Cables

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In many cases, the manholes for maintaining various installations including power and telecommunication cables, water-, remote heating-, and gas-pipes are located in a close vicinity of power substations. The paper analyzes the risks of the occurrence of dangerous potential differences within the manhole and on the surrounding ground surface during ground faults in the substation. Possible protective measures are discussed.

Estimating cable tension in cable-stayed bridges or in external tendons is essential for regular inspection and assessment of those structures. Vibration measurements provide a solution, however, may not be accurate in cases parameters such as amount of sag and flexural rigidity of cable are significant. In this study, the characteristic equation for vibration of the most general case of a cable, where both the sag and flexure in the cable are taken into account, is analytically derived. After that by considering proper simplifying assumptions of small flexural rigidity parameter, asymptotic forms of that equation are obtained. It renders a practically applicable procedure to estimate cable tension using measured natural frequencies. The developed procedure is verified by realistic data of a cable stayed bridge in Vietnam.

... mechanism, this paper presents a precise comparison between the results obtained by an analytical model for a simple geometrically non-linear cable-stayed beam [12] and those obtained by both finite element analysis and experiments on a physical model. ...

For the first time a full/streamlined life cycle assessment (LCA) case study was performed to estimate the carbon footprint of three types of FTTx networks deployed in Italy. The functional unit is “broadband network in an Italian urban dense area for use by 10,000 homes during one year” The worst case results show that FTTB, FTTCab, and FTTH all emit

This paper highlights on continuous improvement in Extra High Voltage (EHV) & High Voltage (HV) AC Underground Transmission Cables (UTC) Technology like real time monitoring, improved XLPE insulation. Due to improvement in manufacturing technology & long-term technical experiences of cable manufacturers with EHV XLPE cable systems, there is increase in reliability of cable. For UTCs accessories, a high level of quality & reliability has been achieved with the technology of pre-fabricated & pre-tested insulation bodies of silicone rubber. Frequency of internal failure in XLPE insulated UTC is very low of value 0.088 as compared to failure in 230 kV Overhead Transmission line (OTL) =0.7997. This paper is based on the recent Service Experience & statistical data obtained from TSO, Working Groups, & EHV XLPE UTC manufactures.

This paper focuses on I2R losses under nonsinusoidal conditions, mainly in cables and transformers. For this purpose, a mathematical development that takes in account the presence of harmonic components in the I2R losses calculation will be presented, so that the effects of the harmonic distortion in the power system components and consequently the impact on the power factor can be analyzed. Based on this study, a factor that evaluates the power quality performance in low voltage networks is presented. This factor is directly associated to the economical viability, once that it points when the losses minimization is interesting according to the cost/benefit ratio.

Since the inception of conducted injection techniques to model radiated susceptibility/immunity coupling, considerable debate has ensued regarding its validity. This paper affirms the viewpoint of Szentkuti (1989), builds upon test results of Adams (1992) and Trout (1996), and discusses Perini's theoretical observations (1993, 1995A, 1995B). Analytical and test results are presented which further demonstrate under what specific conditions conducted and radiated techniques can be correlated, and how the works of Adams, Trout, and Perini fit into the general problem of modeling field-to-wire coupling. At frequencies where transmission line and antenna effects are minimal, conducted immunity techniques provide excellent correlation with analytical and empirical predictions of radiated coupling. From a practical standpoint, conducted injection techniques provide realistic coupling at frequencies and amplitude levels that would be uneconomical to achieve with traditional radiated techniques.

Evolving technology and increasing pin-bandwidth motivate the use of high-radix routers to reduce the diameter, latency, and cost of interconnection networks. High-radix networks, however, require longer cables than their low-radix counterparts. Because cables dominate network cost, the number of cables, and particularly the number of long, global cables should be minimized to realize an efficient network. In this paper, we introduce the dragonfly topology which uses a group of high-radix routers as a virtual router to increase the effective radix of the network. With this organization, each minimally routed packet traverses at most one global channel. By reducing global channels, a dragonfly reduces cost by 20% compared to a flattened butterfly and by 52% compared to a folded Clos network in configurations with ≥ 16K nodes. We also introduce two new variants of global adaptive routing that enable load-balanced routing in the dragonfly. Each router in a dragonfly must make an adaptive routing decision based on the state of a global channel connected to a different router. Because of the indirect nature of this routing decision, conventional adaptive routing algorithms give degraded performance. We introduce the use of selective virtual-channel discrimination and the use of credit round-trip latency to both sense and signal channel congestion. The combination of these two methods gives throughput and latency that approaches that of an ideal adaptive routing algorithm.

