Hanseatic League

Das Wort ‚Hanse' bezeichnet zunächst einmal nichts anderes als eine Gruppe oder eine Ver-einigung von Leuten, die bestimmte Ziele verfolgen. Manchmal wird auch genauer von der "Deutschen Hanse" gesprochen, d.h. einer Vereinigung von norddeutschen Kaufleuten, um den Handel im Ostseeraum, im Küstenbereich der Nordsee und darüber hinaus in der nord-deutschen Tiefebene zu befördern und vor allem um ihn gegen Piraterie und andere Angriffe zu schützen. Dazu muss man sich in Erinnerung rufen, dass die Staaten im Mittelalter und noch weit darüber hinaus oftmals zu schwach waren, um die Seewege zu schützen, so dass ein gefahrloser Handel kaum möglich war (zu den Risiken von Kaufmannsreisen s. Brenning 1993: 48-53 u. 165-178). Es handelt sich also bei der Hanse um ein rein wirtschaftliches Zweckbündnis, bei dem die Lasten der Gefahrenabwehr auf viele Schultern verteilt werden sollten. Sollte es Probleme geben, wurden diese auf den sog. Hansetagen (s. Kap. 1.2.), in späterer Zeit typischerweise in Lübeck, verhandelt. Half auch dies nichts, konnte ein Kauf-mann, später ganze Städte, die sich unbotmäßig oder grob unsolidarisch verhielten, auch von diesem Zweckbündnis ausgeschlossen werden, was mit erheblichen wirtschaftlichen Nachtei-len verbunden war. Einen solchen Rauswurf nannte man "verhansen". Die Hanse ist natürlich nicht aus dem Nichts entstanden, sondern hat sich die Handels-wege und-strukturen zu eigen gemacht, die es bereits seit langem gab, vor allem den sog. Visby-Handel. Dabei machte man sich (wieder einmal) die strategisch günstig in der Mitte der Ostsee gelegene Insel Gotland als Zwischenstation und Umschlagplatz zunutze (s. die nachfolgenden beiden Karten). Im Laufe der Jahre bildete sich hieraus ein ganz Nordeuropa umspannendes Netzwerk, das wie die folgenden beiden Karten sehr anschaulich zeigen, eine Hauptschlagader von Nov-gorod und Reval im Nordosten über Visby auf Gotland nach Lübeck und dann über Lüneburg bis in weit in den Süden besaß. Wichtige Güter waren der Hering, aber auch Pelze und Leder. Im Gegenzug profitierte der Norden Europas von den Salzvorkommen aus der norddeutschen Tiefebene. Es war also ein profitables Geschäft auf Gegenseitigkeit, da insbesondere das Salz zur Konservierung von Fisch unabdingbar war. In Westskandinavien bildete die Stadt Bergen den Hauptstützpunkt für den gesamten Nordlandhandel.

Within the three-year Project “From the North Sea to the Norwegian Sea – interdisciplinary research on the Hanse”, founded by the German Leibniz-Association at the German Maritime Museum, questions were raised on the seaworthiness of ships of the Bremen-Type. The main object of the resulting research was the Late Medieval Bremen-Cog from 1378/79, which was found in 1962 in the river Weser close to Bremen and is today on display at the museum in Bremerhaven.
In order to evaluate the complex concepts of sea-keeping and oceangoing, a reliable hull form, as well as accurate construction details are required. Establishing the vessels overall hydrostatic characteristics, static and dynamic stability, and overall sailing abilities, requires detailed calculations using the centres of buoyancy, flotation and gravity.
This goal of the project was to examine the current form of the vessel on display, as well as attempting to distill several apparently conflicting data sets into a valid hypothetical reconstruction to be used as the basis for detailed hydrodynamic and sea-keeping analysis.

Within the three-year Project “From the North Sea to the Norwegian Sea – interdisciplinary research on the Hanse”, founded by the German Leibniz-Association at the German Maritime Museum, questions were raised on the seaworthiness of ships of the Bremen-Type. The main object of the resulting research was the Late Medieval Bremen-Cog from 1378/79, which was found in 1962 in the river Weser close to Bremen and is today on display at the museum in Bremerhaven.
It soon became clear that the shape of the Bremen Cog, as it currently stands, on display in the museum’s ship hall, is not a true representation of the hull shape but has suffered several periods of distortion. Consequently, a decision was made to attempt to examine the current overall hull shape and compare that to the available data sets.

