Slavs

Kniha byla vydána roku 1989 v Praze  / The book was published in 1989 in Prague.

Drazí kolegové, tato kniha je umístěna kvůli jejímu  mimořádnému významu při porozumění archeologii Čech a její špatné dostupnosti zahraničním vědcům a studentům. Naléhavě Vás prosíme, abyste respektovali autorská práva autora a vydavatele. Děkujeme --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Dear colleagues, this book is placed because of its importance in understanding the archaeology of Bohemia and its poor availability to foreign scientists and students. We urge you to respect the copyrights of author and publishers. Thank you

The recent salvage excavations in Slovenia have brought to light a number of early medieval settlements. One of the most important is Nova Tabla, near Murska Sobota. A relatively large number of radiocarbon dates obtained from charcoal samples collected from that site have encouraged speculations about the date of the Slavic settlement in Prekmurje (the region along the river Mura). However, both the collection and the publication of the radiocarbon dates are faulty, and the conclusions drawn on such a basis are therefore wrong. The paper addresses those notions and suggests a new interpretation of the site. Over the last few decades, salvage archaeology has completely changed the understanding of the early medieval settlements and cemeteries of East Central Europe. Large-scale infrastructure programs, such as the construction of highways, have led to the discovery of many new sites. In Slovenia, archaeological excavations carried out between 1995 and 2008 along the route of the highway segment between Celja and Lendava (central and eastern Slovenia, respectively) have brought to light a relatively large number of settlement sites in the valley of the river Mura (part of the region known in Slovenia as Prekmurje), south of present-day Murska Sobota. 1 Simultaneously, salvage and systematic excavations have brought to light many more sites in northern Croatia, along the southern bank of the Drava (the region known in Croatia as

The study was published in the Proceedings of the Faculty of Philosophy of the University of Brno. C. History Series. 1955, Vol. 4
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Die Studie wurde in den Proceedings der Philosophischen Fakultät der Universität Brno veröffentlicht. C. Geschichte Serie. 1955 Vol. 4

The article focuses on marginal work of one of the most important representatives of the Slovak National Revival. Ľudovít Štúr during his studies in Halle visited Lusatia and issued a travel book Journey to Lusatia (Taken in the Spring 1839). The text follows on the one hand, typical features of the revivalist manuscript (especially contemporary cliché), on the other hand, we illustrate the lack of a typical romantic stylization. The travelogue by Ľudovít Štúr is a type of utopian architectural concepts of monolithic and compact Slavs, who played an important role in the birth of the nation in the first half of the 19th century. Ľudovít Štúr offers a different kind of a patriotic travelogue than the one advocated in the literature, eg. by Ján Kollár. Postoj zformulovaný v literárněhistorické literatuře na margo básnické a odborné tvorby Ľudovíta Š t ú r a je prakticky dodnes platný a opakovaně je přebírán do dalších odborných publikací. Nejméně pozornosti je v ní věnováno Štúrově básnické tvorbě, naopak akcentována je jeho práce pro národ, odborné či publicistické aktivity. Štúrova básnická tvorba a literární texty na pomezí žánrů, jako je např. cestopis, jsou v dlouho-dobé perspektivě minimálně reflektovány. Známý je také postoj Alexandra M a t u š k y, který ve své eseji z roku 1965, tedy v eseji napsané k 150. výročí Štúrova narození, sice nesmlouvavě, ale s jistou laskavostí, napsal: "Nebol básnik veľkého formátu, realizoval sa ako organizátor. Nebol básnik, slovenský život k nemu nehovoril ako k básnikovi; a jednako nikto nedovidel pred ním do života u nás v takej šírke a hĺbke ako on […]" (Matuška 1990, 100). Matuškův názor tak posiluje tradici vysoce hodnocené odborné práce na úkor literární. Opakovaně se v souvislosti s výročními okamžiky vysouvá do popředí zřejmá tendence zpracovat i méně známé oblasti Štúrova působení. V tomto ohledu mají specifické postavení cestopisy, které se rozprostírají mezi doku-mentárností cesty za poznáním malého slovanského národa a básnickou imaginací. I pro Štúrovy cestopisy však platí, co napsal Alexander Matuška o jeho poezii. Básnické imaginace je v nich málo, figurativní jazyk vesměs ustupuje pragmatickým cílům. Rozhodně neplatí absolutně, že by obrozenské cestopisy (z třicátých a čtyřicátých let 19. století) zůstávaly zcela bez povšimnutí odborné veřejnosti. Zejména rozsáhlejší cestopisy, které vyšly knižně k sobě vážou odbornou pozornost opakovaně. 1) Štúrův cestopis je zpravidla zmiňován v literárněhistorických příručkách v souvislosti s jeho studijní cestou do Halle. Pochopitelnou výjimkou jsou monografie, které se primárně zaměřují na vývoj cestopisu. 2) Pokud je už Štúrův cestopis literární historií reflektován, 1/ Např. cestopis Jozefa Miloslava H u r b a n a Cesta Slováka ku bratrům slavenským na Moravě a v Čechách (1839). Hurban se vydal na cestu jen krátce po Štúrově cestě do Lužic. Hurbanova cesta je datována červencem 1839, kdy se vydává na cestu z Bratislavy do Vídně. 2/ Ve slovenském kontextu je to rozsáhlá monografie Z. K l á t i k a Vývin slovenského cestopisu (Klátik 1968), v českém prostředí nedávno publikovaná monografie o obrozenském cestopisu

