Издание, подготовленное российскими учёными, представляет собой научную публикацию документов на средненижненемецком языке о взаимоотношениях Великого Новгорода и Ганзы в 1392–1409 гг. (63 документа). Эти источники содержат ценные и мало... more
Издание, подготовленное российскими учёными, представляет собой научную публикацию документов на средненижненемецком языке о взаимоотношениях Великого Новгорода и Ганзы в 1392–1409 гг. (63 документа). Эти источники содержат ценные и мало используемые в отечественной литературе сведения о торговле Новгорода, о его социально-политическом строе, правовой системе и взаимоотношениях с соседями — Псковом, Великими княжествами Московским, Тверским и Литовским, Ливонским отделением Тевтонского ордена. Послания немецкой купеческой общины в Новгороде в ливонские ганзейские города, переписка властей этих городов, орденских властей друг с другом и с властями Новгорода, иные документы публикуются на современном научном уровне, главным образом по оригиналам из архивов Таллина и Риги, и сопровождаются переводом на русский язык и комментариями исторического и лингвистического характера. На сайте издательства: https://nestorbook.ru/ganzeyskie-dokumenty-po-istorii.../...
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В статье на основании текстологического, лингвистического и исторического исследования рассматривается вопрос о значении слова «югорщина» в известии летописей новгородскософийской группы о строительстве в 1365 г. в Новгороде церкви... more
В статье на основании текстологического, лингвистического
и исторического исследования рассматривается вопрос о значении слова «югорщина» в известии летописей новгородскософийской группы о строительстве в 1365 г. в Новгороде церкви
Троицы на Редятине улице. Делается вывод о целесообразности
возвращения к уже высказывавшемуся в XIX в. мнению о том,
что это было обозначение дани или поборов с населения Югры,
а не наименование корпорации «югорцев» (участников похода
на Югру, купеческого объединения и т.д.).
и исторического исследования рассматривается вопрос о значении слова «югорщина» в известии летописей новгородскософийской группы о строительстве в 1365 г. в Новгороде церкви
Троицы на Редятине улице. Делается вывод о целесообразности
возвращения к уже высказывавшемуся в XIX в. мнению о том,
что это было обозначение дани или поборов с населения Югры,
а не наименование корпорации «югорцев» (участников похода
на Югру, купеческого объединения и т.д.).
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The article discusses a praise inscription in the Saviour Church on Nereditsa Hill, built and decorated with frescoes at the end of the 12th c. In the church there is a portrait of the ktetor, Prince Yaroslav Vladimirovich of Novgorod,... more
The article discusses a praise inscription in the Saviour Church on Nereditsa Hill, built and decorated with frescoes at the end of the 12th c. In the church there is a portrait of the ktetor, Prince Yaroslav Vladimirovich of Novgorod, with an inscription praising him, in which he is called «the God-loving prince, the second Vsevolod». The question arises: who was meant by the «first Vsevolod»? Scholars offered two candidates: the Vladimir Prince Vsevolod the Big Nest, whose protégé was Yaroslav, and the Novgorod Prince Vsevolod Mstislavich, driven out of Novgorod in 1136. Vsevolod the Big Nest, as has been shown in previous scholarship, does not fit this role, because at the time of the temple`s painting he was alive, and such exaltation did not comply with the Old Russian traditions. The main argument in favour of the candidacy of Vsevolod Mstislavich is an account of the hagiographic work, written in Pskov on the occasion of the transfer of his relics. However, it turns out to be a late and unreliable text. The author substantiates the idea that by the «first Vsevolod» may have been implied the Prince of Kiev Vsevolod Yaroslavich (1077, 1078–1093), who was the great grandfather of Yaroslav Vladimirovich. In annals there are evidences of veneration of Vsevolod Jaroslavich by his descendants, the eldest of which in the late 1190s was Yaroslav. Besides, it was Vsevolod Yaroslavich who according to some evidence was considered as a donator of the Novgorod liberties at that time. On the other hand, Yaroslav’s father Vladimir Mstislavich and Vsevolod Mstislavich were the sons of the prince of Kiev Mstislav the Great from different marriages, and belonged to the princely clans mostly warring with each other. Both for Yaroslav Vladimirovich and for Novgorodians Vsevolod Yaroslavich was a much more acceptable figure to be praised and to serve as a model for descendants. The article shows that historiography was influenced by late hagiography and modern historians’ perceptions
of the Novgorod «revolution» of 1136, of which Vsevolod Mstislavich was a victim. At the same time real dynastic beliefs of Riurikids in pre-Mongol Rus and the elite surrounding them have turned out to be almost completely forgotten.