Os cabos submarinos de fibra óptica e os satélites de comunicações – representação e desconstruções. Curiosamente, e apesar da sua enorme e crescente importância para comunicações contemporâneas de inúmeros tipos, os cabos de fibras ópticas, e sobretudo os cabos submarinos de entre os quais são de sublinhar os que ligam entre si as costas litorais das bacias oceânicas e marítimas – e a partir daí os interiores das massas continentais – não têm nem por sombras recebido a atenção pública e/ou académica que merecem. Como tantas vezes é o caso ao abordarmos questões tecnológicas, as representações espontâneas da importância que lhes atribuímos são enganadoras: talvez em resposta à publicitação das corridas ao espaço encetadas pelo Sputniks soviéticos, no quadro de uma corrida espacial que se prolongou pela Guerra Fria adentro, culiminando com a vitória norte-americana com o seu pico na alunagem do módulo Eagle da Apollo 11, a 20 de Julho de 19692. Uma vitória acompanhada e depois seguida por um número cada vez maior de objectos colocados em órbita para garantir melhores comunicações bem como missões espaciais de todo o tipo que vemos crescer vertiginosamente, levadas a cabo pela Rússia, pelo Japão, pela União Europeia, pela Índia, pela China, entre vários outros, supostamente criando redes físicas de suporte tecnológico que servem de garante para as nossas comunicações. No entanto, esse suporte tecnológico não está no espaço, acima, mas antes nos fundos marítimos e oceânicos. Vários actos relevantes há que falam por si na desconstrução deste mito. Segundo dados, relativos a 2016, fornecidos pela US Federal Communications Commission, apenas 0,37% da capacidade norte-americana para estabelecer comunicações com o exterior depende de satélites. Ou seja, virtualmente toda essa capacidade corre nos cabos submarinos3. No resto do mundo a situação não é muito diferente, com excepção, claro está, para os Estados ditos " encravados " , a saber, sem costa (que também usam cabos de fibra óptica, mas terrestre). Tem sido através deles que passam as comunicações áudio e vídeo de telecoms variados, todo o tipo de operadores móveis, Estados e empresas transnacionais, motores de busca, fornecedores de dados, bancos e banca, i.e. informação e instruções relacionadas com investimentos públicos e privados. Neste artigo abordo a importância da centralidade crescente de Portugal na rede global de cabos, nas suas diversas fases e com as suas dificuldades e vantagens próprias.

Measurement of partial discharge (PD) in high voltage equipment is widely used in condition assessment and performance maintenance of the insulation system. One of the methods to evaluate PD data from condition monitoring activities is by analysing PD signals captured from the PD detection equipment. In high voltage power cable, PD pulses originated from defect sites within cable insulation can propagate along the insulation. A better understanding of PD pulse propagation along cable insulation can be attained through simulation work. Therefore, in this paper, the propagation of PD pulses within cable insulation was simulated using finite element analysis (FEA) software and its velocity of propagation was calculated. The result was compared with the theoretical value and simulation results using PSCAD software. The effect of cable insulation parameters on the PD pulse propagation was also studied through the FEA model; these include variation of the permittivity and conductivity of the insulation material. © 2013 IEEE.

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=06554201

Suspension bridges are longest span structures, however, the major problem of those structures are its stability under wind loads. The stability of those bridges depends majorly on aerodynamic forces and structural supporting system; this study worked on those two major axes.
Aerodynamic axis was to minimize aerodynamic forces by optimizing deck shape. Computational fluid dynamic (CFD) is an effective numerical tool for simulating flow around bridge deck, which was verified in the literature. six deck cross sections were studied – three elliptical deck shapes and three closed trusses-; their generated aerodynamic forces were compared with forces acting on Sutong Bridge and the best one was modelled as unsteady- state model for calculating flutter derivatives. The elliptical deck shape is found to generate the least static pressure and aerodynamic forces relative to the box and closed truss shapes; that proves, as deck shape get smoother aerodynamic forces generated by the deck reduces
Structural axis was to improve the stability of cable supporting system. A combination of three-dimensional suspension cable and cable-stay systems studied. Catenary theory was improved for determining three-dimensional suspension cable profile. Three models suspension bridge and eight models cable-stayed suspension cable were studied. The use of three-dimensional suspension cable improved critical wind speed..