Published by The Viking Society for Northern Research.
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Freely available online in 2024: http://vsnrweb-publications.org.uk

Blurb:
In the summer of 1350, as a deadly pandemic tore across Europe, nine people were burnt at the stake in the Hanseatic city of Visby on the island of Gotland. Ostensibly, this was a sadly familiar story: the Black Death was rampant, and a supposed Jewish plot was offered as an explanation. The alleged perpetrators were forced to confess, and were duly executed. But the people who were consigned to the flames in Visby were not Jewish. In fact, there were no Jews on the island to be victimised. Of the nine accused, two were Christian preachers, and the only named individual, Tidericus, was an organista - probably the organ player at the church of St. Olaf in Visby. The outlandish theory was that the plague was a poisoning scheme run by an international conspiracy of Jews, oligarchs and secular administrators.

This book traces the story of the unfortunate Tidericus, and examines the implications of the antisemitic fantasy which led to his death. The positions of the different ethnic groups in Visby is considered against the backdrop of panic and paranoia which pandemics inspire. The interests of the native Old Gutnish-speaking population are compared to the motives of the Low German-speaking mercantile elite who were administering Visby at the time. A context of social unrest, with class divisions bisecting proto-national identities, proved to be a dangerous fuel for a surreal conspiracy theory. A popular willingness to believe in this lurid nightmare proved to be the undoing of Tidericus and his co-accused. The sources which record the affair, namely two pieces of Hanseatic correspondence, are edited and translated into English for the first time in the appendices.

Published by The Viking Society for Northern Research, London, 2020. 119 pp. ISBN 978-0-903521-99-4. £10 (£5 for Viking Society members). Order from sales@gazellebooks.co.uk. State Viking Society membership to qualify for members’ price.

Abstract of a paper submitted for the II Symposium on Food History and Food Traditions in the World/ II МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫЙ СИМПОЗИУМ "История еды и традиции питания народов мира", МСосква, МГУ, ФИЯР, 2015.
Published in:
I Международный симпозиум «История еды и традиции питания народов мира" 2015
( http://gastac.ru/abstracts.html )

This article analyses a unique case of testimonials presented by seamen before the urban court of Danzig in 1564–1565. It argues that three factors played significant roles in how these statements were received and used in court: first, their overall status in society; second, their presence at the place of the contested events, which enabled them to provide relevant information; and third, the detail of their evidence, which owed much to their demonstrable experience of working at sea, and is largely unknown to modern researchers of the pre-modern maritime history of the Baltic region and northern Europe in general. The case therefore offers novel insights into maritime, social, and legal aspects of the life and work of mariners.

Abstract: Die Staatsbibliothek Preußischer Kulturbesitz zu Berlin, the former German Staatsbibliothek in East-Berlin, is since 1967 the owner of the richly illuminated, but still rather unknown manuscript book of sermons (Berlin, SBB-PK, Ms. germ. fol. 1612). A few art historical and linguistic studies about this manuscript appeared in the 1980s, which separated from each other mentioned some details of the book. Nothing however was known for certain about the first owner. He/she was assumed to be an inhabitant of Utrecht, someone connected with the brethren of the devotio moderna movement, or someone living in the north-eastern part of the Low Countries. 
This study examines for the first time three important characteristics of the manuscript in cohesion: the owner's mark, the illuminations, and the specific language. This made it possible to identify the first owner of the book, and to situate him surprisingly in the environment of the Hanseatic merchants in the southern Low Countries in the fifteenth century.

"Os Mercadores da Liga Hanseática em Lisboa na Viragem do século XV para o século XVI"
"Merchants of the Hanseatic League in Lisbon at the turn of the 15th towards the 16th century"

Workshop
"Comunidades Estrangeiras em Lisboa (Séculos XV a XVIII)"
"Foreign comunities in Lisbon (15th - 18th centurz)"

Lisbon, Portugal
21.01.2015

The article traces the life of the 19th century German scholar and diplomat Andreas David Mordtmann (1811-1879). Mordtmann came to Istanbul in 1845. Until 1959 he was the official representative of the Hanseatic Cities, afterwards he entered the Ottoman state service and worked at a commercial court as a judge, in his last years he worked as journalist and highschool teacher. In numerous articles and books he gave first-hand accounts of state and society in the Tanzimat period, he portrayed the politicians that were in charge of the reform process and analysed the political and societal upheavals that went with it. The article focuses on Mordtmann´s intellectual develoment as he changed countries, jobs and affiliations.

