Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics

Sesbania grandiflora L. an indigenous species native to Asian, South-Asian nations widely used for innumerable purpose. The plant is accepted for its vast use for an economic benefit from environmental valuation to human livelihood. Nation such as Indonesia, Philippines cultivate this plant for economical purpose. The plant is also known to be useful for manufacture of paper and pulp. Thus, cellulose and fibres generated from various sources from this plant is highly valued in developing the economy. Moreover, the seeds of Sesbania are indeed utilized for consumption purpose. The current research is carried out to testify the amount of Dietary fibre in the seeds of Sesbania grandiflora L. Researches have shown the plant leaves enriched with high amount of nutrient content, hence the seed of the plant too forms an attractive theme to search out and study experimentally for the various nutritional sources. The research carried out for evaluation of dietary fibre successfully concludes the quantity and its consumption on a daily basis in a diet.

This work is the culmination of several thousand research publications combined with Dr Vasquez's many years of clinical experience and teaching graduate-level students and doctorate-level clinicians worldwide. With radiographs, photos, acronyms, illustrations, flowcharts, and detailed-yet-simplifying explanations, Dr Vasquez makes it easier than ever for clinicians to grasp important concepts in integrative care and functional medicine and then to translate the basic science research and molecular biology into treatment plans that can be explained and used in " the real world " of clinical practice with patients. The associated video tutorials and recorded live conference presentations further help students and clinicians " get it " via Dr Vasquez's effective teaching style which embraces complexity while always emphasizing clinical applicability and psychosocial context. The Inflammation Mastery & Functional Inflammation Mastery & Functional Inflammation Mastery & Functional Inflammation Mastery & Functional Inflammology series of books and videos Inflammology series of books and videos Inflammology series of books and videos Inflammology series of books and videos translates important concepts and nutritional/biomedical science into easy and practical clinical applications for the prevention and treatment of disorders of sustained inflammation, which Dr Vasquez describes as " patterns of metabolic disturbance and inflammatory dysfunction " existing in three sequential and overlapping categories: 1) metabolic inflammation, 2) allergic inflammation, 3) autoimmune inflammation. This book includes access to video presentations which introduce the origin and components of the Functional Inflammology Protocol and FINDSEX ® acronym. Post-publication updates to this information and important social and clinical contextualization are made available in videos and online repositories (access provided in the book), and the e-newsletter available from ICHNFM.ORG. This textbook also provides access, via reprints or hyperlinks, to Dr Vasquez's published articles—an example of which is his recent paradigm-shifting editorial published in the journal Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine (2014 January). The updated section on pain management allows students and clinicians to understand and apply manual, pharmacologic, nutritional and botanical medicine treatments for musculoskeletal pain, thereby providing better relief for patients and avoiding the hazards of NSAIDs, coxibs, steroids, opioids, immunosuppressants and biologics.

Nutritional value of plant purely depends on the methodology of cultivation. (Urmila Sarkar and Surendra Sawardekar) Different methods of cultivation lead to prior proficiency of plant growth in terms of germination, height, weight, nutritional factors and so on. (Urmila Sarkar and Surendra Sawardekar). A practice of 'Organic farming' for the production of quality based nutritional contents becomes an essential element. A crop such as Zea mays L. (Maize or Corn) is an important staple crop known for its wide range of nutritional component such as Carbohydrate, fats, proteins, minerals, vitamins, moisture, ash etc. (Urmila Sarkar and Surendra Sawardekar). The experimental research is focused on assessment of Protein content from organically grown Zea mays L. (maize/corn). The results conclude efficient amount of total protein in Zea mays L. plant material as a whole viz. root, leaf and seed.

Objective: To describe the experiences and perspectives of people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) regarding dietetic services and to suggest improvements for their access and delivery.

Design: Semistructured telephone interviews.

Setting: Urban and rural Australia.

Participants: A total of 30 English-speaking adults with T2DM recruited by means of electronic advertisements and posters.

Phenomenon of interest: Engagement with services, adherence to diet, and perspectives regarding dietetic services.

Analysis: Capability, opportunity, and motivation model of behavior and theoretical domains framework informed the analysis.