This article deals witha wide concept of freedom as an idea that constitutes communities in Early Middle Ages. The work is split in three parts: a theoretical side, a practical side, ad final conclusions, The first touches upon issues related to the "origines gentium" stories, which are about peoples' origins, where as the second serves as a supplement to earlier considerations. Mention of several examples illustrates the practical aspect of formation and organisation of said communities, based on the premise of liberty.

The House of Griffin or Griffin dynasty was a dynasty ruling the Duchy of Pomerania from the 12th century until 1637. The name "Griffins" was used by the dynasty after the 15th century and had been taken from the ducal coat of arms. Duke Wartislaw I (died 1135) was the first historical ruler of the Duchy of Pomerania and the founder of the Griffin dynasty. The most prominent Griffin was Eric of Pomerania, who became king of the Kalmar Union in 1397, thus ruling Denmark, Sweden and Norway. The last Griffin duke of Pomerania was Bogislaw XIV, who died during the Thirty Years' War, which led to the division of Pomerania between Brandenburg-Prussia and Sweden. Duchess Anna von Croy, daughter of Duke Bogislaw XIII and the last Griffin, died in 1660.
The dynasty is known by two names, Pomerania, after their primary fief, and Griffin, after their coat of arms, which had featured a griffin since the late 12th century: The first verifiable use of the griffin as the dynasty's heraldic emblem occurred in a seal of Casimir II, Duke of Pomerania, which showed the imaginary beast within a shield, and was attached to a document dated 1194.
The name Pomerania comes from Slavic 'po more', which means: 'land along the sea'.
The origins of the Griffins are not clear. Most theories derive them from either local Slavic nobility or a cadet branch of the Polish house of Piasts. Medieval Polish chronicler Jan Długosz connected them with Polish noble family of Świebodzice from the south province of Poland named the Lesser Poland, who also used a griffin as their coat-of-arms and who in turn might also have been a cadet branch of the Piasts. At any rate, chronicler Gallus Anonymus in his Gesta principum Polonorum calls the Griffins "close cousins" of then-contemporary Bolesław III of Poland, directly implying a close dynastic relationship with the Piasts.
In the 17th century, the Griffins derived their roots from legendary beings from Sorb mythology called Gryphus or Baltus.
The first known members of the Griffins were the brothers Wartislaw I and Ratibor I. Wartislaw would be the ancestor of the line of dukes that ruled the Duchy of Pomerania until 1630; Ratibor would be the ancestor of the Ratiborides branch of the Griffins, that was to rule the lands of Schlawe and Stolp (Slupsk) until the line became extinct and the area was incorporated in the Duchy of Pomerania. The first known member of the Swantiborides branch of the Griffins, notable as castellans of Pomeranian cities, was Wartislaw (II) Swantiboriz.