PL: Młode Miasto Gdańsk (1380-1455) i jego patrymonium, Gdańsk: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego, 2018, ss. 422.
ISBN 978-83-7865-752-1

Tematem rozprawy jest Młode Miasto Gdańsk i jego patrymonium. Ramy chronologiczne odpowiadają okresowi funkcjonowania tego organizmu miejskiego, od wystawienia przywileju lokacyjnego w 1380 r. po jego rozbiórkę w 1455 r. Młode Miasto zostało założone na północny zachód od Starego Miasta, jako czwarty człon wchodzący w skład późnośredniowiecznej aglomeracji Gdańska – obok Głównego i Starego Miasta oraz rybackiej osady Osiek. Krótki okres egzystencji ośrodka spowodował, że badaniami objęto nie tylko samą strefę osadniczą, ale także jego terytorium ziemskie (patrymonium) oraz relacje między nimi.

Założenia badawcze i szeroka kwerenda archiwalna pozwoliły ustalić nowe fakty dotyczące rozwoju przestrzennego średniowiecznego zespołu osadniczego Gdańska (określenie położenia strefy osadniczej miasta i granic jego patrymonium), członków władz miejskich Młodego Miasta (uzupełnienie dotychczasowych informacji o składach rady i ławy Młodego Miasta), jego organizacji kościelnej (w tym statusu parafialnego kościoła św. Bartłomieja przed 1456 r.), powiązań rodzinnych i gospodarczych między patrycjatem Głównego, Starego i Młodego Miasta, podstaw prawnych i ekonomicznych życia jego mieszkańców, przyczyn powstania oraz zagłady miasta, a także roli, jaką Młode Miasto i jego mieszkańcy odgrywali w polityce zakonu krzyżackiego (m.in. kwestia kompletnej apatii politycznej Młodego Miasta w okresie istnienia Związku Pruskiego oraz próby pojednawcze podejmowane przez wielkiego mistrza Ludwiga von Erlichshausena po wybuchu wojny trzynastoletniej).

The article is devoted to the history of Novgorodian architecture in the middle of the 15th to the first quarter of the 16th century. In 1433, one of the key events in the history of Novgorodian architecture took place — the German and local builders constructed the Faceted Palace commissioned by the archbishop Eufimiy II on the Vladychny Dvor. The article focuses on two interconnected problems: 1) did the German master builders continue to work on the Archbishop’s Court after 1433?; 2) did the Faceted Palace influence the architecture of Novgorod in the middle of the 15th to the first quarter of the 16th century? An analysis of available written sources and the results of research bear no evidence of the presence of the German builders in Novgorod later than 1433. Several new features in Novgorod edifices in the middle — second half of the 15th century should be interpreted as traces of the influence the Faceted Palace had upon the later Novgorodian architecture. Most likely the German builders returned overseas upon completing the Archbishop’s Palace and never came back to Rus. Overall, the 15th century Brick Gothic architecture influenced the Novgorod architecture of the middle — second half of the 15th century: new construction and decorative features in one way or another are connected with the architecture of the Faceted Palace that appeared in the edifices of the 1440–1460s. However, not all the striking features of the outstanding Palace of the Archbishop are reflected in buildings of the middle — second half of the 15th century.

The naval wars of the 14th and 15th century in the territory of the Hanseatic League are less spectacular than generally assumed. There were neither special designed warships nor can the deployment of stonethrowing engines or outsize crossbows be proved. Shipguns, if existent, were only used sporadically. For the maritime wars basically every type of ship, which was also installed for merchant shipping, was used. For combat use vessels were reconstructed with castles and fighting top. When hunters and hunted – figuratively speaking – fought with the same material, the only way of winnig a battle was to increase the number of vessels and fighting men.