Results: Participants were predominantly middle-aged, White, university-educated, and full-time professionals. Most had been diagnosed with T2DM for 2 years or more, were overweight or obese, were on glucose-lowering medication, and had visited the dietitian at least once. Two inter-related behaviors were identified: eating a healthy diet for T2DM and participating with dietetic services. Health literacy, as well as support by family, friends, and professionals, were reported as enablers for both these behaviors. Barriers stated included misconceptions about diets and the role of dietitians, unpleasant previous experiences with services, and lack of social support.

Conclusions and implications: These data support that improving health literacy of people with T2DM, in conjunction with social support by family and friends and professional support by dietitians, is likely to facilitate dietary behavior change.

Background: Diet is central to treatment of type 2 diabetes. This review aimed to compare the effectiveness of nutrition therapy delivered by dietitians to nutrition advice delivered by other healthcare professionals in adults with type 2 diabetes on metabolic parameters.

Methods: Cochrane CENTRAL, CINAHL, EMBASE, MEDLINE and PsychINFO were searched for randomised controlled trials of three months duration or longer, published from 1st January 2008 to 18th June 2019. Relevant data were extracted from studies with additional author information. Random-effects meta-analysis assessed mean changes in HbA1c and other clinical parameters. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42019130528.

Results: Of 2477 records identified, fourteen studies, involving 3338 participants, were eligible for qualitative synthesis and meta-analysis. The mean changes [95% CI] at follow-up in HbA1c, BMI, weight, LDL cholesterol, systolic and diastolic blood pressure were -0·47 [-0·92, -0·02] %, -0·38 [-0·63, -0·13] kg/m2, -1·49 [-2·14, -0·84] kg, -0·15 [-0·33, 0·04] mmol/L, -0·75 [-2·45, 0·96] mm Hg and -1·17 [-4·52, 2·17] mm Hg respectively in favour of the intervention group. The quality of evidence was limited due to heterogeneity, risk of bias, publication bias and indirectness.

Conclusions: Nutrition therapy provided by dietitians was associated with better clinical parameters of type 2 diabetes, including clinically significant improved glycaemic control, across diverse multiethnic patient groups from all six inhabited continents. This conclusion should be reflected in clinical guidelines.

Keywords: Clinical effectiveness; Dietetic counseling; Medical nutrition therapy; Metabolic syndrome; Systematic review; Type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Abstrakt Współcześnie pojawia się coraz więcej wyzwań przed którymi stają specjaliści w dziedzinie żywienia. Jedną z chorób, na którą wciąż nie ma skutecznego i uniwersalnego rozwiązania żywieniowego jest dietoterapia w chorobie Hashimoto. Dotyka ona coraz więcej osób, dlatego ważne jest podjęcie badań w celu znalezienia odpowiedniej dietoterapii. Choroba Hashimoto to jedno z najczęściej występujących schorzeń tarczycy o podłożu autoimmunologicznym. Etiologia choroby jest bardzo złożona, a czynniki przyczyniające się do jej powstania dotyczą zarówno genetyki, środowiska, współistniejących chorób autoimmunologicznych jak i aspektów żywieniowych. Podstawową metodą leczenia choroby jest farmakoterapia polegająca na podawaniu choremu syntetycznych hormonów. Warto jednak zaznaczyć, że autoimmunologiczne zapalenie tarczycy wymaga terapii prowadzonej przez zespół specjalistów. Niezbędnym elementem terapii jest dietoterapia przeprowadzona przez dietetyka. Dieta osoby chorej na Hashimoto powinna być przede wszystkim o charakterze przeciwzapalnym, dostarczająca odpowiedniej ilości kalorii i makroskładników oraz bogata w składniki mineralne, witaminy jaki i błonnik. Przeprowadzone badania pozwalają na ponowną analizę dotychczasowego procesu leczenia, a także na wysunięcie wniosków, które będą istotne w dalszych badaniach nad dietoterapią choroby Hashimoto.

A growing body of clinical evidence suggests that orthopedic patient outcomes can be enhanced through supplementation with amino acids, protein and other natural compounds. This paper reviews the state of the clinical evidence, the regulatory landscape for physical therapy to incorporate nutrition into clinical practice and the potential cost savings and economic benefit to society.