Integrated circuits (ICs) are often the source of the high-frequency noise that drives electromagnetic emissions from electronic products. A case study is presented where emissions from a printed circuit board containing an automotive microcontroller are reduced significantly through analysis of the coupling mechanisms from the chip to the board and attached cables. Noise generated by the IC is explored through measurements in a semi-anechoic chamber and TEM cell, through near-field scans, and through modifications to the printed circuit board. Noise is driven by the IC through both power and I/O connections. Results show that a ferrite in series with I/O power in this application reduced emissions by 10 dB or more at critical frequencies. Possible causes for emissions from the IC and modifications that might reduce these emissions are discussed.

In the 1970s, the leader of the Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU) and future Prime Minister of Australia, Robert J. Hawke, was an informer of the United States of America. Using diplomatic cables from official archives, this article shows that Hawke gifted information about the Australian Government, the Australian Labor Party and the labour movement, fueling the intelligence gathering efforts of the foreign power. In turn, the relationship influenced the development of Australian policy, including the abandonment of Keynesianism and embrace of neoliberalism. His discreet actions – discussed in detail for the first time – were not unusual among elites in the post-war period. However, he was especially entrenched in the practice. Many people in politics, the bureaucracy and news media were similarly providing useful information. This paper will also show through historiography and memoir that the act of informing by elites began in the 1940s, when the United States became Australia’s key strategic ally.

classical" global geopolitics: the opening fo the Atlantic as a Mare Nostrum, and then a Mare Clausum: the Tordesillas Treaty and the Portuguese commercial routes during the XVIth Century (in blue) and the "española" ones (these latter 'de longo curso' and in white, here)

The increasing use of non-linear loads in electrical installations has exacerbated the problems of harmonic distortion in industrial and commercial electrical systems. In the UK the current practice to determine the cable size for an electric circuit is to use BS7671. However, previously the 16th edition IEE Wiring Regulations only dealt with situations where cables attain the conductor temperature generated by sinusoidal currents at the fundamental power frequency. This paper outlines the methods available to determine the minimum size of line conductors for protection against overload currents, taking into account the harmonic content of the load current, and explains the harmonic rating factor Cf introduced in 2008 for cables that are under significant harmonic influences. Since the effect of harmonic currents is to increase the joule losses in a cable, the ampacity of the cable will need to be corrected to ensure the maximum conductor operating temperature is not exceeded. An experiment on how cable temperature can be measured under harmonic influence is described, and several sets of measurements taken on a typical cable are analysed. The paper concludes that direct usage of the BS7671 rating factor for harmonics appears to be rather conservative and could lead to over-sizing of the line conductors for three-phase circuits, but is deemed beneficial in the long run.

Most high-speed multiple-access networks on the market, or those currently under design, operate in a limited geographical environment and are devoted either to data-only or voice-only transmission. However, challenges issued by the marketplace require the full integration of voice, data, and video in a real-time environment. This paper proposes a metropolitan area network that covers a campus environment and truly integrates voice, data, and video under a single transmission medium. Furthermore, the transmission is achieved through a single media-access schema. This paper also presents marketing issues, network requirements, and technology constraints. The proposed mediaaccess schema is also being considered by the IEEE 802.6 MAN Committee for Standardization.

Fiber Optik adalah jenis kabel yang terbuat dari serat kaca atau plastik halus yang dapat
mentransmisikan sinyal cahaya dari satu tempat ke tempat lainnya. Dengan perkembangan
modern, komunikasi telah menjadi bagian penting dari kehidupan manusia dan tidak dapat
disia-siakan. Proses komunikasi melibatkan pembuatan informasi, transmisi, penerimaan dan
interpretasi. Bandwidth lebar untuk sinyal transmisi dengan penundaan rendah merupakan
persyaratan utama dalam aplikasi saat ini. Fiber optik sekarang menjadi media transmisi data
jarak jauh dan memiliki transmisi data rate tinggi untuk Telekomunikasi jaringan.
Perkembangan yang luar biasa bisa jadi terlihat di bidang komunikasi serat optik dekade
terakhir. Fiber optik memberikan yang tak tertandingi bandwidth transmisi, fiber optik
sekarang media transmisi pilihan untuk jarak jauh dan tinggi transmisi bit rate dalam jaringan
telekomunikasi.