Özet
Anadil olarak Slavca konuşan ve müslüman bir topluluk olan Pomakların kökeni günümüzde de akademik bir tartışma konusudur. Literatürde mevcut verilerle Pomakların tarihlerini 6’ncı yüzyıla kadar götürülebilen çalışmalar bulunmaktadır. Pomak toplulukları, 19’uncu yüzyıldan itibaren doğu Avrupa’da milliyetçiliğin yayılması sonucunda dört farklı ulus-devletin sınırları içerisinde kalmış; Pomak kimliği tanımlaması da bu parçalanmışlıktan etkilenmiştir. Bu çalışma, Pomak kimliğinin inşası ve tarihsel süreç içerisinde dönüşümünü analiz etmektedir.
Anahtar Sözcükler: Bogomilizm, Pomaklar, Tarih, Kimlik, Etno-dinsel

Abstract
The origin of Pomaks, whose religion is islam and mother tongue is Slavic, is a topic of academic debate today. There are some studies in the literature that can trace the history of Pomaks up to the 6th century with the available data. Pomak communities remained within the borders of four different nation-states as a result of the spread of nationalism in eastern Europe since the 19th century; and the identification of Pomak identity has also been affected by this fragmentation. This study analyzes the construction of the Pomak identity and its transformation in the historical process.
Keywords: Bogomilizm, Pomaks, History, Identity, Ethno-religious

“Polish Aryans”. Between the Scientific Foundations of the Myth and the Mythological Roots of Science in the 19th-Century Slavic Discourse
The article is devoted to reflection on the role of the Aryan discourse in the research of Slavophiles of the 19th century. Traditional studies on the ethnogenesis of the Slavs conducted by historians on the basis of ancient “scraps” and incomplete sources did not give the answer that would satisfy the political ambitions of the Poles. The inclusion of ethnographic and linguistic methods into the Slavic studies helped create the narrative in which the journey, made by the early Slavs from the Land of Aryans, became a full history of the people’s origin. The conviction about the Indo-Iranian origin of the Slavs shaped the mythical thinking and attempts to create a story legitimizing the right to self-determination and the historical significance of this group. The belief in ancient Aryan heritage considerably changed political orientation and the pursuit of a new identity – free of inferiority complex with respect to the West and ready to dictate its own conditions. Discussing the issues related to race and racial differences between particular peoples, including the ones belonging to the Slavic family, showed the authors’ political views and the future of the nation they envisaged. It also deepened the split within the Slavic studies. The sources available and studied by the Slavic history researchers did not provide clear answers to the question whether the Slavs are direct descendants of the Aryans, therefore the research and texts that are examined in the article have creational and commentary nature and serve the function of creating narratives shaping the community. The aim of this approach will be to reflect on how scientific discourse creates the foundations for identity myths.