Beetroot, that is extensively cultivated in cool weather conditions at the temperature ranges from 18-21 °C. It found to be a potentially therapeutic agent with good source of bio- active principle in the form of anti-oxidants. In addition, the anti-inflammatory, anti-histamine, and anti-asthmatic efficacy of the beta vulgaris underlines the potential application of the vegetable in the development of the food products. The objective of present study was to formulate and standardize the beetroot powder through a sundry method (traditional method) to develop an innovative food product with nutritional properties. In additional to this some of the major components were evaluated which characterize the beetroot powder in terms of Phyto-chemical properties (especially antioxidant). Further, candy was prepared and subjected to sensory evaluation. Phyto chemical screening confirmed the presence of the Phyto-constituents like phenol and antioxidant assay namely Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay confirmed the antioxidant activity of the powder. From the sensory attributes such as colour, flavour, taste, texture and overall acceptability assessed for the beetroot candy prepared at 3 variations namely 25%, 50% and 75% as V1, V2 &V3, it was concluded that the candy made with 25% of beetroot powder scored highly significant value. So, this food product when we consumed in our regular diet will be most benefit at a cheap cost by using a confectionery by own traditional method.  It also helps to improve our health status with bioactive properties and nutrients. It is mostly beneficial to a degenerative disease patient and school students.

Med napake v presnovi fruktoze (FRU) spadajo dedna intoleranca na FRU, esencialna fruktosurija in odsotnost fruktoza-1,6-bisfosfataze. Pri vseh treh manjka eden izmed ključnih encimov v presnovi FRU. Pri dedni intoleranci na FRU odsotnost encima aldolaze B povzroči hipoglikemijo ali zasilno bruhanje po zaužitju relativno majhne količine FRU, po zaužitju večje pa lahko nastopi tudi smrt. Bolnik se mora držati stroge diete, ki izključuje FRU, saharozo in sorbitol, kar v praksi pomeni izključitev pijač z dodanim sladkorjem in sadnih sokov, živil z dodanim sladkorjem, medom, sadnim sokom ali sadnim koncentratom (npr. žitnih izdelkov s prostimi sladkorji; številnih živil za diabetike), sadja in oreščkov. Potrebno je nadziranje vnosa skupne FRU iz zelenjave ter preverjanje sestavin v kruhu in vseh predelanih živilih, žvečilnih gumijih, prehranskih dopolnilih in zdravilih. Ker pri bolniku lahko pride do pomanjkanja vitamina C in folne kisline, je priporočeno jemanje prehranskega dopolnila, ki vsebuje vitamine B-skupine in vitamin C. Pri malabsorpciji FRU pa transportni mehanizmi za FRU v membranah celic tankega črevesa delujejo okrnjeno ali pa količina FRU v enem obroku presega absorptivne zmožnosti normalno delujočih prenašalcev sladkorjev. Simptomatsko malabsorpcijo FRU nekateri poimenujejo intoleranca na FRU. Pogosti simptomi so bolečina v trebuhu, napihnjenost, vetrovi in driska, ustrezna rešitev pa je izločitev živil in sadežev, ki vsebujejo več FRU kot glukoze. Z uživanjem FRU iz prostih sladkorjev so povezane številne kronične bolezni s presnovnim sindromom na čelu, zato bi tudi vse splošne nezaželene odzive telesa na FRU iz prostih sladkorjev lahko poimenovali »intoleranca na FRU iz prostih sladkorjev«.

Background: The management of diabetes costs in excess of $1.3 trillion per annum worldwide. Diet is central to the management of type 2 diabetes. It is not known whether dietetic intervention is cost effective. This scoping review aimed to map the existing literature concerning the cost effectiveness of medical nutrition therapy provided by dietitians for people with type 2 diabetes.

Methods: Thirteen scientific databases, including MEDLINE, EMBASE and CINAHL, as well as multiple official websites, were searched to source peer-reviewed articles, reports, guidelines, dissertations and other grey literature published from 2008 to present. Eligible articles had to have assessed and reported the cost effectiveness of dietetic intervention for adults with type 2 diabetes in developed countries. Experimental, quasi-experimental, observational and qualitative studies were considered.