This review article is the first of three parts of a Special Issue dealing with finite-amplitude oscillations of elastic suspended cables. This part is concerned with system modeling and methods of analysis. After shortly reporting on cable historical literature and identifying the topic and scope of the review, the article begins with a presentation of the mechanical system and of the ensuing mathematical models. Continuum equations of cable finite motion are formulated, their linearized version is reported, and nonlinear discretized models for the analysis of 2D or 3D vibration problems are discussed. Approximate methods for asymptotic analysis of either single or multi-degree-of-freedom models of small-sag cables are addressed, as well as asymptotic models operating directly on the original partial differential equations. Numerical tools and geometrical techniques from dynamical systems theory are illustrated with reference to the single-degree-of-freedom model of cable, reporting on measures for diagnosis of nonlinear and chaotic response, as well as on techniques for local and global bifurcation analysis. The paper ends with a discussion on the main features and problems encountered in nonlinear experimental analysis of vibrating suspended cables. This review article cites 226 references. Previous scientific interests were concerned with various topics in solid and structural mechanics, earthquake engineering, and nonlinear oscillations in mechanical and structural engineering. Current research interests are concerned with nonlinear dynamics, bifurcation, chaos, and their control in applied mechanics and engineering, addressed through analytical, computational, geometrical, and experimental approaches. He has published nearly 150 papers in refereed journals, edited volumes, and refereed conference proceedings, and has given plenary and invited lectures in international conferences. He chaired an International Symposium, an Euromech Colloquium, and an IUTAM Symposium on various topics of nonlinear dynamics, bifurcation, chaos, and control in mechanical systems and processes, as well as sessions and minisymposia within several international conferences. He was a member

The supply of adequate and stable power supply of electricity to consumers is the backbone of socioeconomic growth of any nation and Nigeria is not an exception. The Power sector in Nigeria has multidimensional problems such as: use of overloaded power transformers in the grid substation, Altitude of top Management, Government altitude and contractors altitude toward power generation, corruption and mismanagement of funds. These factors are seriously affecting the performance indices (efficiency, number of consumers connected to distribution line per unit transformer, transmission losses and maintenance cost) of electricity utilities in the country. Electric power is the engine that drives industrialization, which improves communication, helps innovation in science and Technology, provides sound healthcare delivery system and improve citizens standard of living. The review revealed that the total grid capacity of 7,139.60MW with 3,572.6MW (peak generation),3,091.8MW (lowest generation),80,308.49MWH (energy recorded), 49.232Hz (lowest system frequency), 51.18Hz (highest system frequency), 347Kv (highest voltage recorded), 300Kv (lowest voltage recorded) as at February 18, 2015 and 3,490.7MW (generation at 06:00Hrs) as at February 19, 2015. Hence, this paper investigated into the causes of unstable power supply of electricity in Nigeria and proffers solutions to the problem. One of the solution proffers in this paper is the use of alternative means of generation which will go a long way in solving stability of electric power problem in Nigeria. Aim of this paper is to ensure efficient, safe and adequate production of electricity, evolve stable and equitable rates thereby ensuring reasonably profits in power sector.

The aim of this study is to test the approximate lumped analysis against the more rigorous distributed parameter approach in the solution of 1D and 2D non-linear heat conduction problems associated to electrical cables under current load. The system of partial differential equations governing the distributed parameter model is replaced by a system of ordinary differential equations with total derivatives with respect to time. The number of the unknown temperatures is highly reduced and the numerical solution, even though approximate, can be very fast. Furthermore, with the use of the thermal-electrical analogy, the lumped system can be described as an equivalent electric circuit composed by thermal resistances and capacitances properly connected and solved with dedicated software. In this work, the lumped approach is applied to the overheating effect of insulated electric cables under current load both in steady and in transient regime. For this application the lumped methodology can be

This study presents a RCM program for Turkish National Power Transmission System. Depending upon the information from transmission utility staff, the system is decomposed into functional blocks and failures for each functional block is held individually to attain a reasonable maintenance program for the transmission system.