В похвальной надписи, являющейся частью ктиторской композиции в церкви Спаса на Нередице под Новгородом, читается такое обращение к новгородскому князю Ярославу Владимировичу-правившему в Новгороде в конце XII в. «свояку» могущественного владимирского князя Всеволода Большое Гнездо: «…о, б[ог]олюбивы княже, вторыи Всеволодь…» (роспись храма датируется 1199 г.) 1. В историографии обсуждался вопрос о том, кто изображен на фреске, хотя ответ на него вполне очевиден, что было показано в исследованиях, прежде всего, Н. В. Пивоваровой и А. С. Преображенского. Это мог быть только ктитор, то есть сам Ярослав Владимирович 2. А вот кто имеется в виду под «первым Всеволодом», не столь ясно. Обычно принимается как данность, что под ним понимается могущественный владимирский князь Всеволод Большое Гнездо, чьим «свояком» и ставленником был Ярослав Владимирович. Эта интерпретация представлена и в фундаментальном труде Н. В. Пивоваровой о росписях Спаса Нередицы 3. Однако она была вполне обоснованно отвергнута А. А. Гиппиусом на основании того совершенно очевидного обстоятельства, что к моменту создания композиции Всеволод Юрьевич был еще жив-не говоря об отсутствии параллелей, подобное заявление со стороны «свояка» не могло рассматриваться иначе как покушение на статус могущественного старшего свойственника.
of the Novgorod «revolution» of 1136, of which Vsevolod Mstislavich was a victim. At the same time real dynastic beliefs of Riurikids in pre-Mongol Rus and the elite surrounding them have turned out to be almost completely forgotten.
В похвальной надписи, являющейся частью ктиторской композиции в церкви Спаса на Нередице под Новгородом, читается такое обращение к новгородскому князю Ярославу Владимировичу-правившему в Новгороде в конце XII в. «свояку» могущественного владимирского князя Всеволода Большое Гнездо: «…о, б[ог]олюбивы княже, вторыи Всеволодь…» (роспись храма датируется 1199 г.) 1. В историографии обсуждался вопрос о том, кто изображен на фреске, хотя ответ на него вполне очевиден, что было показано в исследованиях, прежде всего, Н. В. Пивоваровой и А. С. Преображенского. Это мог быть только ктитор, то есть сам Ярослав Владимирович 2. А вот кто имеется в виду под «первым Всеволодом», не столь ясно. Обычно принимается как данность, что под ним понимается могущественный владимирский князь Всеволод Большое Гнездо, чьим «свояком» и ставленником был Ярослав Владимирович. Эта интерпретация представлена и в фундаментальном труде Н. В. Пивоваровой о росписях Спаса Нередицы 3. Однако она была вполне обоснованно отвергнута А. А. Гиппиусом на основании того совершенно очевидного обстоятельства, что к моменту создания композиции Всеволод Юрьевич был еще жив-не говоря об отсутствии параллелей, подобное заявление со стороны «свояка» не могло рассматриваться иначе как покушение на статус могущественного старшего свойственника.
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The article focuses on certain aspects of the social history of Novgorod in the 13th – 15th centuries and deals with an issue that has not received much attention until now: the status of transport personnel taking part in the trade with... more
The article focuses on certain aspects of the social history of Novgorod in the 13th – 15th centuries and deals with an issue
that has not received much attention until now: the status of transport personnel taking part in the trade with the Hanse
(boatmen, carters and loaders). Since the latter are hardly mentioned in Russian sources, evidence can be taken only
from Hanseatic documents written in Latin and Middle Low German. The author argues that transport personnel were
a significant part of the lower stratum of the Novgorod’s political community – “black people”, had their own corporate
structures and were under control and protection of the Novgorod authorities.
that has not received much attention until now: the status of transport personnel taking part in the trade with the Hanse
(boatmen, carters and loaders). Since the latter are hardly mentioned in Russian sources, evidence can be taken only
from Hanseatic documents written in Latin and Middle Low German. The author argues that transport personnel were
a significant part of the lower stratum of the Novgorod’s political community – “black people”, had their own corporate
structures and were under control and protection of the Novgorod authorities.
Research Interests:
The article is dedicated to the comparison of accounts of Russian chronicles of the pre-Mongol time and episodes from the West-European chivalric epic. Two parallel plots are examined, in which the author sees certain similarities.... more
The article is dedicated to the comparison of accounts of Russian chronicles of
the pre-Mongol time and episodes from the West-European chivalric epic. Two parallel
plots are examined, in which the author sees certain similarities. First, an account of
the Novgorod First Chronicle on the confl ict in Novgorod in 1015, in the course of
which some noble Novgorodians were killed on the order of Prince Yaroslav, and an
episode from the Song of Roland which refers to an attempt of barons of Charlemagne to intercede for the traitor Ganelon. It is concluded that both stories are based on similar ideas. Both the words of Yaroslav in the chronicle and those of the barons in the Song of Roland point, fi rst of all, not to the promise of real reward, but to the mediaeval warrior ethic, according to which real living soldiers were more important than regrets about losses. If losses nevertheless occurred, they still cannot be fully compensated by money, treasure, or property. Second, the author compares a fragment from the Hypatian Chronicle on Prince Igor’s campaign against the Polovtsians with some scenes from Thomas Malory’s Le Morte D’Arthur. It turns out that they present a similar arrogant attitude of a part of the military elite (prince’s retinue, knights) towards ordinary infantrymen.
the pre-Mongol time and episodes from the West-European chivalric epic. Two parallel
plots are examined, in which the author sees certain similarities. First, an account of
the Novgorod First Chronicle on the confl ict in Novgorod in 1015, in the course of
which some noble Novgorodians were killed on the order of Prince Yaroslav, and an
episode from the Song of Roland which refers to an attempt of barons of Charlemagne to intercede for the traitor Ganelon. It is concluded that both stories are based on similar ideas. Both the words of Yaroslav in the chronicle and those of the barons in the Song of Roland point, fi rst of all, not to the promise of real reward, but to the mediaeval warrior ethic, according to which real living soldiers were more important than regrets about losses. If losses nevertheless occurred, they still cannot be fully compensated by money, treasure, or property. Second, the author compares a fragment from the Hypatian Chronicle on Prince Igor’s campaign against the Polovtsians with some scenes from Thomas Malory’s Le Morte D’Arthur. It turns out that they present a similar arrogant attitude of a part of the military elite (prince’s retinue, knights) towards ordinary infantrymen.