Results: Of 2387 abstracts assessed for eligibility, four studies combining 22 765 adults with type 2 diabetes were included. Dietetic intervention was shown to be cost-effective in terms of diabetes-related healthcare costs and hospital charges, at the same time as also reducing the risk of cumulative days at work lost to less than half and the risk of disability 'sick' days at work to less than one-seventh.

Conclusions: The findings highlight the importance of advocacy for medical nutrition therapy for people with type 2 diabetes, with respect to alleviating the great global economic burden from this condition. Further studies are warranted to elucidate the factors that mediate and moderate cost effectiveness and to allow for the generalisation of the findings.

Nutritional value of plant purely depends on the methodology of cultivation. Different methods of cultivation lead to prior proficiency of plant growth in terms of germination, height, weight, nutritional factors and so on. Among various methodologies 'Organic Cultivation' practice target precisely as a capable resource for its essential nutritional factors. A crop such as Zea mays L. (Maize or Corn) is an important staple crop known for its wide range of nutritional component such as Carbohydrate, fats, proteins, minerals, vitamins, moisture, ash etc. The current research attempt is made to grow Zea mays L. organically for 7 days and study for its nutritional content. Among different nutritional content this research is focused on study of nutritional aspect of 'Iron' present in Zea mays L. (maize or corn). The assessment of Iron content analysis by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS); model: AA-7000F successfully estimate the amount of Iron in a fresh plant material used as a whole viz. roots, seed and aerial parts.

Anoreksja ma swoje podłoże zarówno emocjonalne, jaki i fizyczne. Powyższe zaburzenie charakteryzuje
się celowym dążeniem do utraty wagi i zaburzeniami żywienia, wywołanymi i podtrzymywanymi przez
osobę chorą. Dodatkowo występują zaburzenia w odbiorze własnego wyglądu i masy ciała, które często
objawiają się lękiem przed przyrostem masy ciała. Choroba ta postępuje bardzo szybko i niejednokrotnie
prowadzi do wyniszczenia organizmu. W pracy zostały przedstawione rodzaje oraz klasyfikacja zaburzenia. Pod uwagę wzięto kilka przykładów zachowań osób chorych oraz ich konsekwencje. Autor prezentuje badania dotyczące etiologii choroby, jej pierwszych objawów, wpływu na chorego i jego otoczenie.
W szczególności analizie poddano rolę dietetyka w zespole terapeutycznym. Oprócz tego autor opisuje
metody rehabilitacji żywieniowej i schemat postępowania z pacjentem.

Background: Cereals and grains constitute major sources of nutrients worldwide. Rice is a major staple in many household in Nigeria. However majority of people prefer imported rice to locally grown rice though it is costlier. Knowledge about nutrient composition of locally-grown rice can promote its acceptability and consumption among Nigerians. This study was carried out to determine the nutrient composition and nutrient retention of raw and cooked imported and local rice varieties. Materials and Methods: Imported (Aroso) and local varieties (Ofada and Abakaliki) rice were purchased from Bodija market in Ibadan, Oyo state, Nigeria. The three samples were divided into two portions each. One portion each was used as raw samples while the second portion of each sample of rice was cooked for 40 minutes at 100°C. The co oked samples were then homogenised using the warring blender. The resultant six rice samples were analyzed using AOAC (2005) methods.

Malnutrition continues to be a major problem among school-aged children in developing countries. Thus, this cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the nutritional status of 200 public primary school pupils, comprising 84males and 116 females in a rural setting. These pupils were scientifically selected (stratified sampling) from 2 public schools in 2 villages with similar socioeconomic characteristics in the Odeda local government area of Ogun state. A structured questionnaire was used to collect information on socio-demographic and socio economic characteristics of the pupils and their parents. The questionnaire was also used to collect information on the food consumption patterns of the pupils while a bathroom scale and a height meter were used to obtain their weights and heights, respectively. A 24-hour dietary recall was used to assess the food intakes and the ESHA food processor nutrients database was employed in the analysis of energy and nutrients. To assess stunting and underweight among the respondents, WHO Anthro plus software was used. T-test and chi-square statistics were used to analyze differences and associations between variables. The results of the study revealed that more than half of the pupils reported eating three times daily with breakfast and supper mainly consumed at home. The 24-hour recall showed that the pupils did not meet their energy and nutrient requirements except for three out of the seven nutrients investigated. The prevalence of stunting and underweight were 16.5% and 13%, respectively, among the respondents. It was concluded that the nutritional status of the respondents was poor since the incidence of stunting and underweight were high while energy and some nutrients were below the recommended intakes.

