Capital Gain

Before December 1999, the capital gains of shareholders who sold their shares into Australian takeovers have been taxable irrespective of payment method. Subsequently, shareholders can elect to rollover capital gains in equity takeovers. We examine the effect of this change on the association between target shareholder capital gains and bidder and target firm shareholder wealth. The results indicate that prior to the regulatory change, cash consideration results in higher target shareholder returns for non-taxation reasons. After the introduction of capital gains tax rollover relief, we find that target and acquiring firm shareholders earn lower returns when cash consideration is offered to shareholders with greater capital gains.

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The recent enactment of a capital gains tax cut resulted, according to Hudson and Feder, from the absence of a true appreciation or consideration of the real beneficiaries of such a cut, probable actual effects, the distinction between productive and nonproductive sources of capital gains (two-thirds of capital gains accrue to real estate, which is a fixed, nonproductive asset), and

This article is able to put together a database of 86 repeat-sales transactions for office properties in lower and midtown Manhattan spanning the years from 1899 to 1999. Using this very limited database, decade-interval changes in real property prices are estimated—with varying degrees of precision. Our conclusions are two fold. First, adjusting for inflation, commercial office property values were 30% lower in 1999 than they were in 1899. Second, within any decade values often rise and fall by 20–50% in real terms. With these results, the long-term historic return to New York commercial property must mostly comprise yield with capital gains limited to general inflation. Other historical studies consistent with this conclusion are reviewed.

On April 25, 2021, the Washington State Legislature enacted a new state capital gains tax. Before now, Washington state has been one of the few states that does not impose a tax on either income or capital gains. Because of limitations imposed by the Washington State Constitution, the legislature has been forced to characterize the tax as an excise tax, rather than treat it as an income tax as would the federal government and every other state. Based on the statute’s structure and its presentation as an excise tax, whether intentionally or unintentionally, the legislature appears to have excluded both the trustees and beneficiaries of non-grantor trusts from being subject to the tax. This Article reviews the difference between grantor and non-grantor trusts, examines the apparent discrepancy between the two under the statute, and explores tax strategies planners and clients might consider pursuing in the wake of the new tax.

This study aims to examine and analyze the effect of production volume and crude palm oil (CPO) prices on profitability (proxied by return on assets, ROA) and its impact on stock returns (proxied by capital gains) in plantation industry sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI) 2013-2017. The sampling method used was purposive sampling. From the population of 18 plantation industry companies, 12 companies met the criteria to be sampled. The type of data used is panel data, which is collected by documentation techniques. The analytical method used in this study is multiple linear regression using Eviews version 9.0 software. The results showed that CPO production had a positive and not significant effect on ROA. The price of CPO has a negative and not significant effect on ROA. ROA has a positive and not significant effect on stock returns. CPO production has a negative and not significant effect on stock returns. CPO prices have a positive and not significant effect on stock returns. Simultaneously CPO production and prices have no significant effect on ROA and stock returns. CPO production and CPO prices simultaneously contribute more to stock returns than through ROA as an intervening variable.

This chapter considers the taxation of small, owner-managed businesses. It focuses on the difficulties created by treating employees, unincorporated and incorporated businesses differently for tax and social security purposes. The authors reject blanket tax incentives for small firms and differentiation between legal forms and concentrate on issues arising from opportunities created on incorporation for the conversion of income from labour

As oppose to the expectation, financing of BoP with foreign investment exerted huge cost on India’s BoP. Dividend and capital gain are found to be the two cost of FPI on BoP, in which latter would considered as cost on BoP only if it is repatriated. FPI earns huge capital gain as compared to dividend and has significant evidence for repatriation.

We provide estimates of the effects of demand and supply shocks in the global crude oil market on several measures of oil exporters' and oil importers' external balances, including the oil trade balance, the non-oil trade balance, the current account, capital gains, and changes in net foreign assets (NFA). First, we show that the effect of oil demand and supply shocks on the merchandise trade balance and the current account, which depending on the source of the shock can be large, depends critically on the response of the non-oil trade balance. Our results provide evidence of an intermediate degree of international financial integration. Second, we document the presence of large and systematic valuation effects in response to these shocks. Valuation effects overall tend to cushion the effect of oil demand and supply shocks on the NFA positions of oil exporters and oil importers. Third, we quantify the overall importance of global business cycle demand shocks as well as oil-market specific demand and supply shocks for external balances.

The 2008 financial crisis is the worst economic crisis since the Great Depression of 1929. It has been characterised by a housing bubble in a context of rapid credit expansion, high risk-taking and exacerbated financial leverage, ending into deleveraging and credit crunch when the bubble burst. This paper discusses the interactions between housing tax provisions and the financial crisis. In particular, it reviews the existing evidence on the links between capital gains taxation of houses, interest mortgage deductibility and characteristics of the crisis.

The aging of a housing structure not only leads to depreciation but also increases the possibility of redevelopment. If redevelopment accompanies an increase in structural density in order to accommodate the increased demand for housing, it provides large capital gains to the existing owners. In this case, expectations of redevelopment in the near future and the eventual announcement of redevelopment

Inability to observe investors' complete opportunity set has restricted prior analyses of capital gains taxes. This study overcomes these data limitations by examining involuntary capital gain real- izations arising from the 1989 RJR Nabisco leveraged buyout. Confidential share- holder records permit precise estimates of the shareholders' tax bases. We find a negative correlation between price and tax basis for the shares sold. The direct evidence of investor tax-rationality is con- sistent with the lock-in effect and sup- ports assertions that the lock-in effect ex- erts upward pressure on the supply curve in equity acquisitions.

Research Associate Steven M. Fazzari and Benjamin Herzon assess the effect of a capital gains tax cut on firms' decisions to undertake new investment projects and the possible effect of such projects on economic growth and employment. Their analysis takes into account such factors as projects' degree of uncertainty, investors' degree of risk aversion, whether capital gains losses are deductible

This paper is a deductive theoretical enquiry into the flow of effects from the geometry of price bubbles/busts, to price indices, to pricing behaviours of sellers and buyers, and back to price bubbles/busts. The intent of the analysis is to suggest analytical approaches to identify the presence, maturity, and/or sustainability of a price bubble. We present a pricing model to

While many studies have been devoted to capital accumulation and rate of profit, the article empirically characterises the financialization at the level of firms' liability, i.e. at the level of debt and equity. In particular, the determinants of non financial firms' indebtedness and equity issuing will be analysed econometrically. The theoretical framework is mainly Post-Keynesian, with the founding role played by Minsky (1986) and with Stock Flow Consistent models proposed by Lavoie and Godley (2001), Godley and Lavoie (2007), Taylor (2004) and Dos Santos and Zezza (2008 )with their analysis of interactions between financial variables and investment. The article is based on the flow of funds accounts of INSEE which provide coherent data in flows and stocks over the period 1978-2007. Thanks to a precise account of financial assets and liabilities and capital gains, these data allow to implement a rigorous analysis of firms' financial behaviour at the macroeconomic level.

This paper models optimal beef cow replacement strategy in a stochastic environment under US income tax rules effective before and after the Tax Reform Act of 1986. Under each tax regime, the producer's buy versus raise decision and optimal culling age choice are ...