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Estudo de coorte historica sobre infeccoes do sitio cirurgico decorrentes das 3.543 cirurgias de pacientes ortopedicosconstantes nos registros de banco de dados do Servico de Controle de Infeccao Hospitalar de um hospital geral,publico e de grande porte de Minas Gerais. Os objetivos foram determinar a taxa de incidencia de infeccao de sitiocirurgico e o tempo de manifestacao da infeccao, verificar a associacao entre infeccao e fatores de risco e identificar osmicrorganismos prevalentes. Encontrou-se a incidencia de infeccao de sitio cirurgico de 1,8%. As variaveis potencialde contaminacao da ferida cirurgica, condicoes clinicas do paciente (ASA), duracao da cirurgia e tipo de procedimentomostraram-se estatisticamente associadas a ISC. O tempo medio de manifestacao das infeccoes apos a cirurgia foi de96 dias. O microrganismo mais frequente foi o Staphylococcus aureus.(AU)

In view of the desire to improve the water quality of the heavily polluted branches of the Shatt al-Arab River at the City of Basrah, it was proposed to maintain effective flushing as well as contracting sewerage system. The present study was conducted in order to examine the water quality of these branches in an attempt to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed flushing system. It has been found that their waters contained very low levels of dissolved oxygen and relatively high amounts of both COD and BOD5. The annual average water quality parameters for Basrah Branches were: dissolved oxygen 3.4 ppm; pH 7.67; hydrogen sulphide 1.4 ppm; ammonia 97 μg-at. N l−1; COD 15.9 mg l−1; BOD5 12.7 mg l−1; dissolved silicates 202 μg-at. Si l−1; dissolved reactive phosphate 13.4 μg-at. P-PO43− l−1; nitrate 10.4 μg-at. N-NO3− l−1; nitrite 2.1 μg-at. N-NO2− l−1 and chlorophyll-α 14.3 mg m−3. Based on our calculations, it has been concluded that the proposed system is effective, thus within a...

Duration of the menstrual cycle was 48 ± 39 and 32 ± 7 days in girls with type 1 diabetes mellitus and controls, respectively. Oligomenorrhea (58.9% vs. 19.6%) and amenorrhea (10.7% vs. 1.8%) were more prevalent in girls with type 1 diabetes mellitus than in controls. ...

This study identifies shallow well water contamination sources near the Mae-Hia waste disposal site and the clarification of the extent of well water contamination caused by leachate generated from the disposal site. The water of 40 shallow wells around the Mae-Hia disposal site, where three potential sources of groundwater pollution exist, was sampled and analyzed for physical, chemical, and biological characteristics. Water samples were taken every month from June 1989 to May 1990 along with a measurement of well water levels in order to estimate the groundwater flow direction. Comparison with the drinking water standards/guidelines showed that well water in the study area was not suitable for drinking due to the high contamination of total and fecal coliforms and moderate contamination by nitrate and manganese. It was found that the level of conductivity, total solids, color, chloride, chemical oxygen demand, sodium, copper, and lead in the groundwater of wells located adjacent to the disposal site were higher than in other areas. In addition, higher concentrations of sodium, chloride, calcium, and magnesium in the wells located downstream of the groundwater flow were recorded. Estimation of a leachate plume using chloride as an indicator showed that the wells located in the eastern part of the disposal site, a dominant direction of groundwater flow, were contaminated by leachate generated from the waste disposal site.

Hospital-acquired infection poses significant clinical and economic burden worldwide. In the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, infection control is a young, rapidly growing specialty. An infrastructure to expedite the growth of this important discipline is fast being established. The kingdom faces unique challenges when addressing infection control, which are the subject of this review. Much of the policy-making in domestic infection control is driven by the preventive medicine concerns of the annual pilgrimage (Hajj) to Mecca, which are unparalleled. The Saudi Ministry of Health acts to contain and control public health risks at this gathering of 2 million. Infectious hazards at the Hajj include meningococcal meningitis, respiratory tract infections, bloodborne diseases, and zoonotic diseases, all of which have international ramifications as pilgrimaging Muslims return home. In the wake of the extraordinary pace of modernization in Saudi Arabia, deficiencies in infection control remain, whi...

Hand hygiene has been recognized as the most important means of preventing the transmission of infection, and great emphasis has been placed on ways to improve hand hygiene compliance by health care workers (HCWs). Despite increasing evidence that patients’ flora and the hospital environment are the primary source of many infections, little effort has been directed toward involving patients in their own hand hygiene. Most previous work involving patients has included patients as monitors or auditors of hand hygiene practices by their HCWs. This article reviews the evidence on the benefits of including patients more directly in hand hygiene initiatives, and uses the framework of patient-centered safety initiatives to provide recommendations for the timing and implementation of patient hand hygiene protocols. It also addresses key areas for further research, practice guideline development, and implications for training of HCWs.