For Chinese readers: summary of a talk I gave at the Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica, Taiwan,  November 20, 2019. Click on the link below (or go to the following URL: http://mingching.sinica.edu.tw/Academic_Detail/844) to read the summary on the website of the Committee for the Promotion of Ming-Qing Studies. I have also pasted it below.

講題： 科學與養生：晚清與民國時期的飲食指南
主講人： 司馬蕾 (Hilary A. Smith) 教授（美國丹佛大學歷史學系）
主持人： 李尚仁教授（中央研究院歷史語言研究所）
時間： 2019 年 11 月 20 日（三）下午 3：00 至 5：00
地點： 中央研究院歷史語言研究所 研究大樓 701 會議室
撰寫人： 鄧涵云（國立臺灣大學中國文學研究所碩士生）

本次中研院史語所生命醫療史研究室邀請到美國丹佛大學歷史系副教授司馬蕾 (Hilary A. Smith)，以「科學與養生：晚清與民國時期的飲食指南」為題進行演講。司馬蕾教授甫出版新書 Forgotten Disease: Illnesses Transformed in Chinese Medicine，探討腳氣病在中國的歷史，闡述腳氣病在中國不同階段、不同醫學知識背景之下如何被理解。

　　司馬蕾教授之所以開始研究腳氣病，是源自對營養相關問題，尤其是健康飲食 (healthy eating) 觀念演變的關心。二十世紀以來，人們對「腳氣病」的理解是缺乏維他命的疾病，但是深入研究之後，發現中國「腳氣病」的歷史比想像中複雜得多，大部分傳統中醫關於「腳氣」的論述和營養缺乏之間沒有關聯，於是便逐漸走入了與營養問題截然不同的方向，並開始對清末民初這段時期產生興趣，因為此時期正是決定現代對腳氣病理解的關鍵，從傳統的「腳氣」(foot qi) 轉變為現代所理解的「營養缺乏病」(beriberi)。十九世紀末至二十世紀初的人們試著將發生在中國的所有新事物拼湊成有系統的樣貌，當時人們的想法多元並陳、創意十足，顯得特別有趣且迷人。成書之後，司馬蕾教授仍對營養問題抱持興趣，於是新的計劃聚焦於清末民初的營養問題研究，本次演講便是與大家分享目前正在進行的新研究計畫。

　　司馬蕾教授正在進行的計畫寫作是 Making Modern Diets: Science and Sustenance in China，考察清末民初中國關於健康飲食的論述，以釐清「養生」和營養學 (nutrition science) 之間的關係為何，兩者如何互相影響？人們認為中國的飲食是否應該要與西方飲食相似？原因為何？此研究主要奠基在幾篇先行研究之上：李尚仁的 “Eating Well in China”、傅家倩 (Jia-Chen Fu) 的 The Other Milk、Seung-Joon Lee 之 “The Patriot’s Scientific Diet”、Mark Swislocki 之 “Nutritional Governmentality”、梁其姿 的 “To Build or to Transform Vegetarian China?”。這些研究成果指出，健康或不健康飲食的觀念受到政治和文化的影響，和受到實證研究的影響一樣深。李尚仁提出英國對中國飲食的評判，反映了大英帝國和中國的政治關係，並且被和印度飲食相互比較。傅家倩於 The Other Milk 第三章指出，營養學家（如：吳憲）將中國飲食視為營養缺乏的，雖然在科學數據上，結果差異相當大，正反論述都有很多數據支持。梁其姿則是點出中國直到 1920 年代都將茹素視為健康的飲食習慣 (scientifically healthy)，但是 1920 年後開始視其為不健康的作法 (scientifically unhealthy)，然而在此期間實驗數據並未有顯著的差異。