In my paper, I describe the discussion on the ethnogenesis of the Slavs in the Polish historiography. The interest to the origins of the own community is strongly connected with the historical way of thinking and was not alien to the founders of the Antic civilisation: the Greeks and the Romans. This way of thinking was taken over by the «Barbarians», who tried to prove their participation in the world of Antic civilization and inherited by the medieval and modern intellectuals. The development of the critical historiographychronologically overlapped with the birth of modern nationalisms. It determined the ethnogenetical discussions, which had the old task to glorify the own nation and to give the arguments in the conflicts on disputed territories. The Polish discussion on the Slavic ethnogenesis with participation of historians, archaeologists, philologists, anthropologists and ethnologists stood in shadow of the conflict with the Germans on the «historical rights» to the (West-Polish / East German) territories of Great Poland, Pomerania, Silesia, Mecklenburg, Lusatia. The Indigenous conception of the ethnogenesis of the Slavs dominated in the discussions, according to which it were the Polish lands which were the cradle of Slavs and a basis for the Slavic expansion to the greater part of Europe. This conception with some changes and nuances still prevails mainly in the discourse of the humanists from Poznań and Wrocław. The Allochtonic conception was developed in research centre of Cracow and is now popular also among the Slavists from Warsaw and Lublin. According to them, the Slavs originated in the Dnieper basin and Polesie and expanded to Central Europe only in the 6th century. The present-day discussion is dominated by the disputes between the supporters of both groups, which are often full of personal emotions, which make the consensus almost impossible.
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В статье анализируется проблема этногенеза славян в польской историографии. Интерес к изучению истоков своего народа связан с развитием исторической мысли, и возник еще в античной цивилизации. Античные идеи переняли «варвары», которые пытались доказать свою принадлежность к античному миру. В дальнейшем она перешла к средневековым и современным интеллектуалам. Развитие критической историографии остановилось с рождением современного национализма. Начались этногенетические дискуссии, главными задачами которых оказалось прославление своей нации и поиск аргументов в территориальных спорах. Польская дискуссия об этногенезе славян, в которой приняли участие историки, археологи, филологи, антропологи и этнологи, состоялась в тени конфликта с немцами об исторических правах на западно-польские / восточно-немецкие земли: Великую Польшу, Померанию, Силезию, Мекленбург, Лужицу. В дискуссии доминировала автохтоническая концепция этногенеза славян. Согласно ей, польские земли были колыбелью славянства и базисом его экспансии на большую часть Европы. Эта концепция с некоторыми изменениями и нюансами фигурирует в польской историографии до сего дня, особенно в концепциях специалистов, относящихся к научным школам
Познани и Вроцлава. Аллохтонистическая концепция развилась в краковском научном центре, и она популярна среди славистов из Варшавы и Люблина. Согласно ей, славяне сформировались в бассейне Днепра и в Полесье, а в Центральную Европу они прибыли только в VI в. Сейчас дискуссия продолжается между представителями обеих групп, в ней часто преобладают личные эмоции, что делает достижение научного консенсуса почти невозможным.

Ivangorodsky Kostiantyn. The Ethnic History of East Slavs in the contemporary historiography (Ukrainian, Belarusian and Russian discourses).
In the study are analyzed modern historiographic discourses of Ukraine, Russia and Belarus, devoted to the ethnic history of Eastern Slavs communities during the pre-Mongol era.  Exactly scientific analysis of that problem is of great importance on the background of the great pressure of ideologies and political engagement, including the absence of such a historiographic study (especially based on a broad comparative approach) until now. We have established that for now in all the historiography, mentioned above, are dominated the models of the Slavs’ ethnic history, constructed in the Soviet era.
In the study have been found out the state of that topic scientific development, its factual priorities, has been formed representative base of sources, have been developed the conceptual and methodological foundations of the research, has been determined the theoretical specificity of ethno-historical reconstruction, taking into account the main trends in the development of modern ethnological science.
Also have been characterized the source study approaches in the newest Ukrainian, Belarusian and Russian historiographies, and have been traced the potential of the corresponding verification of sources by historians in the course of «east-slavic» ethnic history study. Described theoretical and methodological models and the difficulties of their application in the ethnohistorical reconstructions of Eastern Slavic communities offered by modern researchers, are convinced us in the urgent need for a radical improvement in this segment of the entire post-Soviet humanities.
A detailed analysis of available sources, as well as outlining the weaknesses in theory, methodology and terminology that are involved in solving the problem, allowed us to reveal more deeply the essence of the latest concepts of the Eastern Slavic communities ethnic history  proposed by modern Ukrainian, Belarusian and Russian scholars, to identify the main research strategy in this area, synchronously comparing the development of the corresponding historical thought in the designated national historiography areas.
According to Soviet tradition, archaeologists pay most attention to the Eastern Slavs communities ethnic history in modern post-Soviet historiographs. Although in the Belarusian discourse this problem is covered rather fragmentary and often depends on the specific scientific explored object of one or another archaeologist – usually from a certain archaeological culture associated with ethnogenesis and early East Slavic ethnic history. In general, modern Belarusian historiography cannot yet boast of any conceptual achievements in the field of Eastern Slavs ethnic history reconstruction, including the Belarusians ethnogenesis.
The most developed and popular, but at the same time extremely debatable, schematized and biased in modern Russian historiography is the V. Sedov concept. His controversial hypotheses receive many criticisms and refutations in the framework of «east-slavic» historiography. It does not stand up to criticism his apologeticism regarding the so-called «Old-Rus’ nationality», which the scientist seeks to prove (completely arbitrarily) solely on archaeological materials.
Most of the modern Ukrainian historiography versions of this problem study are also represented primarily by archaeologists. But it is worth to note, that within the framework of historical and ethnological reconstructions  of Eastern Slavs ethnic history, represented by Ukrainian experts, there are more variability of concepts and hypotheses, compared with similar discourses in Belarus and Russia. Although, as in the last two, the “nationalized” approach is also dominant in Ukrainian.

