Chenopodium

Two new glycosides of 30-normedicagenic acid, namely 3-O-[beta-D-glucuronopyranosyl methyl ester]-2beta,3beta-dihydroxy-30-noroleane-12,20(29)-diene-23,28-dioic acid 28-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl ester, and 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-2beta,3beta-dihydroxy-30-noroleane- 12,20(29)-diene-23,28-dioic acid, together with the known 3-O-beta-glucopyranosyl-2beta,3beta-dihydroxy-30-noroleane-12,20(29)-diene-23 ,28-dioic acid 28-O-beta-glucopyranosyl ester, and 3-O-beta-glucuronopyranosyl-2beta,3beta-dihydroxy-30-noroleane-12,20(29)-diene-23,28-dioic acid 28-O-beta-glucopyranosyl ester were isolated from the aerial parts of Chenopodium foliosum Asch. The structures of the compounds were determined by means of spectroscopic methods (1D and 2D NMR, UV, IR) and HRMS-ESI. The compounds were tested for cytotoxicity on three leukemic cell lines (BV-173, SKW-3, HL-60). In addition, the saponins showed moderate stimulatory effects on interleukin-2 production in PHA/PMA stimulated Jurkat E6.1 cells.

Detection of monoterpenoid ascaridole and other terpenoids in the genus Chenopodium from the East Mediterranean. Distribution of ascaridole in leaves of 13 species medicinal plant belonging to the genus Chenopodium was examined with the help of the GC MS method. cis Ascaridole was found as a major peroxy monoterpenoid (up to 46.9 %) in the oil. Three minor isomers: cis isoascaridole (1.1 6.4 %), trans ascaridole (1 2 %), and trans isoascaridole (1 2 %) were also detected. The biological activities and biosynthesis of ascaridole are further discussed. The results on Ascaridol and the major volatiles and semi volatiles of wild species belonging to the genus Chenopodium provide important information on biologically active monoterpenoid compounds and volatile metabolites biosynthesized in wild medicinal plants growing in the East Mediterranean.

In order to study the effect of some adjuvants on Nicosulfuron efficiency on corn grain yield, and common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album) and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) density and biomass, a field experiment was conducted in research field of Miyaneh Islamic Azad university based on randomized complete design with three replications. Treatments included T1: atrazine, T2: Nicosulfuron + volck oil, T3: Nicosulfuron + ammonium nitrate, T4: nicosulfuron + ammonium sulfate, T5: Nicosulfuron + Citogate, T6: Nicosulfuron and T7: control. Results showed that the effect of herbicide and adjuvant application was significant on corn grain yield. Among different adjuvants, ammonium sulfate was more effective on studied traits than other adjuvants. Nicosulfuron plus ammonium sulfate increased grain yield 20.7% compared to control. Furthermore, the treatments had significant effect on redroot pigweed density and dry weight. Results showed that Nicosulfuron + ammonium sulfate had the least redroot pigweed density and dry weight.

The purpose of the present study was to isolate and characterize ailanthone-rich materials from the bark of the deciduous tree Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle and to assess their herbicide activity on selected herbaceous species. Ailanthone-rich fractions were obtained from A. altissima bark by extraction with dichloromethane and ethyl acetate and subsequent purification of these crude extracts, and of the remaining water mixture after solvent extraction, by means of gel permeation chromatography. A number of fractions were isolated and characterized for ailanthone content. A dichloromethane fraction was shown to contain 92% w/w of ailanthone, as demonstrated by HPLC and NMR analysis. A significant pre-emergence herbicide activity was found for most of the extracts which was directly correlated to ailanthone concentration. A remarkable combined pre- and post-emergence herbicide activity was found for a specific fraction. These results indicate that the bark of A. altissima may r...

The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of osmotic pressure on germination and radicle growth of two test species wheat and chickpea along with the aqueous extract of different concentration of weed (Chenopodium album L.). In the first experiment two test crops were treated with the weed extract in the concentration of 1%, 3% and 5% while in the second experiment four levels of osmotic pressure (22 kpa, 33 kpa, 44 kpa, 66 kpa) were created artificially using mannitol and treated the seeds of two test crops. This study focus that the responses of seeds or seedling to plant extract is not only or entirely by allelopathy the possibilities also exist that the extract may also exert negative osmotic effect. Results showed that germination percentage was not affected by osmotic pressure as compared to weed extract. However, the radicle elongation of both species was significantly reduced in similar concentration of weed extract. Generally the aqueous extracts were more effective in inhibition of seed germination, radicle growth and percent inhibition in radicle growth as compared to the mannitol solution. Results suggested that aqueous extract of C. album had an allelopathic effect on wheat and chick pea and osmotic pressure play little effect as C. album is concerned.

