Chittagong

Landslide is a regular geologic hazard in Bangladesh, especially in Chittagong, the South-eastern Part of the country. Landslides in Bangladesh and its associated causes were studied using multidisciplinary approach taking two recent landslides as reference. Landslide caused death to more than 300 peoples in Bangladesh since 2000, with a loss of hundred of houses and millions of dollars of properties. One single event, the landslide of 11 June 2007 caused death to 135 people, affecting 1.5 million people of the region. Most of the landslides happened after heavy rainfall. Heavy monsoon rainfall intensified by strong storm from the Bay of Bengal (BOB) caused an abnormal precipitation in the area caused the referred landslide. Combined effect of rainfall and hill cutting induced slope instability triggered landslide in Chittagong. Combined effect of hill cutting and climatic change induced erratic behaviour of the nature caused 11 June Tragedy. Detailed Area Planning, landslide vulnerability zoning, landslide database development, and a geophysical analysis of the area are recommended a complete understanding of the landslides of Chittagong. Influential peoples of the societies are involved with hill cutting in Bangladesh, violating existing rules and regulations. Legal instruments should be in place and the enforcement of existing rules should be ensured to avoid further 11 June Tragedy.

This work studies the main solid waste status and management issues as collection, transfer, processing
and recovery etc. and try to find out the problems and prospects in the Chittagong city corporation. The
increased amount of waste generation resulting from urbanization, population growth and improved lifestyle is a major concern for many developing countries like Bangladesh. Apparently, it is not possible to
remove all the solid waste, but it is possible to reduce the bad effect of solid waste by an improved waste
management system with a public-private partnership. This review has shown valuable information
regarding potential waste management techniques that could be used as part of an effective integrated
waste management system for Chittagong. This research provides an initial set of information which
will be complemented with further investigations.

The name Rohingya denotes an ethnoreligious identity of Muslims in North Rakhine
State, Myanmar (formerly Burma). The term became part of public discourse in the late
1950s and spread widely following reports on human rights violations against Muslims in
North Rakhine State during the 1990s, and again after 2012. Claims for regional Muslim
autonomy emerged during World War II and led to the rise of a Rohingya ethnonationalist
movement that drew on the local Muslim imaginaire, as well as regional history and
archaeology.

Keynote Speech: Workshop on Earthquake Disaster Preparedness and Mitigation Organised by Identification Mission Consultants to the EU Delegation-Bangladesh February 18, 2004, Dhaka, Bangladesh

ABSTRACT
Seismic hazard assessment of an earthquake prone region involves a wide range analysis of seismological and geological data and engineering characterization of geological materials. The earthquake history of Bangladesh and surrounding region indicates that the country is seismically active. The regional geological setup of the landmass is complex due to the juncture of Himalayan Arc of northeast India and the India-Myanmar plate subduction to the east. The plain-land topography of Bangladesh musk the subsurface depositional variations and all geological structures except in the hilly region. Seismic hazard assessment is not simple for such covered complex geological environment.
This paper present the basic factors related to geology, tectonic environment and geotechnical conditions for rationale seismic hazard assessments. An attempt is made to understand the relationships among tectonic setting, structural and crustal configuration of Bengal basin to classify the earthquake source areas. Three types of earthquake sources areas are identified: a. Intra-plate source areas, b. Transitional source area and c. Inter-plate source area. The seismic behaviour of these source areas is deeply related with the tectonic structure and basement or crustal configuration of Bengal basin.
Epicenter locations of recent earthquakes in Bangladesh indicate that there are number of active faults in these source areas. The physical attributes and exact locations are not known. A detailed investigation on the geometry and mechanics of these active faults is essential to determine the relationship among geo-technical behaviour of materials, local geological constraints and ground response. An account on these relationships are presented in this paper.