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Статья посвящена упоминанию загадочного «забожничьего» в известии Новгородской первой летописи под 6736 (1228) г. Обе предлагавшиеся в историографии концепции, трактующие это слово (социально-правовая и религиозная) не выглядят вполне... more
Статья посвящена упоминанию загадочного «забожничьего» в известии
Новгородской первой летописи под 6736 (1228) г. Обе предлагавшиеся
в историографии концепции, трактующие это слово (социально-правовая и религиозная) не выглядят вполне убедительными. Автор предлагает свою интерпретацию, основанную на максимально возможном
учете исторических и лингвистических данных, и приходит к выводу,
что слово «забожничье», скорее всего, происходит от слова «божница»
(храм), что было предложено еще Н.М. Карамзиным в начале XIX в.,
и означает судебное заседание у церкви во главе с княжеским судьей.
Такие судебные заседания могли происходить в погостах — локальных
центрах новгородской сельской периферии.
The article is devoted to the mention of the enigmatic «zabozhnich’e»
in the account of 6736 (1228) AD in the Novgorod First Chronicle. Two
theories explaining the word (the legal one and the religious one) are both
far from being convincing. The author puts forward his own interpretation
based on historical as well as linguistic data and comes to the following
conclusion: «zabozhnich’e» most likely derives from the word «bozhnitsa»
(a church) which was hypothesized by Nikolai M. Karamzin as early as in
the beginning of the 19th century, and means a court hearing chaired by the
prince’s judge near a church. Such court hearings might have taken place in
pogosty — territorial units of the Novgorod agrarian hinterland.
Новгородской первой летописи под 6736 (1228) г. Обе предлагавшиеся
в историографии концепции, трактующие это слово (социально-правовая и религиозная) не выглядят вполне убедительными. Автор предлагает свою интерпретацию, основанную на максимально возможном
учете исторических и лингвистических данных, и приходит к выводу,
что слово «забожничье», скорее всего, происходит от слова «божница»
(храм), что было предложено еще Н.М. Карамзиным в начале XIX в.,
и означает судебное заседание у церкви во главе с княжеским судьей.
Такие судебные заседания могли происходить в погостах — локальных
центрах новгородской сельской периферии.
The article is devoted to the mention of the enigmatic «zabozhnich’e»
in the account of 6736 (1228) AD in the Novgorod First Chronicle. Two
theories explaining the word (the legal one and the religious one) are both
far from being convincing. The author puts forward his own interpretation
based on historical as well as linguistic data and comes to the following
conclusion: «zabozhnich’e» most likely derives from the word «bozhnitsa»
(a church) which was hypothesized by Nikolai M. Karamzin as early as in
the beginning of the 19th century, and means a court hearing chaired by the
prince’s judge near a church. Such court hearings might have taken place in
pogosty — territorial units of the Novgorod agrarian hinterland.
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Relationship between Novgorodians and Hanseatic merchants in the twelfth–fifteenth centuries present a striking example of long-term and ongoing interaction between communities differing in ethnicity, culture and Christian denominations... more
Relationship between Novgorodians and Hanseatic merchants in the twelfth–fifteenth centuries present a striking example of long-term and ongoing interaction between communities differing in ethnicity, culture and Christian denominations in Northern Europe. There is a unique corpus of sources allowing to study contacts between them—numerous documents dating mostly from the fourteenth to fifteenth centuries, written in Middle Low German, related to the activities of the Hanseatic Kontor in Novgorod. Some very important evidence can also be found in Novgorodian sources: chronicles, hagiographical texts, laws and charters. The following issues are addressed in the chapter: the infra-structure of hospitality in Novgorod (first of all, history of the main residences of the Hanseatic merchants in Novgorod—the so-called “trading yards”); legal aspects and rhetoric of hospitality and hostility towards the guests and securitization of both hosts and guests; everyday practices of hospitality and hostility in Novgorod towards German merchants. The author comes to the conclusion that the “Black Legend” widespread in the mainstream scholarship in the nineteenth and in the first half of the twentieth centuries which assumed that relations between Novgorodians and German merchants had been almost exclusively hostile and based upon mutual distrust has to be revised. Novgorod was able to shape a variety of notions and practices, which allowed, despite conflicts, to efficiently keep contact with the numerous German merchant community for centuries.