At the beginning of the 10th century, Hungarians/Turks, who conquered the Carpathian Basin, created a complicated political-military model, in which the so-called “warrior society” communities also took part, but apart from them, there were social classes leading a settled lifestyle, who engaged themselves with agriculture, commerce etc. In the chronological analysis of the 10th century finds
carried out so far, we have managed to detect the concentration of the items indicating social status (ornamented sabres, studded belts and ornamented mount sabretaches) in a core region, namely the Upper Tisza/Tisa region. However, according to the archaeological finds, there could have been several peripheral centres existing besides this centre, and there could have been areas dependent of these centres, forming a functional unit. In the case of cemeteries in the Cluj-Napoca/Kolozsvár micro-region, a concentration of burials with horses and weapons can be detected, which, according to our opinion, can be interpreted as the remains of a once-existing military centre. These cemeteries do not excel with the richness of precious metals, but with the amount and association of a variety of different weapon categories. From these observations concerning the professional warrior class of the 10th century power centre, one can infer to the existence a greatly varied population with individuals of different origins. The possibility of the existence of a cemetery belonging to the military entourage might arise in connection with the two horse burials found on the
highest point of Alba Iulia/Gyulafehérvár. With archaeological means (from an archaeological point of view, this being a new representative material), we found out that the Hungarians conquering the Carpathian Basin established military centres in the eastern part of the Basin (Upper Tisza/Tisa region, Cluj- Napoca/Kolozsvár, Biharea/Bihar), which concentrated significant military potential. In contrast with the stereotypes still prevalent, these areas were not destroyed, but integrated, and drew in (also) the Eastern trade, as well as from the whole of Eastern Europe, even up to Scandinavia. Practically, these centres changed the cultural character of the region. At the same time, as a result of previous military events in the Carpathian Basin, these centres also must have increased considerably the number of common people through a slow but sure integration process, by conquering the populations living in the region. The assimilation can be detected archaeologically in the border areas of the Carpathian Basin and in the case of some of the cemeteries in the Transylvanian Basin.

Kniha byla vydána roku 1977 v Praze /The book was published in 1977 in Prague.

Drazí kolegové, tato kniha je umístěna kvůli jejímu  mimořádnému významu při porozumění archeologii Čech a její špatné dostupnosti zahraničním vědcům a studentům. Naléhavě Vás prosíme, abyste respektovali autorská práva autora a vydavatele. Děkujeme --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Dear colleagues, this book is placed because of its importance in understanding the archaeology of Bohemia and its poor availability to foreign scientists and students. We urge you to respect the copyrights of author and publishers. Thank you

Kniha byla vydána v Praze roku 1973 v serii Studie Archeologického ústavu AV ČR Brno, ročník 1/1973 Svazek 3 / The book was published in Prague in 1973 in the series of the Study of the Archaeological Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Volume 1/1973, numer 3.