Chittagong (now Chattogram) the age-old abode of saints and savants, Sufi traditions and shrines, monks and monasteries, beguiling lush green rolling hills, river and the sea have in a romantic vein always evoked a picturesque vision as a land of serenity, meditation, prayer and spiritual songs. However, historically it has also acquired an enviable distinction of being the hotbed of protest, patriotic fervor, revolutionary activities and armed insurrection against British colonialism.
A prominent zamindar (feudal landlord) family of the Senguptas, in the then remote and obscure sleepy little village of Barama, now in the Chandanaish upazila of Chittagong district, seven years prior to the great Indian rebellion of 1857, with the birth of Jatra Mohan Sengupta in 1850. He became a distinguished lawyer, politician, philanthropist and a notable anti-British nationalist of Bengal. Later on, his worthy son Deshpriya Jatindra Mohan Sengupta, a Cambridge educated barrister would in turn go on to become a legendary nationalist politician and a diehard revolutionary activist against the British Raj. He in close cooperation with his devoted English wife, Nellie Sengupta, equally imbued with fervent nationalist aspirations as an 'Indian' freedom fighter, went on to become famous household names in Bengal. This is an inspiring tale of love, idealism, commitment, courage and supreme self-sacrifice for emancipation from British colonial rule of a husband and wife duo, endowed with indomitable spirit!
In 1905, the formidable and imperious Viceroy of  British India Lord Curzon, had dared to partition Bengal into a predominantly Muslim majority Eastern Bengal (including Assam) as a separate province from the Hindu majority in West Bengal, ostensibly for administrative reasons, but clearly as an insidious design to 'nip in the bud' the nascent Indian nationalism and curtail the clout of the 'uppity' leaders of the Indian Congress party, who had started to clamor for self-rule. It was a classic case of 'divide et impera' (divide and rule).
The consequence was disastrous for the Raj. Curzon, an avowed imperialist and his wily cohorts had grandly miscalculated. The partition which for the first time introduced communal politics in British India, instead of strengthening 'Pax Britannica' set into motion a plethora of hitherto dormant subterranean nationalist forces with violent repercussions and revolutionary activities throughout Bengal. The relentless agitation finally led to the annulment of the partition in 1911.
The Indian student community at Cambridge were not immune from the virulent discontent against the British Raj at home. As the best of minds, many were transformed overnight into active nationalists and forcefully debated the fate of colonial India in secrecy and sometimes openly at their University 'Majlis' (club). In fact, many of the future activists and leaders of Indian independence would come from amidst these bright and radicalized nationalist students at Cambridge, mostly scions of elite Indian families, such as, Jatindra and Jawharlal Nehru.

Landslides have been among the most alarming disasters in the hilly regions of Bangladesh for the past few years. This hazard has become an unprecedented cause of human and economic losses. This paper attempts a spatial vulnerability analysis of landslides in the hilly regions of Bangladesh using hotspots, cluster and time-series analysis. It also discusses the risk mitigation options practiced by the inhabitants of landslide vulnerable areas of Chattogram City. Deadly landslides are found to be concentrated in South- eastern hilly towns and cities of Bangladesh. Larger clusters of landslides are found in Chattogram City, Teknaf, Cox’s Bazar cities, followed by Bandarban, Chattogram university area and Rangamati. Landslide hotspots are especially prominent in Chattogram city and Bandarban districts. Both landslide incidents and fatality have been increasing with highest number deaths of 162 in 2012. From the late 90s, the rate of landslide occurrences began to increase sharply at an average annual growth rate of 132.75 percent. Landslides are found prominent in urban settings. Growing rural-urban migration of low-income population leads to occupation of hills, unplanned urban growth and risks.  Poor economic condition, lack of awareness and education, poorly built structures are some sources of vulnerability. There is severe lack of awareness, motivation and training about personal and community preparations and interventions to reduce landslide vulnerability. Most vulnerable populations know very little about techniques of avoiding landslide risk, prevention and mitigation options.  They are only aware of emergency evacuation during heavy rainfall and is dependent extremely on external assistance and relief.

The study was conducted in 2 ESBN fishing villages namely Kumira and another is South Kattoli coordinates namely, 22°30'58.9"N and 91°41'37.1"E for Kumira and 22°21'06.6"N and 91°45'27.8"E for South Kattoli during January to December, 2005 and further study is conducted in January to June, 2018. It was found, in 2005 Kattoli and Kumira has largest portion of the 20-30 age group, 55% and 58% respectively and according to survey, in 2018 it was found 30-40 age group is dominant as 50% and 46% of total fisher population. The total family number of the study area is 580 in Kattoli and 550 in Kattoli in 2005 whereas; total family number of the study area is increasing in 2018. There are about 65% Hindu communities and 35% Muslim in Kattoli where Kumira comprises 80 % Hindu (jolodash) and 20% Muslim in 2005 where muslim population is incresasing in 2018. There are significant number of secondary education holder population is increasing in 2018 comparison to 2005. According to study, the total population of Kattoli were 867, out of which about 52% male and 48% female in 2005 and about 57% male and 43% female in 2018. In Kumira village, total population was 670, out of which about 60 % male and 40 % female in 2005 and about 55 % male and 45 % female in 2018. Concrete made building is increasing in 2018 in the study area. Shallow and deep tube well number is also increasing in study area. Use of utility electricity, television, cassette player/radio, VCR/CD player and mobile phone are also increasing in study area. Rich and moderate rich number is increasing in comparison with 2005. Visit to the MBBS doctor trend instead of quack doctor is increasing in study area. Daily