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An Old Russian missive written in March 1425 by the authorities of the city of Reval (modern Tallinn in Estonia) to Novgorod, concerning the arrest and captivity of Reval merchants, is published for the first time, accompanied by... more
An Old Russian missive written in March 1425 by the authorities of the city of Reval (modern Tallinn in Estonia) to Novgorod, concerning the arrest and captivity of Reval merchants, is published for the first time, accompanied by historical and linguistic commentary. Alongside with it, a parallel Middle Low German version of the same document is published in full accordance with the original manuscript, retaining all relevant linguistic detail. The German text is shown to be primary to the Russian one, and the deviations in the Russian translation are analysed against a background of differences in the political vocabularies in Novgorod and the Hanseatic cities. Linguistic analysis also proves that the translator was not a native Russian, and that his linguistic skill was not acquired in Novgorod, but rather somewhere in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. This explains the heterogeneous character of his language, combining features of Novgorodian dialect with Ruthenian. The published document contains historical evidence of high importance, concerning such issues as the prominent role the archbishop of Novgorod played in the political life, and the cult of Saint Sophia (Holy Wisdom).
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The article is devoted to a study of Novgorodian social terms mentioned in the Opasnaia Gramota, a charter which secured the inviolability of ambassadors during their stays abroad; the charter dates from 1472. There are two extant copies... more
The article is devoted to a study of Novgorodian social terms mentioned in the Opasnaia Gramota, a charter which secured the inviolability of ambassadors during their stays abroad; the charter dates from 1472. There are two extant copies of this document: the original, written in Old Russian, and the contemporary Middle Low German translation. The Old Russian version was published by Anna L. Khoroshkevich in 1966. Now an edition of the Middle Low German translation is being prepared in Germany. By comparing two versions of the same text written in two different languages, one is able to draw some conclusions about the meaning of social terms mentioned in the charter. References to ‘well-to-do people’ (zhitii liudi), ‘merchants’ (kuptsy), and ‘black people’ (chernye liudi) are of particular interest. Zhitii liudi are called ‘well-to-do merchants’ (wolmagenden copluden) in the Middle Low German translation. Relying on this fact (along with other data), one can assume that at least in ...
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The article analyzes post-Soviet economic policy in the light of the previous periods of the Russian economic history. The authors find a striking similarity between the measures proposed by modern Russian economic liberals – as well as... more
The article analyzes post-Soviet economic policy in the light of the previous periods of the Russian economic history. The authors find a striking similarity between the measures proposed by modern Russian economic liberals – as well as their consequences – and the actions taken by the Russian authorities during much earlier periods. They explain these similarities with the fact that “Western” terms can mean something very different in the context of a non-Western culture, phenomena and institutions with the same names in different types of societies can differ fundamentally and perform different functions. Furthermore, “Westernization” can be a purely superficial process intended more for show than for substance.By applying the methodology of substantivism which stresses the fundamental differences between economies based on gifts (reciprocity), redistribution, and exchange (market), they argue that Russia’s economy differs significantly from that of the countries of Western Europe...
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Page 1. Cahiers du monde russe Numéro 46/1-2 (2005) La Russie vers 1550 ..... ...
The article focuses on the political prerogatives of archbishops of Novgorod-the-Great in the 14-15th centuries. The study is based on Hanseatic sources written in Middle Low German which have been often neglected in research. The main... more
The article focuses on the political prerogatives of archbishops of Novgorod-the-Great in the 14-15th centuries. The study is based on Hanseatic sources written in Middle Low German which have been often neglected in research. The main conclusions are the following. Archbishops were in fact one of the highest magistrates of the Novgorod Republic, enjoying specific and exclusive prerogatives one of the most distinctive among them being the so called ‘pechalovanie’ (intercession). However, one should not consider them as ‘heads of state’ as some scholars have recently claimed. Archbishops were able to carry on their functions only with the consent of other magistrates and first of all – of ‘all Novgorod the Great’, that is Novgorodians enjoying full rights. Three most important documents containing valuable data on archbishops’ political role with translations into Russian are published as an annex to the article.
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В центре внимания в статье находится спорная проблема так называемых «старых посадников» в Новгороде Великом. Они появляются в источниках начиная с 1420-х гг., но до сих пор не вполне ясно, кем они были. Существуют две концепции на этот... more
В центре внимания в статье находится спорная проблема так называемых «старых посадников» в Новгороде Великом. Они появляются в источниках начиная с 1420-х гг., но до сих пор не вполне ясно, кем они были. Существуют две концепции на этот счёт. В историографии XIX-начала XX века они обычно рассматривались как «бывшие посадники», сохранявшие после своего ухода с должности определённое политическое влияние. В.Л.Янин предположил, что «старые посадники» были на самом деле старшими, т.е. главными, посадниками-по сравнению с другими посадниками, численность которых постепенно увеличивалась в XV веке. Анализ одного ганзейского документа показывает, что, с одной стороны, «старые посадники», скорее всего, были бывшими посадниками, с другой стороны,-что появление этого выражения в 20-е годы XV века свидетельствует об усилении кланово-олигархических тенденций в Новгороде XV века. Ключевые слова: Новгород Великий, посадники, ганзейские источники, боярская аристократия.
