Chillers

The present work aims to compare the ways in which the performance of thermal machines , in this case the chillers, is evaluated. Today, this evaluation is carried out according to the norms foreseen by ASHRAE (AHRI STANDARD 551/591, 2011) through the IPLV / NPLV indices and, from them, it is intended to make a comparison with the MyPLV index that, unlike the norm, considers the actual times in which the loads act on the equipment. For the analysis, we used real data obtained from a chiller in operation and from them the load factors, the COP, the consumption and the inlet and outlet temperatures of the refrigeration water were calculated. The results obtained by the MyPLV index compared to the IPLV / NPLV indices are quite significant, indicating a difference of up to 24% in the higher capacity equipment and 20% in the lower capacity equipment. Another pertinent information is that it could be verified that the equipment was, at most part of the time, working below its better performance evidencing an oversizing of the system. Therefore, it is possible to use the MyPLV index as "the state of the art" in the development and design of large capacity air conditioning equipment.

O presente artigo trata da analise dos erros e incertezas de medição proveniente do calculo da capacidade de refrigeração de um Chiller, através de valores medidos e obtidos em campo. O trabalho foi desenvolvido como parte das atividades referentes a Disciplina de Identificação de Parâmetros, ministrada pelo de Prof. Luís Mauro Moura, da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, no curso de Doutorado em Engenharia Mecânica

Traditional vapor compression coolant uses a high level of effort in large extents. The fossil fuels, which contain air contaminants including nitrogen besides Sulphur oxides can deliver this energy. To overcome this issue, the most elegant solution is the extractor evaporator coil (ERS), driven by low-quality thermic energy including waste heat from manufacturing processes, electrically powered particulate emissions including solar energy. This search of ers a mandate summary of the operating theory and efficiency of ejector refrigerant constructed on the authors in the publication. The consequences of various regulating conditions of the extractor cooling system including turbine pressure, evaporator temp, including condenser temperature on both the output have been attended. The thermal-impeller cooling system of ers easiness and can operate from ominously higher-temp reservoirs of thermal potency. Thereby, if a mixture of or electrical devices is accessible, it will be a good replacement of the traditional solenoid valve-driven heating system. That target is not far from what world have accomplished today. When input power is surplus or renewable electricity, the costs of the process are largely because of investments in steam turbines.

As torres de resfriamento são equipamentos largamente utilizados em refinarias de petróleo, usinas geradoras de eletricidade e em grandes edifícios comerciais. A função da torre de resfriamento é recuperar parte do calor rejeitado pelos equipamentos responsáveis pela refrigeração de ambientes e/ou processos. Nesta dissertação, as torres de resfriamento são utilizadas em conjunto com chillers de compressão. A crescente preocupação ambiental e o atual cenário de escassez de recursos hídricos e energéticos levam à adoção de ações para obter-se a máxima eficiência energética de equipamentos e processos industriais, o que justifica a implementação de técnicas de inteligência computacional na determinação da melhor condição operacional de um processo. É neste contexto que este trabalho propõe a utilização de algoritmos de otimização multiobjetivo na determinação
dos setpoints ótimos de operação de um sistema de resfriamento baseado em torre de resfriamento e chillers de compressão. A otimização multiobjetivo aqui proposta proporciona o melhor compromisso entre dois objetivos conflitantes: maximização da efetividade da troca térmica realizada na torre de resfriamento e minimização do consumo energético global do sistema de resfriamento considerado. As soluções obtidas levam em consideração as restrições operacionais dos equipamentos, de modo a garantir a operação segura
do sistema de resfriamento. Neste trabalho são implementados os algoritmos NSGA-II, SPEA2, Micro-GA, MOPSO e MO-TRIBES. Os três primeiros utilizam técnicas evolucionárias, enquanto os demais utilizam técnicas baseadas em inteligência de enxame. Os resultados obtidos pelos algoritmos são comparados sob diferentes cenários e modelagens para os equipamentos do sistema de resfriamento, permitindo eleger o melhor algoritmo para a aplicação proposta.
Palavras-chave: Torre de resfriamento. Chiller de compressão. Otimização multiobjetivo. Algoritmos evolucionários. Inteligência de enxame.

Traditional vapor compression coolant uses a high level of effort in large extents. The fossil fuels, which contain air contaminants including nitrogen besides Sulphur oxides can deliver this energy. To overcome this issue, the most elegant solution is the extractor evaporator coil (ERS), driven by low-quality thermic energy including waste heat from manufacturing processes, electrically powered particulate emissions including solar energy. This search offers a mandate summary of the operating theory and efficiency of ejector refrigerant constructed on the authors in the publication. The consequences of various regulating conditions of the extractor cooling system including turbine pressure, evaporator temp, including condenser temperature on both the output have been attended. The thermal-impeller cooling system offers easiness and can operate from ominously higher-temp reservoirs of thermal potency. Thereby, if a mixture of or electrical devices is accessible, it will be a good replacement of the traditional solenoid valve-driven heating system. That target is not far from what world have accomplished today. When input power is surplus or renewable electricity, the costs of the process are largely because of investments in steam turbines.

The escalating cost of energy during this decade has made co-generation very popular. When cooling is required for either space conditioning or industrial processes, absorption chillers which use waste heat can be utilised. Much of the work is concentrated on the water-cooled absorption chiller. Since countries with hot and dry climates are often short of water, it will also be