Transportation system provides the way for movements and medium for reaching destinations. Inadequate transportation network hampers economic activities and creates hindrances for development of a city. Because of rapid urbanization as well as huge socioeconomic activities vehicular movement is increasing in the city centres. As a result, different problems are occurring in transportation network such as traffic congestion, which is decreasing the performance of road network. This congestion bears huge loss in the economy of a country that is known as congestion cost. Roadway intersections are the major place of traffic congestion Traffic congestion has become a common phenomenon in many cities of Bangladesh such as Chittagong which is considered as the commercial capital of this country. In this study an attempt was taken to assess the cost of congestion occurring in a major road of this city. For study purpose three main intersections i.e. Muradpur, 2 No Gate and GEC were selected. Data were collected by primary and secondary sources. Different statistical methods are used to analyse the data. This study will give an idea to the policy makers, engineers and planners about economic consequence of the congestion at the roadway intersections. This will also help to make future policies regarding congestion eradication.

পাবলিক বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় নিয়ে কথা বলার ক্ষেত্রে আমি আসলে কেমন ঢাকা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় চাই তা নিয়ে একটু কথা বলতে চাই। এই প্রতিষ্ঠানটাকেই আমি যা হোক খানিকটা চিনি। ঢাকা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ের সাথে আমার সম্পর্ক পঁচিশ বছর হলো এবার; ছাত্র ও শিক্ষক হিসাবে। ভাবতে আশ্চর্য লাগছে। 

পাবলিক বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় তথা ঢাকা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ের এমন কতগুলো সমস্যা আছে যেগুলো বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ের একার পক্ষে সমাধান সম্ভব নয়। এগুলো রাষ্ট্রীয় পর্যায়ে ফয়সালার বিষয়। এগুলো সহসাই সমাধান হবে বলে মনে হয় না। যাতে কোনো অস্পষ্টতা না থাকে তাই আমি আরেকবার বলছি যে ম্যাক্রো লেভেলের সমস্যাগুলোর সমাধান আসতে হবে রাষ্ট্রের দিক থেকে।  এটা লম্বা সময়ের সংগ্রামের বিষয়। এই সংগ্রাম জারি থাকবে, নাকি এই সংগ্রাম আগামী কয়েক বছরের মধ্যে শেষ হয়ে যাবে তা জানিনা। এসব ব্যাপারে রাষ্ট্রকে শেষ পর্যন্ত কোন দিকে রাখা যাবে তা এখনো স্পষ্ট নয়। উদাহরণ হিসাবে শিক্ষার্থীদের বেতন বাড়িয়ে পাবলিক বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ের টাকা-পয়সা সমাধানের সবকের কথা বলতে পারি। আমরা দেখতে পাই যে এ ধরণের বড়-বড় সমস্যাগুলোর ব্যাপারে উপাচার্যবৃন্দ ও ইউজিসি চেয়ারম্যানেরা বিশ্বব্যাংকের মত করে কথা বলেন। তফাৎ শুধু এই যে বিশ্বব্যাংক ইংরেজিতে বলে; এঁরা বাংলায় বলেন! এটা বিশেষ কোন ভিসি বা ইউজিসি চেয়ারম্যানের ব্যাপার নয়। গোটা প্রক্রিয়াটাই এমনভাবে সেট হয়ে আছে যে এমন একটি পদে বসলে এমন করেই যেন কথা বলাটা নিয়ম।
কিন্তু আমি বলতে চাইছি যে এরপরেও যে কিছু কিছু বিষয় কিন্তু আমাদের হাতের নাগালের মধ্যে আছে যেগুলোর ব্যাপারে একটা চেষ্টা দেয়া যেতে পারে।

Muslim Chittagonians formed the dominant group of seasonal labourers and new settlers in north and central Arakan (now Rakhine State in My-anmar) during British colonial rule in Burma (1826–1948). The consider-able growth of their settlements in the late nineteenth century was the de-fining factor which transformed Arakan’s small pre-colonial Muslim community into the biggest Muslim group in Burma, concentrated in a densely populated border zone. The present chapter looks at these signifi-cant demographic and social changes, and responds to Morten Bergsmo’s observation that the International Criminal Court Prosecution’s legal ap-proach in its request for a designated pre-trial chamber to authorize an investigation into alleged crimes in Rakhine State of 4 July 2019 “turns the spotlight on the demographic background of the conflict in northern Rakhine”

The port city of Chittagong is situated at a junction of sea, hill range and plain land and subject to heavy rainfall along with a number of natural hazards like cyclones, tidal surges and flash floods.