The paper aims to
address the controversial issue of the old posadniki (burgomasters) in Novgorod the Great. They appear in sources since the 1420s but
it is still unclear who they were. There are two theories on them. Scholarship of the 19th ― early 20th centuries usually saw them as
retired magistrates playing some role in politics even after retirement. V.L.Yanin put forward the idea that the “old posadniki” were in fact
chief posadniks ― among other posadniks whose number was gradually increasing in the 15th century. Analysis of a Hanseatic
document shows that on the one hand the “old posadniki” were most likely retired magistrates, on the other hand, that emergence of
such term in the 1420s testify to strengthening of aristocratic clans and oligarchy in the 15th century Novgorod.
The paper aims to
address the controversial issue of the old posadniki (burgomasters) in Novgorod the Great. They appear in sources since the 1420s but
it is still unclear who they were. There are two theories on them. Scholarship of the 19th ― early 20th centuries usually saw them as
retired magistrates playing some role in politics even after retirement. V.L.Yanin put forward the idea that the “old posadniki” were in fact
chief posadniks ― among other posadniks whose number was gradually increasing in the 15th century. Analysis of a Hanseatic
document shows that on the one hand the “old posadniki” were most likely retired magistrates, on the other hand, that emergence of
such term in the 1420s testify to strengthening of aristocratic clans and oligarchy in the 15th century Novgorod.
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Статья посвящена сравнительно-историческому анализу преданий о предыстории Новгородской и Венецианской республик. Задачей автора является анализ представлений о легендарных «отцах-основателях» республик: Гостомысле, согласно легенде,... more
Статья посвящена сравнительно-историческому анализу преданий о предыстории Новгородской и Венецианской республик.
Задачей автора является анализ представлений о легендарных «отцах-основателях» республик: Гостомысле, согласно
легенде, первом новгородском посаднике, и Паолуччо Анафесто, согласно преданию, первом венецианском доже. В отличие
от Венеции, в Новгороде миф о первом выборном правителе не получил развития, а представления о вольностях, которые
были дарованы Новгороду русскими князьями-Рюриковичами, стали более популярными. Это обстоятельство, по-видимому,
оказало влияние на эволюцию политической системы Новгородской республики и в итоге усилило в идеологическом отношении промосковскую партию.
The article is devoted to the comparative analysis of the legends on the origins of Novgorod and Venetian republics. The author focuses on
the images of the legendary ‘founding fathers’: Gostomysl, the first posadnik (burgomaster) of Novgorod, and Paolo Lucio Anafesto, the
first Doge of Venice. Unlike in Venice, in Novgorod a myth on the first elected ruler did not develop, while ideas of the liberties granted
by the princes-Rurikids became much more popular. It may have influenced political evolution of Novgorod and eventually strengthened
ideologically the pro-Moscow party.
Задачей автора является анализ представлений о легендарных «отцах-основателях» республик: Гостомысле, согласно
легенде, первом новгородском посаднике, и Паолуччо Анафесто, согласно преданию, первом венецианском доже. В отличие
от Венеции, в Новгороде миф о первом выборном правителе не получил развития, а представления о вольностях, которые
были дарованы Новгороду русскими князьями-Рюриковичами, стали более популярными. Это обстоятельство, по-видимому,
оказало влияние на эволюцию политической системы Новгородской республики и в итоге усилило в идеологическом отношении промосковскую партию.
The article is devoted to the comparative analysis of the legends on the origins of Novgorod and Venetian republics. The author focuses on
the images of the legendary ‘founding fathers’: Gostomysl, the first posadnik (burgomaster) of Novgorod, and Paolo Lucio Anafesto, the
first Doge of Venice. Unlike in Venice, in Novgorod a myth on the first elected ruler did not develop, while ideas of the liberties granted
by the princes-Rurikids became much more popular. It may have influenced political evolution of Novgorod and eventually strengthened
ideologically the pro-Moscow party.
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The aim of the paper is to examine the concept that was crucial for the Novgorod’s political identity in the time of independence — ‘Novgorod the Great’ (Veliky Novgorod). The author takes into account not only mentions of this phrase in... more
The aim of the paper is to examine the concept that was crucial for the Novgorod’s
political identity in the time of independence — ‘Novgorod the Great’ (Veliky
Novgorod). The author takes into account not only mentions of this phrase in
Novgorodian medieval documents and narratives, but also considerable and
highly important evidence originating from other Russian lands and abroad
(Hanseatic and Lithuanian documents written in Middle Low German and
Latin). A review of the relevant publications shows that, at present, the issue
still remains a controversial one. The author comes to the following conclusions.
In Hanseatic documents, written in Middle Low German, ‘Novgorod the Great’
was already being mentioned since at least 1330s, which is more than sixty years
earlier than is considered in the current conventional view. For the first time
‘Novgorod the Great’ is mentioned not in a Novgorodian text but in a Kievan
one — in the account from the Hypatian Chronicle of 1141. In the second half
of the 12th century it appeared in the principality of Vladimir-Suzdal, and
only much later was adopted by Novgorodians themselves. While in Southern
and North-East Rus’ ‘Novgorod the Great’ was initially used to distinguish
Novgorod on the Volkhov River from local and smaller Novgorods (NovgorodSeversky and Nizhny Novgorod), Novgorodians employed it to glorify their
polity. In this case it could stand for three different things: the city of Novgorod,
the whole polity (Novgorod republic), and ‘the political people’ of Novgorod, i.e.
those of the Novgorodians who enjoyed full citizenship rights.
political identity in the time of independence — ‘Novgorod the Great’ (Veliky
Novgorod). The author takes into account not only mentions of this phrase in
Novgorodian medieval documents and narratives, but also considerable and
highly important evidence originating from other Russian lands and abroad
(Hanseatic and Lithuanian documents written in Middle Low German and
Latin). A review of the relevant publications shows that, at present, the issue
still remains a controversial one. The author comes to the following conclusions.