Nombre de capa Actividades y funciones de capa Dispositivos, medios de conexión o tipos de aplicaciones que trabajan en la capa Tipo de da utiliz 1.-CAPA FÍSICA Se ocupa de la transmisión de bits a lo largo de un canal de comunicación. Debe asegurarse en esta capa que si se envía un bit por el canal, se debe recibir el mismo bit en el destino. Encargada de la topología de la red y de las conexiones globales de la computadora hacia la red, tanto al medio físico (cable de pares trenzado, coaxial, guías de onda, aire, fibra óptica) como a la forma en la que se transmite la información (materiales y eléctricas). Manejar las señales eléctricas del medio de transmisión, polos en un enchufe, etc. y repetidores (hub). Se utilizan los protocolos RS-232, X.21. Bits (0s y unidad mín informac 2.-CAPA DE ENLACE DE DATOS La tarea primordial de esta capa es la de corrección de errores. Hace que el emisor troce la entrada de datos en tramas, las transmita en forma secuencial y procese las tramas de asentimiento devueltas por el receptor. Es esta capa la que debe reconocer los límites de las tramas. Si la trama es modificada por una ráfaga de ruido, el software de la capa de enlace de la máquina emisora debe hacer una retransmisión de la trama. Es también en esta capa donde se debe evitar que un transmisor muy rápido sature con datos a un receptor lento. En esta capa se ubican los bridges (puentes) y switches. Protocolos utilizados: HDLC y LLC. Ethernet, ATM, Frame Relay, etc. Tram serie de bits, o en forma cíc transportan in y permiten recepción ext informac 3.-CAPA DE RED Se ocupa del control de la operación de la subred. Determina cómo encaminar los paquetes del origen al destino, pudiendo tomar distintas soluciones. El control de la congestión es también problema de este nivel, así como la responsabilidad para resolver problemas de interconexión de redes heterogéneas (con protocolos diferentes, etc.). Divide los mensajes de la capa de transporte en paquetes y los ensambla al final. Envía los paquetes de nodo a nodo usando ya sea un circuito virtual o como datagramas. En esta capa se ubican a los encaminadores o ruteadores y switches. Protocolos utilizados: IP, IPX. Paquete de d Datagra compuesto por informació trasladar el p área de datos datos que se tr cola (trailer) c detección de 4.-CAPA DE TRANSPORT E Efectúa el transporte de los datos (que se encuentran dentro del paquete) de la máquina origen a la de destino, independizándolo del tipo de red física que esté utilizando. Establece conexiones punto a punto sin errores para el envía o de mensajes. Permite multiplexar una conexión punto a punto entre diferentes procesos En esta capa se ubican los gateways y el software. Protocolos utilizados: UDP, TCP, SPX. El primero orientado a conexión y el otro sin conexión. Segmento o D [UNIDAD DE TPDU] depen si correspond UDP.

HDOPLAST HNS series non-stick bedding compounds are low smoke and non-corrosive flame retardant zero halogen bedding compounds. Thanks to its unique and patented formulation it provides no adhesion to polyolefin insulation as well polyolefin sheathing during extrusion of thin and thick wall section cables without TALC POWDER. It is suggested to use in tandem and co-ex extrusion processes not suitable for two-pass extrusion.

Abstruct-Radiated electromagnetic fields are produced by currents in cables or transmission lines interconnecting various circuits. An elegant method of computing the resultant electromagnetic field, produced by several radiating current elements, is given. The current in each radiating cable is first found from a time-domain simulation algorithm and this may be a steadystate or transient current. The radiated field is then calculated by assuming a radiating transmission line can be treated as a chain of short radiating dipoles. The problems associated with the calculation of the near-zone term at low frequencies and the overall response near the radiator are clarified. The proposed technique is fully evaluated and compared with other methods.

It is well established that all-dielectric self-supporting cables on high-voltage overhead power lines can suffer from damage through the mechanism of dry-band arcing. A number of heuristics have evolved over the past 20 years and these are used to determine whether such cables are capable of reliable performance. A key element to planning is modeling the installation conditions. In addition to the geometry of the high-voltage line, such a model needs to consider the climatic environment and potential pollutants on the cable. In this paper, a model is built based on the commercial software current distribution, electromagnetic fields, grounding and soil structure analysis which is widely used in the power industry. The model developed is shown to be consistent with a number of previously published models. It is demonstrated that the relative sags of all-dielectric self-supporting cable and conductors are key to the severity of the installed situation. It is also shown that the towers do not need to be modeled for the most severe cases of high pollution, but are required for accuracy in medium and low pollution cases.