Due to a complex geological environment it has been potentially susceptible to erosion. During the last two decades, an increase in human interference like deforestation and cutting of slope, has triggered massive erosion. The erosion, in the city area, is graded into severe, moderate and low. It has also resulted in various types of landslides in the dipping and fractured strata.
Proper management is imperative to control this erosion. A model is proposed on which a management plan may be developed.

“In the Shade of the Golden Palace: Alaol and Middle Bengali Poetics in Arakan” by Thibaut d'Hubert, explores the work of the prolific Bengali poet Alaol (fl. 1651-71), who translated five narrative poems and one versified treatise from medieval Hindi and Persian into Bengali. The book maps the genres, structures, and themes of Alaol's works, paying special attention to his discourse on poetics and his literary genealogy, which included Sanskrit, Avadhi, Maithili, Persian, and Bengali authors. Thibaut d'Hubert focuses on courtly speech in Alaol's poetry, his revisiting of classical categories in a vernacular context, and the prominent role of performing arts in his conceptualization of the poetics of the written word. The foregrounding of this audacious theory of meaning in Alaol's poetry is a crucial contribution of the book, both in terms of general conceptual analysis and for its significance in the history of Bengali poetry.
This book shows how multilingual literacy fostered a variety of literary experiments in the remote kingdom of Arakan, which lay between present-day southeastern Bangladesh and Myanmar, in the mid-17th century. Thibaut d'Hubert also presents a detailed analysis of Middle Bengali narrative poems, as well as translations of Old Maithili, Brajabuli, and Middle Bengali lyric poems that illustrate the major poetic styles in the regional courts of eastern South Asia. “In the Shade of the Golden Palace : Alaol and Middle Bengali Poetics in Arakan” therefore fulfills three functions: it is a unique guide for readers of Middle Bengali poetry, a detailed study of the cultural history of the frontier region of Arakan, and an original contribution to the poetics of South Asian literatures.

Partition of India (1947), Indo-Pak War (1965), creation of Bangladesh (1971) and nationalisation (1972-1977) have all shaped the history of Pakistan. Over the course of nearly eighty-five years, Saleem Thariani’s (born 1931, Bombay) life has been affected by these and other historical events. His life story gives selected events a personal perspective beyond the usually discussed political effects. As an architect and civil engineer, he has actively contributed to the architectural and urban histories of various places in Pakistan and Bangladesh including  Karachi, Quetta, Dhaka and Chittagong. Going beyond the life story, this paper looks at the historical veracity of events mentioned, the soundness of his memory and the velocity of the narration and its orality. An analysis using content and grounded theories is also presented.

"Bengal's Hindus, Bengal's Christians, Bengal's Buddhists, Bengal's Muslims -- we are all Bengalis.” All classes of people of Bangladesh, irrespective of religion, fought in the Liberation War with this slogan. This highlighted a distinctive feature of our country, religious co-existence and communal harmony. Historically, there has been peaceful co-existence of all the religions in this country, though some groups of people have tried to tag it with a controversial identify only for the sake of their own interest.
Bangladesh has been an example of religious harmony for centuries. For instance, when Europe was struggling with confrontation of different religious dogmas which focused mainly on the dominance of the noble elite class, Gautama Buddha came up in South Asia with the ideology of fraternity, freedom and peace even though he belonged to the royal elite. As a result, people in ancient Bengal started to convert to Buddhism from sanatan religion without any pressure from the ruling class. During the 7th to 10th century, Buddhists held state power, but ensured peaceful co-existence of all religions. To some extent, they also patronised other religions along with their own. In the 11th and 12th centuries, although Hindus were in power they did not force the Buddhists to convert to Hinduism, which ensured religious harmony.

