale and organisation of international trade across the Near East prior to the better-known ‘Assyrian Trading Colonies Period’ of the Middle Bronze Age.
This paper will introduce the preliminary report on the stylistic and iconographic characteristics of these seal impressions in order to identify their precise origin, function and date and also aims to define how these bullae, attached to the goods shipped from the lands south of Anatolia, functioned in the development of this sophisticated interregional exchange.

Bullae are unexpected finds in an archaeological excavation project, especially when the project is centered on a small site seemingly located in the hinterlands and when they are of a tenth century b.c.e. date. Here we present an initial description of six bullae found at Khirbet Summeily in 2012 and 2014 and provide an overview of how bullae were used. The very existence of our bullae suggest a greater political complexity and integration across the transitional Iron I/IIA landscape than has been acknowledged by many recent scholars who tend to dismiss trends toward political complexity occurring prior to the arrival of the Assyrians in the region in the later eighth century b.c.e.

An anthropomorphic bronze vessel was recovered from a cremation burial of the Budaujlak cemetery section of the canabae’s western cemetery by Becsi Road in Budapest. The other grave goods from the burial were three light coloured handled jugs, a silver T brooch lacking the pin, a strongly corroded iron belt buckle (?) and bronze fragments that probably came from a small casket. According to the anthropological examination, the few calcinated bone fragments from the burial suggest that the deceased had been a “probably adult man”.