Los datos arqueobotánicos contribuyen aún poco a las reconstrucciones de la subsistencia y los paisajes agrarios aztecas. En este artículo analizamos un conjunto de macrorrestos carbonizados de plantas recuperado en la capital posclásica del Valle de Toluca. Consideramos los procesos de formación propios del sitio y en particular las vías de carbonización de los restos vegetales que permitieron su conservación. Destaca la quema de casas de bajareque, la que en dos casos consumió cantidades importantes de víveres almacenados. Proponemos un primer esbozo de la subsistencia de los habitantes del sitio y del paisaje de laderas terraceadas en las que se distribuían sus viviendas y terrenos de cultivo. Atribuimos un papel esencial a los llamados seudo-cereales, incluidos la chía y una especie de quenopodio, posiblemente cultivado por su grano.

Archaeobotanical data have so far contributed little to reconstructions of Aztec subsistence and cultivated landscapes. In this article we analyze an assemblage of charred plant macroremains from the Postclassic capital of the Toluca Valley. We consider the formation processes specific to the site and in particular the different pathways that led to the charring of plant tissue and thus its preservation. The burning of wattle-and-daub houses was singularly important and in two cases the fire charred substantial amounts of stored food. We attempt to characterize the subsistence of the inhabitants of the site and the landscape of the terraced slopes where they built their houses and farmed their fields. We attribute an essential role to the so-called pseudo-cereals, including chia and a species of chenopod possibly cultivated for its grain.

The essential oil of the aerial parts of Chenopodium ambrosioides L. has been isolated by hydrodistillation and analyzed using GCMS. The major components were found to be α-terpinene (63.1%), p-cymene (26.4%) and ascaridole (3.9%). The oil displayed no antibacterial activity against either Gram-positive bacteria Bacillus cereus or Staphylococcus aureus, or the Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli (MIC = 1250 μg/mL). A cluster analysis of C. ambrosioides essential oils reveals at least seven distinct chemotypes: ascaridole, α-terpinene, α-pinene, p-cymene, carvacrol, α-terpinyl acetate, and limonene.

Los datos arqueobotánicos contribuyen aún poco a las reconstrucciones de la subsistencia y los paisajes agrarios aztecas. En este artículo analizamos un conjunto de macrorrestos carbonizados de plantas recuperado en la capital posclásica del Valle de Toluca. Consideramos los procesos de formación propios del sitio y en particular las vías de carbonización de los restos vegetales que permitieron su conservación. Destaca la quema de casas de bajareque, la que en dos casos consumió cantidades importantes de víveres almacenados. Proponemos un primer esbozo de la subsistencia de los habitantes del sitio y del paisaje de laderas terraceadas en las que se distribuían sus viviendas y terrenos de cultivo. Atribuimos un papel esencial a los llamados seudo-cereales, incluidos la chía y una especie de quenopodio, posiblemente cultivado por su grano. 

Field experiments were conducted for two successive seasons to assess the genetic diversity in 44 germplasm lines of Chenopodium. Eleven agronomic traits were analyzed for cluster and principal component (PC) analysis. The first 4 PCs contributed 88.10% of the variability present among the lines. Three characters contributed positively to all the 4 components. The first principal component (PC1) had plant height, in florescence length and stem diameter as the variables with largest coefficients. The germplasm was categorized in 4 clusters following Ward's method. A wide range of diversity for most of the traits were observed that would enable breeders to identify lines with suitable traits to be used in hybridization programmes for broadening the genetic base.

The current study was conducted to assess the proximate composition of Chenopodium album collectedfrom different tehsils i.e. Mianwali, Esakhel, Piplan, of district Mianwali. The highest moisture (84.22±0.86%) andash (29.96±2.12%) content was found in Chenopodium album collected from Piplan and Mianwali respectively. Themaximum crude fiber (14.61±1.83%) and ether extract (27.11±0.21%) was reported in Piplan. The maximum crudeprotein (0.87±0.036%) and carbohydrates (11.67±1.38%) was observed in Esakhel while variation in proximatecomposition of Chenopodium album collected from different localities may be attributed to environmental factor (soilcomposition, water, temperature, light etc.) or may be due to spatial variation.

The current study was conducted to assess the proximate composition of Chenopodium album collectedfrom different tehsils i.e. Mianwali, Esakhel, Piplan, of district Mianwali. The highest moisture (84.22±0.86%) andash (29.96±2.12%) content was found in Chenopodium album collected from Piplan and Mianwali respectively. Themaximum crude fiber (14.61±1.83%) and ether extract (27.11±0.21%) was reported in Piplan. The maximum crudeprotein (0.87±0.036%) and carbohydrates (11.67±1.38%) was observed in Esakhel while variation in proximatecomposition of Chenopodium album collected from different localities may be attributed to environmental factor (soilcomposition, water, temperature, light etc.) or may be due to spatial variation.