The present study was conducted in two salinity prevalent areas i.e. Dhumpara Sagor par (urban) and Uttar Purua para (rural) of the Chittagong coast during three major seasons of the year. As a qualitative study, data were collected through 12 FGDs, 12 Case Studies and indirect participant observation. Both the direct and indirect type of brunt of salinity was experienced by the coastal inhabitants. Incessant use of saline water has resulted in numerous health problems including hair loss, scabies, skin rashes, infectious problems, gastroenteritis, diarrhea, skin paleness and skin allergies where women and children are mostly exposed. Considering both psychological and economic sufferings, the communities living in the study area deserve immediate attention for mitigation of salinity intrusion.

Mangrove vegetation plays a vital role in habitat and nursing ground for different organisms and prevents coastal erosion caused by wave and tide action. In recent years the mangrove vegetation in Chattogram coast, Bangladesh, has been interrupted by other infrastructural development, which has a destructing effect on the surrounding environment. Land surface temperature analysis of an area helps learn about different environmental conditions, weather, and climate. It is also essential to monitor the rising temperature and global warming, the biggest threat to humanity. NDBI and NDVI are the efficient process for monitoring vegetation and build up areas of a geographical location. This study focused on those analyses to understand the importance of mangrove vegetation in the Salimpur area and surrounding coastal areas of Chattogram by studying the relationship between NDVI and NDBI, NDVI and LST, NDBI, and LST. The outcome indicates that a higher vegetation index results in lower la...

Review JCMCTA 2009; 20 (1): 53-57 REHABILITATION OF PATIENTS WITH PARAPLEGIA FROM SPINAL CORD INJURY: A REVIEW Suzon Al Hasan ' Zahangir Alam 2 Malina Hakim3 Md Abdus Shakoor 4 AKM Salek 4 Md Moniruzzaman khan 4 Sycd Mozaffar Ahmed 4 Md Abdur ...

The history of kala-bhuna is a long one. Since the ancient times, from the Arakanese to the Portuguese, kala-bhuna has been served to all the guests visiting Chittagong during mezban by the native people throughout history. It has been a dish very close to the hearts of the people of this delta for centuries. It is a way to celebrate or mourn any occasion that matters with families or friends and anyone who pays a visit. The incredible journey of kala-bhuna is intertwined with the culture of mezban. This article takes a closer look at the history of this delicacy and the secret recipe.

The port city of Chittagong is famous from ancient times as the gateway of Bengal from sea and as a business hub. The sultan of Sonargaon, Fakhr al-Din Mubarak (ruled between 1334-1349) conquered the city in 1340. Almost at the end of the Sultani rule, after the death of ‘habshi’ sultan Shamsuddin Muzaffar Shah in 1493, Alauddin Hussain Shah got the throne and inherited Chittagong. But during this volatile political situation; the Arakanese and king of Tripra tried to take control of the port, from time to time. Moreover, raids by the Portuguese and Dutch pirates also started to increase in this period. The first depiction of Chittagong by the Europeans was seen in 1550 in the map of Bengal made by Jao de Barros. From 1575 to 1666 the city went into the hands of Arakanese kingdom. Finally in Mughal Subedar of Bengal,  Shaista Khan conquered Chittagong from them after winning a famous battle. Here is an attempt to describe the locations and present state of few of the structures still existing in the city from those periods.

Review JCMCTA 2009; 20 (1): 53-57 REHABILITATION OF PATIENTS WITH PARAPLEGIA FROM SPINAL CORD INJURY: A REVIEW Suzon Al Hasan ' Zahangir Alam 2 Malina Hakim3 Md Abdus Shakoor 4 AKM Salek 4 Md Moniruzzaman khan 4 Sycd Mozaffar Ahmed 4 Md Abdur ...

The experiment was conducted in RARS, BARI Hathazari during Robi season in 2014-2015 and 2015-2016 to find out the best variety and best sowing time of mustard under the agro ecological condition of Chittagong region. There were two varieties viz. V1=BARI Sarisha 14 and V1=BARI Sarisha15 and six sowing date viz. S1=10 November, S2=20 November, S3= 30 November, S4=10 December, S5=20 December and S6=30 December. Significant variations due to different sowing time and varieties were observed in days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height, branches plant-1 , siliqua plant-1 , length of siliqua, seeds siliqua-1 , 1000 seeds weight (g), yield plot-1 and yield kg ha-1. Result showed that highest yield was 2083 kg ha-1 obtained from BARI Sarisha15 on 20 November (V2S2) followed by 1667 kg ha-1 obtained from BARI Sarisha14 on 20 November (V1S2). From the result it can be concluded that best variety is BARI Sarisha15 and best sowing date is 20 November for Chittagong Region but both varieties can give satisfactory if they are sown from 10 November to 10 December.