In Hanseatic documents, written in Middle Low German, ‘Novgorod the Great’
was already being mentioned since at least 1330s, which is more than sixty years
earlier than is considered in the current conventional view. For the first time
‘Novgorod the Great’ is mentioned not in a Novgorodian text but in a Kievan
one — in the account from the Hypatian Chronicle of 1141. In the second half
of the 12th century it appeared in the principality of Vladimir-Suzdal, and
only much later was adopted by Novgorodians themselves. While in Southern
and North-East Rus’ ‘Novgorod the Great’ was initially used to distinguish
Novgorod on the Volkhov River from local and smaller Novgorods (NovgorodSeversky and Nizhny Novgorod), Novgorodians employed it to glorify their
polity. In this case it could stand for three different things: the city of Novgorod,
the whole polity (Novgorod republic), and ‘the political people’ of Novgorod, i.e.
those of the Novgorodians who enjoyed full citizenship rights.
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The author makes an attempt at comparative study of assemblies of two medieval polities: Novgorod and pre-communal Venice (veche and arengo, respectively). In this article the first part of the study is presented which deals with qiute a... more
The author makes an attempt at comparative study of assemblies of two medieval polities: Novgorod and pre-communal
Venice (veche and arengo, respectively). In this article the first part of the study is presented which deals with qiute a huge
role played by assemblies in both Novgorod and pre-communal Venice. One of the main conсlusions is that those gatherings
despite being arenas for more or less mass participation in politics at the same time constantly created instability.
Keywords: Novgorod, Venice, veche, arengo, comparative approach
Автор предпринимает попытку сравнительного изучения «народных собраний» Новгорода и докоммунальной Венеции (вече и аренго соответственно). Статья представляет собой первую часть исследования и посвящена характеристике той большой роли, которую играли «народные собрания» как в Новгороде, так и в докоммунальной Венеции. Один из главных выводов статьи состоит в том, что, несмотря на то что эти собрания были аренами для довольно массового участия населения в политической жизни, в то же время они постоянно порождали нестабильность. Ключевые слова: Новгород, Венеция, вече, аренго, сравнительно-исторический метод
Venice (veche and arengo, respectively). In this article the first part of the study is presented which deals with qiute a huge
role played by assemblies in both Novgorod and pre-communal Venice. One of the main conсlusions is that those gatherings
despite being arenas for more or less mass participation in politics at the same time constantly created instability.
Keywords: Novgorod, Venice, veche, arengo, comparative approach
Автор предпринимает попытку сравнительного изучения «народных собраний» Новгорода и докоммунальной Венеции (вече и аренго соответственно). Статья представляет собой первую часть исследования и посвящена характеристике той большой роли, которую играли «народные собрания» как в Новгороде, так и в докоммунальной Венеции. Один из главных выводов статьи состоит в том, что, несмотря на то что эти собрания были аренами для довольно массового участия населения в политической жизни, в то же время они постоянно порождали нестабильность. Ключевые слова: Новгород, Венеция, вече, аренго, сравнительно-исторический метод
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in: Восточная Европа в древности и средневековье. Автор и его источник: восприятие, отношение, интерпретация. XXX Юбилейные Чтения памяти чл.-корр. АН СССР В.Т.Пашуто. 17-20 апреля 2018 г. Материалы конференции. М., 2018. С. 189-195.
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Published in: Русь эпохи Владимира Великого: государство, церковь, культура: материалы Международной научной конференции в память тысячелетия кончины святого равноапостольного князя Владимира и мученического подвига святых князей Бориса и... more
Published in: Русь эпохи Владимира Великого: государство, церковь, культура: материалы Международной научной конференции в память тысячелетия кончины святого равноапостольного князя Владимира и мученического подвига святых князей Бориса и Глеба, Москва, 14–16 октября 2015 г. / Рос. Акад. наук, Ин-т рос. истории, Ин-т археологии, Ин-т всеобщ. истории, Науч. совет «Роль религий в истории»; отв. ред. Н.А. Макаров, А. В. Назаренко. – Москва; Вологда, 2017.
