CRAN R

Multipath fading degrades the performance of wireless communication system significantly as data rate increases. In-order to combat with multipath fading, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) have been used in existing systems. Another effective method is a code division multiple access (CDMA) scheme. It has used extensively for relay network communication systems. In this paper consists of uplink CDMA relay networks and downlink CDMA relay networks. The uplink CDMA relay networks consist of multiple sources, multiple relays and a single destination. In downlink CDMA relay networks consist of a single source, multiple relays and multiple destinations. The objective of the paper is to propose a unique, simple method of finding optimum non-binary pseudo noise (PN) spreading and de-spreading sequences. This employs maximum signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR) criterion and channel state information (CSI). The use of SIC helps to reduce multiuser interference caused. Effective encoding and decoding scheme is used compared to existing works. Also examines the sensitivity of the schemes to 1-bit quantization, wideband jamming, mistiming alignment. Simulation results shows that the proposed method converges much faster in finding optimum PN sequences compared to existing systems.

The following work presents R as an important tool for the archaeological studies because of its rich enviroment, making R an important tool for the insertion, manipulation and creation of geographic information system data for archaeological work. To show potential of the R enviroment, I have calculated the distance between geographic points using data and elaborating a map with the same data.

  O presente trabalho pretende abordar a ferramenta R no uso do estudo
arqueológico, apresentando suas possibilidades dentro de um rico ambiente de ferramentas gratuitas para manipulação de dados que aumenta a cada dia. Para isto, foi apresentada uma técnica de cálculo de distância entre pontos geográficos e elaboração de mapas utilizando pacotes gratuitos de sistemas de informações geográficas para o R, que possibilitaram a geração de um mapa e o cálculo da distâncias entre os pontos geográficos.

Since a few years or decades, climate change has an impact felt in a very visible way in everyday life. People are increasingly confronted with its negative effects. Naturally, scientific research on the subject is multiplying. The present exploratory study attempts to present a network modelling approach on studying climate change. Networks are increasingly present in different areas of life, but have not played a significant role in climate research. This publication attempts to assess climate changes at five municipalities in Hungary by developing and analyzing three network data models. The developed different data models provide an opportunity to approach climate change from different perspectives, as the change itself is multifaceted. Data analyses are based solely on the structural indicators of the constructed networks, the measured weather characteristics only contributing to the construction of the data model. The obtained results for each location and season are complex, but interpreting them together helps to see the variations and their different nature.

Each mobile network architecture able to meet the traffic requirements of future 5G services comes with its own set of benefits vs. requirements for the radio and the transport segments. This paper focuses on the energy performance of four mobile network architectures, each one with different splitting options for the baseband processing functions. The radio segment under exam is based on a new radio access technology referred to as 5G-NX, while the transport segment is based on wavelength division multiplexing (WDM). The energy consumption of each mobile network architecture is weighted against (i) the benefits for the radio segment as a function of the level of centralization of the baseband processing resources and (ii) the required transport capacity and consequently the power consumption levels needed to accommodate the backhaul, midhaul, and/or fronthaul traffic generated at each base station. Our results show that a fully centralized radio access network (C-RAN) with centralization of all the baseband functions is not a practical approach for 5G mobile networks, while a partially centralized C-RAN architecture in which the physical layer baseband processing is performed at the base station site represents a promising solution.

A controversial aspect of the Pliocene climate system is a posited permanent sea surface temperature (SST) distribution resembling that during El Niño events, which is largely inferred from sea surface temperatures reconstructed from several sites in the equatorial Pacific. We utilize a reduced-dimension methodology on a compilation of previously published multiproxy (Mg/Ca, U k′ 37 , TEX 86 , and foraminifer assemblages) Pliocene SST records from the equatorial Pacific to reconstruct spatial and temporal snapshots of SST anomalies and a time series of Niño indices from 5 to 1 Ma. The use of multiple proxies increases the number of study sites and thereby improves the robustness of the reconstruction. We find that the early Pliocene equatorial Pacific was characterized by a reduced zonal SST difference due to minimal change in the west and extreme warmth in the east which peaked at 4.3 Ma. The intensity of this mean El Niño-like SST state then gradually diminished toward modern conditions. We also use the Pliocene Niño 4 time series to estimate the past strength of Indian Summer Monsoon given the modern correlation of it to the Niño 4 index. Results indicate the monsoon was weaker throughout the study interval with weakest conditions (~37% less rainfall than modern) occurring at 4.3 Ma, congruent with regional proxy records. In summation, this reduced-dimension approach spatially and temporally resolves the warm mean state of the Pliocene equatorial Pacific and has numerous applications to inferences of paleoclimate conditions in distal regions teleconnected to El Niño today. Plain Language Summary The Pliocene Epoch (5.3-2.6 million years ago) is the most recent time interval in Earth history when atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations may have been similar to today and the continents were in their current configuration. For these reasons, Pliocene paleoclimate reconstructions are considered to be a useful indicator of conditions expected by the end of the 21st century. Several marine-derived Pliocene reconstructions from the equatorial Pacific suggest a sea surface temperature (SST) distribution that resembles SSTs during El Niño events today. El Niño events have widespread impacts including reduced marine productivity in the eastern equatorial Pacific and weakened Indian Summer Monsoon. Insights into Pliocene El Niño-like SSTs are typically based on paleoclimate reconstructions from a few sites that are then used to infer regional conditions. In this study, we apply a statistical method to a compilation of nine Pliocene SST records across the equatorial Pacific to fill in the spatial gaps in the paleotemperature reconstructions. Our maps of reconstructed Pliocene SSTs reveal that the eastern equatorial Pacific was 3-6°C warmer than today, which is consistent with a mean El Niño-like state. Given the modern El Niño-Indian Summer Monsoon relationship, we estimate that Pliocene monsoon was~20-40% weaker than today.