Wind turbines may have an important impact on power quality. Flicker is a more serious issue for fixed-speed wind turbines, because these turbines produce electric power following the variations of the incident wind. During continuous operation, wind variations will result in power fluctuations and consequently in voltage fluctuations. It is necessary to evaluate wind turbine flicker emission level, and traditionally time domain simulations have been used to perform the analysis. This paper presents a complete frequency domain model to study flicker produced during wind turbine continuous operation. The model includes a realistic wind speed model as observed by the wind turbine, and also a frequency domain induction generator model is presented. The frequency domain model is compared with a time domain model. The frequency domain approach, as shown in the paper, may be very useful for flicker analysis in electric networks.

This study examines how design features, such as building envelope openings and compartmentalization, affect the wind pressure in typical low-rise buildings with gable and hip roofs. Wind-induced internal and external pressures were investigated by using a full-scale wind testing facility generically known as Wall of Wind (WOW). The test-building model was built with an optimal size of 2.74 m (9 ft) long, 2.13 m (7 ft) wide, and 2.13 m (7 ft) high. The model consisted of multiple dominant openings (doors with secondary openings and windows), roof ventilation devices (soffit vents, gooseneck roof vent, and roof turbine ventilators), and horizontal and vertical (ceiling and wall) internal assembly compartments. These features, together with a high Reynolds number (∼10 6 ) flow test, enabled a realistic assessment of internal pressures due to (1) dominant openings' size and location and background leakage and (2) compartmentalization. For the study case, the hatch opening in the roof increased the coefficient of internal pressure from 0.05 to 0.69 for the dominant door-opened case and from 0.08 to 0.98 for the dominant window-opened case in contrast to the closed-hatch case, which indicated the importance of compartmentalization. In addition, the peak internal pressure of the gable roof was higher than the hip roof by more than 190%. The worst net pressure coefficient at the eaves of the gable roof was found to be significantly higher than the hip roof.

It is a well-accepted fact that the protection of power system equipment is very crucial in order to ensure sustainability of electrical energy delivery. Each equipment is subjected to different types of surges and these surges can be of different amplitudes and frequencies. Depending on the severity of the transient surges, the equipment might experience very severe damages and also can cause further disruption to the overall electrical network. Failure of underground cables has always been a major concern for the electrical power distribution industries. Fault location and repair of faulty cables are expensive and time-consuming. Overvoltage phenomena such as line switching, load rejection and fault produce high frequency transients that could affect the performance of an underground cable and also the network that it is connected to. Therefore it is important to identify the factors that dictate the behaviour of a transient signal travelling along the cable. This paper will look into the simulation studies on transient behaviour when the characteristics representing the insulation of underground cables are varied. By identifying the causes that contribute to the change of cable characteristics, the effects they have on the simulated transient can be examined thoroughly. © 2013 IEEE.

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=6564573

In this letter, we show that contrary to common belief, counter-transposing the conductors when power cables are crossbonded can increase the positive-sequence resistance by close to 20%. This is very important because the losses of a power cable are determined (for balanced operation) from the Joule loasses caused by the positive-sequence resistance (3 1 2 1).

Kabel NYA merupakan kabel listrik berisolasi satu lapis, kabel NYA sering di gunakan dalam instalasi listrik dan sering di pergunakan sebagai grounding. Kabel jenis ini terdiri dari konduktor dan isolator saja, untuk membedakan antar konduktor kabel NYA pada setiap isolator kabel NYA di tandai dengan warna dan harga kabel NYA relatif lebih murah di banding kabel NYM.