La ciudad de Lübeck fue fundada a mediados del s. XII por el Duque de Sajonia, Enrique III el León. Gracias a su posición estratégica entre los ríos Trave y Wakenitz, los privilegios concedidos, primero por el Duque y más tarde por el Emperador del Sacro Imperio Romano Germánico, Federico I Barbarroja, al conseguir el título de Ciudad Libre Imperial, el control de recursos estratégicos, de las rutas comerciales del Mar Báltico y del Marte del Norte así como una activa diplomacia, la ciudad consiguió una gran prosperidad que la llevaría a ser considerada “La Reina de la Hansa”. Este artículo busca estudiar la fundación y el auge de esta urbe.

The paper describes the late Hanseatic trade with Iceland, the Faroe Islands and the Shetland Islands. Between the 15th and 17th centuries Bremen and Hamburg were the main Hanseatic traders in the North Atlantic area. The main commodity of the north was the well-known stockfish but other goods like sulphur, wool cloth or butter were also traded. The ships of the Hansa merchants for the Iceland-trade had an average size of 60 last (120 - 180 tons) and for the Shetland-trade an average size of 20 to 30 last (40 - 90 tons). The small quantity of wreck finds from the Hanseatic periods and the lack of precise ship measurements or constructional information in contemporary sources is the main reason for the currently unsatisfying state of knowledge of Hanseatic seafaring and shipbuilding. Especially in the North Atlantic Islands the archaeological evaluation of possible early modern wreck sites and harbour areas is still only beginning and a lot of maritime archaeological surprises can hopefully be expected here.

Focuses on the primary evidence (written, archaeological) for the growing and production of flax into linen in medieval Novgorod.  The article also examines the question whether flax and linen were major exports to Northwestern Europe via the Hanseatic League in the 12th through the 15th centuries.

The name IJsselcog refers to a 15th century cog-like cargo vessel excavated and lifted from the riverbed of the river IJssel on the 10th of February 2016. The river itself branches off the river Rhine east of Arnhem and subsequently flows northward. It passes through the former Hanse city of Kampen and discharges its water into the IJsselmeer or Zuiderzee, a former Dutch inner sea. The cog was detected during a survey in the river close to the present day harbor area of Kampen. The survey was conducted in the context of a major water management project to increase river discharge capacity under the authority of Rijkswaterstaat, an executive agency of the Dutch Ministry of Infrastructure and Environment.
The IJsselcog triggered the imagination of archaeologists and inhabitants of Kampen in 2011 from the very first inspection dive onwards. As a result Rijkswaterstaat, supported by the Dutch Agency of Cultural Heritage, organized the proper allocation of resources to design and conduct a project named The Excavation and Lifting of the IJsselcog. It turned out to be a major project, primarily motivated by the great scientific value of the wreck site. From a public relations standpoint of view the lifting of the cog
was not only a finest hour for the excavators, but also for the administrative and advisory stakeholders.
The magnitude of the total effort and the extent of its exposure in the public domain on Dutch soil is unprecedented in the gradually developing discipline of maritime archaeology. For the national Cultural Heritage Agency and the city of Kampen it is a stimulus to move the rich history of Kampen in the Hanse league forward. A decision to preserve the cog was taken in October 2017 so as to secure it for future generations.
The monograph of the IJsselcog offers a full account of four project phases, i.e. the initial research phase, the design & decision phase, the execution phase including a full documentation effort, and the final research phase. The addenda comprise all the relevant interpreted data and maps. It is apparent that the wreck site contains archaeological traces from the Stone Age all the way up to the present. The
research effort however focused on the cog dating back to the 15th century. This wreck was remarkably well preserved in the riverbed. It highlights a period in history in which the number of ship finds are too small to help create a representative image of the maritime landscape in the Middle Ages. Two more wrecks were found on the same site in the same context. The mystery of having three contemporary
wrecks close to one another in the harbor area of Kampen has entertained many scientific and leisurely interested persons alike. In the monograph an explanation is offered detailing a Medieval water management hypothesis that was first presented during the initial research phase in 2012.
The monograph features more than an account of the excavation and lifting of the IJsselcog as was required originally by the project definition plan. In addition it explores ship construction details and offers a biography of the IJsselcog. It also offers an up to date detailed analysis of all the assembled data, which in the end leads to supporting evidence for the Medieval water management theory. In the
synopsis below these two central themes in the research effort are highlighted.

http://project.archeologie.nl/4170214

En el anterior artículo, vimos como Lübeck tras ser fundada y dotada de privilegios, por Enrique III el León, Duque de Sajonia consigue expandirse diplomática y comercialmente hasta formar la llamada Liga Hanseática. Este articulo tiene como objetivo el estudio de la composición de la Hansa; sus instituciones, decadencia y su supervivencia a lo largo del tiempo desde el s. XV hasta finales del s. XIX.