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Данная статья посвящена сравнению отражению в нарративных и документальных источниках некоторых аспектов политических систем и политических представлений в средневековой Новгородской республике и итальянских городах-государствах (прежде... more
Данная статья посвящена сравнению отражению в нарративных и документальных источниках некоторых аспектов политических систем и политических представлений в средневековой Новгородской республике и итальянских городах-государствах (прежде всего, Венеции). Статья состоит из трёх основных частей, в который анализируется соответственно: возникновение и эволюция «коммунальных» структур; мифы о происхождении городских свобод в Новгороде и Венеции, представления о «политическом народе» (т.е. о тех лицах, которые имели право участвовать в политической жизни), которые сформировались как в Венеции, так и в Новгороде. Автор приходит к выводу о том, что стереотип об «отсталом» Новгороде и «передовых» итальянских коммунах не имеет познавательной ценности для изучения русских средневековых республик. Напротив, в этом смысле может быть плодотворным их сопоставление с итальянскими городами-государствами докоммунальной и раннекоммунальной эпох.
The present paper is devoted to the comparison of some aspects of the political systems and beliefs in medieval Novgorod Republic and Italian city-states (first of all, Venice) as reflected in chronicles and documents. The article consists of three main parts analyzing respectively the emergence and evolution of the ‘communal’ structures; legends on the origins of urban liberties in Novgorod and Venice; the notions of the ‘political people’ (i.e. of those townsmen who were considered to have rights to participate in politics) which evolved both in Venice and Novgorod. The author comes to the conclusion that the stereotype of ‘backward’ Novgorod and ‘advanced’ Italian communes is not of great value for the study of medieval Russian republics. Instead, they may be compared to ‘autochthonous’ Italian city-states of pre-communal and early communal periods.
The present paper is devoted to the comparison of some aspects of the political systems and beliefs in medieval Novgorod Republic and Italian city-states (first of all, Venice) as reflected in chronicles and documents. The article consists of three main parts analyzing respectively the emergence and evolution of the ‘communal’ structures; legends on the origins of urban liberties in Novgorod and Venice; the notions of the ‘political people’ (i.e. of those townsmen who were considered to have rights to participate in politics) which evolved both in Venice and Novgorod. The author comes to the conclusion that the stereotype of ‘backward’ Novgorod and ‘advanced’ Italian communes is not of great value for the study of medieval Russian republics. Instead, they may be compared to ‘autochthonous’ Italian city-states of pre-communal and early communal periods.
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The paper focuses on the letter of the Livonian master of 1417. It tells inter alia about preparations in Novgorod for the war against the Order. To inform Novgorodians heralds were sent to “streets and lanes”. One can find a similar... more
The paper focuses on the letter of the Livonian master of 1417. It tells inter alia about preparations in Novgorod for the
war against the Order. To inform Novgorodians heralds were sent to “streets and lanes”. One can find a similar account
in the entry of the Hypatian chronicle for 1148/49 in the narration on how Novgorodians took a decision to participate
in a war against Prince Yuri the Long-Armed. The juxtaposition of accounts, firstly, establishes reliability of the chronicle account, secondly, shows how mobilization of the Novgorodian militia could have been carried out.
war against the Order. To inform Novgorodians heralds were sent to “streets and lanes”. One can find a similar account
in the entry of the Hypatian chronicle for 1148/49 in the narration on how Novgorodians took a decision to participate
in a war against Prince Yuri the Long-Armed. The juxtaposition of accounts, firstly, establishes reliability of the chronicle account, secondly, shows how mobilization of the Novgorodian militia could have been carried out.
Research Interests: Military History, Russian Studies, Medieval History, Medieval Studies, Russian History, and 11 moreOld Rus', Teutonic Knights, Novgorod the Great, Medieval Livonia, Novgorod, Pskov, Russian regions, Teutonic Order, Old Russian Chronicles, Old Rus, History of Livonia, Medieval Novgorod, and Livonian Order
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The article is devoted to a study of Novgorodian social terms mentioned in the Opasnaia Gramota, a charter which secured the inviolability of ambassadors during their stays abroad; the charter dates from 1472. There are two extant... more
The article is devoted to a study of Novgorodian social terms mentioned in the
Opasnaia Gramota, a charter which secured the inviolability of ambassadors during
their stays abroad; the charter dates from 1472. There are two extant copies of this
document: the original, written in Old Russian, and the contemporary Middle Low
German translation. The Old Russian version was published by Anna L. Khoroshkevich
in 1966. Now an edition of the Middle Low German translation is being
prepared in Germany. By comparing two versions of the same text written in two
different languages, one is able to draw some conclusions about the meaning of
social terms mentioned in the charter. References to ‘well-to-do people’ (zhitii liudi),
‘merchants’ (kuptsy), and ‘black people’ (chernye liudi) are of particular interest. Zhitii
liudi are called ‘well-to-do merchants’ (wolmagenden copluden) in the Middle Low
German translation. Relying on this fact (along with other data), one can assume
that at least in the 1470s, zhitii liudi may have been simultaneously merchants and
landowners. In other words, one can imagine that all zhitii were merchants but not
all merchants were zhitii. The charter shows also that the expression chernye liudi (in
the Middle Low German translation: de gemene lude) in 15th-century Novgorod stood
for the bulk of the common (but free) townsmen, and not for a particular group of
the population that did not possess full rights. Finally, the Middle Low German
translation of the charter clearly indicates that its author considered ‘merchants’
and ‘merchants’ children’ to have been either synonyms or similar terms without
any significant difference apart from some minor negligible nuances. He translates
both with the same expression, coplude kinderen, and distinguishes them from
‘merchants’ elders’ (oldesten kopluden).