The word architecture is itself a metaphor bridging “master” and “builder”: from arkhi- "chief" + tekton "builder, carpenter". Master was a title of citizen ship, authority and high status while builder was all of the skills associated with carpentry where merchant places of business and residences were constructed by carpenters under a master carpenter.  As words, grammar, phonetics,  literature, dictionaries, and encyclopedias are the vocabulary and tools  of writing and speaking so are mechanical, electrical, plumbing and structural engineering, materials, structural elements, building systems, manufacturers catalogs, history of interiors, history of architecture  (beams, cables, columns, flooring, roofing, wall materials, lights, wires, ducts, etc.) the vocabulary of designers.
The writer and the designer both devise the choice of words, construct sentences and paragraphs to express, explain some ideas, create some mystery, and romance while the designer contrives his vocabulary of elements to reify the program. The completed building speaks through its every part. Its volume, spaces, shape, form, and height with proportions, shades and shadows, reflections, inner and outer spaces, sequence of spaces, planes and internal and external volumes. The building is the ensemble of the actors of the play reciting their parts, the musicians in the orchestra playing their pieces all led by a conductor who interprets the composer’s composition as the general contractor interprets the contact documents.
Today we have computers which can translate words into graphic three dimensional building models and translate the model to draining and specifications. This application of this analogy was not even conceivable when we began this study in 1967. Forty years from now the possibilities seem endless but leading to expanded metaphors and use of metaphoric thinking. However, between then and now I have been asked by software giants to discuss architectural terms so they could build tools for architects to design. Computer Aided Design, Master Spec, Modeling is the results of such conversations.
Most cognitive linguistic research 7.0 on metaphor (such as architecture as the making of metaphors) may be characterized as theory building, in which concepts and hypotheses are developed about the nature of conceptual metaphor. To be sure, such theories have empirical underpinnings, in that their authors are careful to collect many linguistic and architectural examples that corroborate our theoretical constructs. To put this slightly differently, these are theories meant to be put to the test in empirical research. In that respect, they are not like the hermeneutic theories of philosophers7.0.

Fibre optic sensor cable technology is relatively a new research area that combines a set of scientific and technical disciplines in order to meet distributed sensor system needs and quality standards. In this paper, we discuss a fibre optic sensor design with three tightly encapsulated fibres for multipurpose and multivalent sensing. It has the potential to integrate more detection and measurement techniques into a small space, and this, in turn, largely contributes to installation and cost optimizations and directly impacts investment plans and industrial success. The developed cable is tested in a specially developed high pressure and high temperature chamber. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the proposed sensor cable offers the possibility of detection and distributed measurement of temperature, pressure, bending and vibrations. ARTICLE HISTORY

A behavioural model for performance evaluation of a common mode choke (CMC) is proposed: the topology and methods used to model the different properties of the CMC are presented. It combines an accurate model of the complex permeability, of the saturation, of leakage inductances and of parasitic capacitances. Inputs needed from the designer are measured values of currents, voltages and impedance of the actual system, and parameters available in literature and/or from manufacturers for the modelled CMC. The behavioural model is essential in simulation of EMI effects.

Using from the first principle to ascertain the status of a faulty Distribution Transformer is very important. In a situation where digitalized computer system is not available, performance test can be carried out on any distribution transformer along the street or roads. However, to get an insight of this field test on faulty distribution transformers especially in the developing countries -a Single-phase Voltage transformation ratio test, Step-up voltage ratio test, Insulation resistance test, Earthing (ground resistance test), Dielectric oil test, Load test, etc., should be carried out properly. Power failure or sudden power outage as a result of blown on the High Voltage Distribution fuses or consequent loss of a transformer cannot be overemphasized, therefore, indiscriminate connection of consumers' service mains(lines) should be checked and discourage by both the power provider and the end users (consumers). This technical article shall discuss a practical approach of faulty distribution transformer carried out with the following tests: Single-phase voltage transformation ratio test, Single phase Step-up voltage ratio (output) test, Insulation resistance test with XLPE cable and Earthing (ground Resistance) test.

The feasibility of estimating lumbar mechanics in-vivo was evaluated using ultrasound imaging. Images were obtained while subjects were seated, with the pelvis fixed, and pulled on an anchored cable by isometrically contracting trunk muscles at different force levels. Linear regression analysis was used to identify ultrasound measurements which were correlated with trunk force. Results suggest that ultrasound is more suitable for estimating lumbar mechanics during lateral flexion than extension of the trunk. A linear trend was found between changes in thickness of some muscles and trunk force, which could provide an alternative to invasive intramuscular electrodes for measuring the activity of non-superficial muscles. A significant limitation, however, is that the magnitude of the changes were frequently very close to the ultrasound resolution.

The relation between the exact theory and Carson's the¬ ory for the fields of straight wires above a homogeneous earth is derived. Sufficient conditions for the validity of Carson's equations are given. Cases for which Carson's theory is not valid are discussed. In addition, an image theory useful for magnetic induction problems is given and discussed.