“An impressive presentation of Viking Age and medieval textile production in the North Atlantic, especially in Iceland and Greenland. All aspects have been examined: methods of spinning, weaving, dates, yarn, contemporary climate, as well as who did the work and for what purpose.”—Birgitta Linderoth Wallace, author of Westward Vikings: The Saga of L’Anse Aux Meadows 

“Hayeur Smith’s careful research undergirding The Valkyries’ Loom demonstrates how well she knows and understands the cultural and gender significance of textile analysis. Fascinating to read.”—Joanne B. Eicher, editor of Encyclopedia of World Dress and Fashion 

In The Valkyries’ Loom, Michèle Hayeur Smith examines Viking textiles as evidence of the little-known work of women in the Norse colonies that expanded from Scandinavia across the North Atlantic in the ninth century AD. While previous researchers have overlooked textiles as insignificant artifacts, Hayeur Smith is the first to use them to understand gender and economy in Norse societies of the North Atlantic. 

This groundbreaking study is based on the author’s systematic comparative analysis of the vast textile collections in Iceland, Greenland, Denmark, Scotland, and the Faroe Islands, materials that are largely unknown even to archaeologists and span 1,000 years. Through these garments and fragments, Hayeur Smith provides new insights into how the women of these island nations influenced international trade by producing cloth (vaðmál); how they shaped the development of national identities by creating clothing; and how they helped their communities survive climate change by reengineering clothes during the Little Ice Age. She supplements her analysis by revealing societal attitudes about weaving through the poem “Darraðarljoð” from Njál’s Saga, in which the Valkyries—Óðin’s female warrior spirits—produce the cloth of history and decide the fates of men and nations. 

Bringing Norse women and their labor to the forefront of research, Hayeur Smith establishes the foundation for a gendered archaeology of the North Atlantic that has never been attempted before. This monumental and innovative work contributes to global discussions about the hidden roles of women in past societies in preserving tradition and guiding change.

In 2010, a cog like vessel was discovered by means of sidescan sonar on the bottom of the IJssel river near Kampen, the Netherlands. After further research, it was suggested that the wreck was a cog, and it was named the IJssel cog. The underwater excavation started in 2015 and in February 2016 the wreck was lifted from the riverbed. The shipwreck was further excavated in a conservation hall in Lelystad, where the conservation process will take place for approximately six years. During the excavation, both underwater and on land, a total of 100 cask components in the form of 88 staves and 12 headpieces were found. Some of these cask components had marks incised on them, which were worth investigating.

This article represents the first study of the trade and consumption of mead, the alcoholic beverage brewed by fermenting honey with water, in the late medieval Baltic. Focusing on the Teutonic Order and the Hanse settlements in the region, the article argues that the consumption of mead was culturally embedded in German-speaking communities, heightening the status of the beverage, turning it into a vital resource in the exercise of power and influencing the government and administrations of cities and lordships. From a broader perspective, a close study of the drink underlines the cultural and economic significance attached to bee produce in the later medieval period, with ecology and cultural practice combining to make honey and its pre-eminent product, mead, a distinctive international export that enjoyed high esteem and significant demand across Hanse trading networks.

Связанные с русским языком проблемы в средневековой Ливонии указывают на то, что знание языка не было абсолютным и было ситуативно, довольно ограниченным, а также зависело от авторитета языка, его места в языковой иерархии. Вопрос о том, какой язык использовать в той или иной ситуации, был крайне важным в то время и в остальной Европе. Ливонские ландесгерры, их канцелярии, ганзейские города, а также Новгород, Псков
и позднее Москва не имели общего «культурного» языка, каким был латинский для большей части Европы, который помог бы преодолеть трудности общения.