Opasnaia Gramota, a charter which secured the inviolability of ambassadors during
their stays abroad; the charter dates from 1472. There are two extant copies of this
document: the original, written in Old Russian, and the contemporary Middle Low
German translation. The Old Russian version was published by Anna L. Khoroshkevich
in 1966. Now an edition of the Middle Low German translation is being
prepared in Germany. By comparing two versions of the same text written in two
different languages, one is able to draw some conclusions about the meaning of
social terms mentioned in the charter. References to ‘well-to-do people’ (zhitii liudi),
‘merchants’ (kuptsy), and ‘black people’ (chernye liudi) are of particular interest. Zhitii
liudi are called ‘well-to-do merchants’ (wolmagenden copluden) in the Middle Low
German translation. Relying on this fact (along with other data), one can assume
that at least in the 1470s, zhitii liudi may have been simultaneously merchants and
landowners. In other words, one can imagine that all zhitii were merchants but not
all merchants were zhitii. The charter shows also that the expression chernye liudi (in
the Middle Low German translation: de gemene lude) in 15th-century Novgorod stood
for the bulk of the common (but free) townsmen, and not for a particular group of
the population that did not possess full rights. Finally, the Middle Low German
translation of the charter clearly indicates that its author considered ‘merchants’
and ‘merchants’ children’ to have been either synonyms or similar terms without
any significant difference apart from some minor negligible nuances. He translates
both with the same expression, coplude kinderen, and distinguishes them from
‘merchants’ elders’ (oldesten kopluden).
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The article is a study of the two collective political bodies of medieval Novgorod – the veche (popular assembly) and the so called “Council of Lords.” The basis of research is mostly the Hanseatic documents in Middle Low German and Latin... more
The article is a study of the two collective political bodies of medieval Novgorod – the veche (popular assembly) and the so called “Council of Lords.” The basis of research is mostly the Hanseatic documents in Middle Low German and Latin which have been underestimated until now.
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О книге П.С. Стефановича "Бояре, отроки, дружины. М.: Индрик, 2012".
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Статья посвящена исследованию ряда важнейших аспектов истории новгородского веча XI-XV вв. С привлечением мало- или почти не привлекавшихся для изучения проблемы ганзейских документов на средненижненемецком языке рассматриваются... more
Статья посвящена исследованию ряда важнейших аспектов истории новгородского веча XI-XV вв. С привлечением мало- или почти не привлекавшихся для изучения проблемы ганзейских документов на средненижненемецком языке рассматриваются количество участников веча, способ принятия решений на вече, сущность веча как политического института
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The article is about the political terminology in Old Russian narrative on the Siege of Constantinople by the crusadres in 1204. The attention is mainly paid to the notion "чернь" (literally, "black people"=common people) which is... more
The article is about the political terminology in Old Russian narrative on the Siege of Constantinople by the crusadres in 1204. The attention is mainly paid to the notion "чернь" (literally, "black people"=common people) which is carefully studied through the comparative analysis of its analogies in Greek and Latin descriptions of the 4th Crusade.
Research Interests: Russian Studies, Medieval History, Medieval Studies, Crusades, Eurasian Nomads, and 19 moreByzantine Studies, History of Crusades, Byzantine History, Russian History, Old Rus', Medieval Balkans, Byzantium, Byzantine historiography, Medieval Chronicles, Novgorod the Great, Crusaders, Fourth Crusade, Kievan Rus', Old Russian Chronicles, Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, Crusades History, Slavic Languages and Literatures, Early medieval Bulgaria, and Byzantine history and archaeology
Статья посвящена сопоставлению рассказов об истреблении варягов новгородцами в 1015 г., расправе князя Ярослава с новгородцами и последующем примирении в Новгородской первой летописи младшего извода и Повести временных лет.... more
Статья посвящена сопоставлению рассказов об истреблении варягов новгородцами в 1015 г., расправе князя Ярослава с новгородцами и последующем примирении в Новгородской первой летописи младшего извода и Повести временных лет. Устанавливаются текстологические взаимоотношения летописных версий, определяется более ранний и достоверный текст, предпринимается попытка реконструкции событий. В качестве критериев оценки используются как текстуальные показатели (например, наличие позднейших вставок), так и исторические.
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Reflecting debate around hospitality and the Baltic Sea region, this open access book taps into wider discussions about reception, securitization and xenophobic attitudes towards migrants and strangers. Focusing on coastal and urban... more
Reflecting debate around hospitality and the Baltic Sea region, this open access book taps into wider discussions about reception, securitization and xenophobic attitudes towards migrants and strangers. Focusing on coastal and urban areas, the collection presents an overview of the responses of host communities to guests and strangers in the countries surrounding the Baltic Sea, from the early eleventh century to the twentieth. The chapters investigate why and how diverse categories of strangers including migrants, war refugees, prisoners of war, merchants, missionaries and vagrants, were portrayed as threats to local populations or as objects of their charity, shedding light on the current predicament facing many European countries. Emphasizing the Baltic Sea region as a uniquely multi-layered space of intercultural encounter and conflict, this book demonstrates the significance of Northeastern Europe to migration history.