This essay responds to Philip Slavin's 'Out of the West: Formation of a Permanent Plague Reservoir in south-central Germany (1349-1356) and Its Implications'. Genetics has transformed the study of plague, one of the most lethal diseases in human history. But this technically demanding science raises questions of what constitutes valid evidence and supportable argument when examining historical phenomena at a microscopic level. Slavin argues that two new lineages of Yersinia pestis, the causative organism of plague, were seeded in central Germany following the Black Death; appearing sequentially, one lineage caused plague outbreaks in the 1350s and early 1360s, only to retreat and be replaced by a second lineage. Here, evidence is adduced to support the early central European proliferation of one lineage of Y. pestis, but also to suggest that the second lineage arose simultaneously in a different locale, outside Europe and within different epidemiological parameters. Because of the inherent rarity of biological evidence, the reconstruction of epidemiological phenomena will always require consilience with archaeological and documentary sources. Establishing 'best practices' of analysis and verification in this emerging multidisciplinary field has implications not only for Europe's four hundred-year experience with plague, but for all fields of global health history.

This essay first appeared online on 9 March 2022. The essay has now been released in its final form. The full citation is: Green, Monica H. “Out of the East (or North or South): A Response to Philip Slavin,” Past & Present, 256, Issue 1 (August 2022), 283–323, https://doi.org/10.1093/pastj/gtab031. Slavin's response to my response has also now been published.

As always, a comprehensive bibliography on the Second Plague Pandemic (up to ca. 1500) can be found in Google Docs: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1x0D_dwyAwp9xi9sMCW5UvpGfEVH5J2ZA/edit?usp=sharing&ouid=104263744463668175127&rtpof=true&sd=true.

ABSTRACT: In 1290, Margrete, the 7-year-old daughter of King Eiríkr II Magnússon of Norway and Margaret, the daughter of King Alexander III of Scotland, begins a journey from Norway to Scotland. Unfortunately, Margrete, the heir presumptive to the throne of Scotland, dies en route, sparking a series of international and dynastic calamities. When, a decade later, a woman arrives in Bergen claiming to be the deceased princess, she is condemned to judicial immolation and burned at Nordnes. Surviving evidence strongly suggests that a popular cult developed around this Margrete of Nordnes (also called the ‘False Margrete’). This essay explores the extent to which the West Norse legacy of this so-called “folk saint” can be identified from what Jens Peter Schjødt calls the “jigsaw pieces” that history has bequeathed to us in a variety of narratives and historical documents.
RESUME: I 1290 sætter Margrete, den 7-årige datter af kong Eiríkr II Magnússon af Norge og Margarete, datter af kong Alexander III af Skotland, ud på en rejse fra Norge til Skotland. Desværre dør Margrete, den forventede arving til Skotlands trone, undervejs, hvilket udløser en række internationale og dynastiske katastrofer. Ti år senere ankommer en kvinde til Bergen og hævder at være den afdøde prinsesse. Hun bliver dømt til brænding på bål og brændt på Nordnes. Overleverede vidnesbyrd tyder på, at der udviklede sig en populær kult omkring denne Margrete af Nordnes (også kaldet ’den falske Margrete’). Dette essay undersøger, i hvilket omfang de vestnordiske traditioner angående denne såkaldte ”folkehelgen” kan identificeres ud fra det, Jens Peter Schjødt kalder de ”puslespilsbrikker”, som historien har overleveret til os i en række forskellige fortællinger og historiske dokumenter.

While most of this volume’s contributions trace Hanseatic influences throughout the North Atlantic, this paper examines a possible counter-influence in the shape of a medieval shipwreck discovered in Bremen in 2007, the construction of which is reminiscent of the Scandinavian shipbuilding tradition. With its radially cleft planks, inlaid wool caulking and clinker fastenings, the wreck displays a number of features that point typologically to a vernacular Scandinavian origin. However, the planks fall into two groups outside of Scandinavia: high quality wainscot planks cut in the Baltic region in the course of the fourteenth century, and a group of locally cut timber — arguably for repairs — dating from the second quarter of the fifteenth century. This period coincides with a peak of Baltic timber export, especially wainscot for shipbuilders. Hence, the wreck is discussed within the wider context of clinker-built wrecks from this period in general and wrecks built of Baltic oak in particular.

Because the entries in the internet version of the ‘Den Store Danske Encyklopædi‘ (The Great Danish Encyclopedia. in Danish) seldom can compete with similar articles in Wikipedia, which in minor languages are often of poor quality, I decided to upload this article with an explanation for doing so. Netversion in  the Encyclopedia can be found here: http://denstoredanske.dk/index.php?sideId=133237