　　因此，司馬蕾教授假設，近代營養學其實並沒有真正指導人們關於健康飲食的問題，他們常常提出完全相反的理論，例如某次提出每日喝酒有益健康，不久之後又會有研究指出每日喝酒容易致癌。對於這樣的情形，給出較好解釋的是 Gyorgy Scrinis 的 Nutritionism，他追溯了十九世紀中葉以來營養學的歷史，提出科學研究的本質是歸納出一個結論，但飲食在日常中有太多變因，不同食材結合時也會產生化學變化，沒有辦法被歸納之後給定結論。再者，營養學實驗極度難以設計，研究只能依靠受試著回憶其所吃下的食物進行研究。因此就算得到了實驗數據，也難以化為能使人日常奉行的指引。不過在二、三零年代，科學家尚未發現此事的困難性，他們認為能夠掌握、操控飲食與營養問題，並希望透過實證提出終極的飲食。所以十九世紀他們積極地進行研究、實驗，例如把人放在一個箱子裡面，科學家能掌握所有此人攝取的、排出的物質，這樣就能掌握人們在不同行為下所需的熱量。

　　前述的受試者通常是歐洲的成人，並且是在歐美的情境下，因此並非完全適用於中國，但是中國並未反對這些營養攝取準則，而是不停地適應。清末民初的營養學知識可被分為三個時期檢視，首先是十九世紀末至 1920 年代初，開始出現了科學知識與傳統知識、民間知識的結合，接著是二零年代到 1937 年，這段期間中國開始了專業營養學，並將西方營養學當作標準，亦是在此時期，「中國的飲食」(the Chinese Diet) 問題產生，人們開始定義這個問題。最後是 1937 年至 1949 年，由於正處戰爭時代，專業營養學家忙於和緊急狀況搏鬥，例如難民、軍隊的糧食供應。

　　本次演講著重分析第一個時期：十九世紀末至 1920 年代初，此時可以蔣維喬 (1873-1958)、丁福保 (1874-1952) 為代表。兩人有許多相似處，包含兩人皆翻譯過許多日文著作，曾接觸多種不同的工作，代表他們在晚清動盪之中的諸多嘗試。他們亦都對佛教、養身的觀念有深厚知識，又對西方營養學抱持興趣，他們對健康飲食的看法可以被稱作「中立的多元主義」(Even-handed Pluralism)。

　　蔣維喬在 1915 年出版《健康不老廢止朝食論》，該作根據美島近一郎的作品輯述而成，並且加入自己的看法。該書倡導不吃早餐的好處，並且提出「每日只吃兩次，十二時以前一次，下午一次」的飲食準則。值得注意的是，這本書的論述完全奠基於科學的身體 (scientific body)，是在符合當代理解的架構下，因此使用「營養」的觀念，並區分「心」和「身」，又強調「血」而不談「氣」，重視大腸，忽略脾，認為腦、神經系統很重要，且重視人體胃腸當中微生物的存在。蔣維喬在輯述美島近一郎的作品時，並未摻入中醫的觀念，但是有趣的是，他給出的結論和建議和同時期的西方理論相當不同。

　　Rachel Laudan 於 Cuisine and Empire (2013) 指出，二十世紀初西方的飲食決定論 (Dietary Determinism) 認為，人們的飲食決定了國力的強弱，如果飲食和最強大的國家相同，也會變得更加富有、強壯，因此弱小的國家應該要鼓勵人民飲食向西方學習，例如多吃奶類、小麥、牛肉等。這個觀點後來由吳憲、侯祥川、鄭集等營養學家在 1920 年代傳至中國並提倡。在 1930 年代，吳憲比較了「吃米飯的亞洲人」與「吃肉、奶、蛋的歐洲和美國人」的體格和力氣，得出米飯較為弱勢的結論。然而，蔣維喬提出了截然不同的「飲食決定論」，在其《健康不老廢止朝食論》一書中，他也認為飲食決定了人、國家的樣態，不過決定國力強弱的並非「吃什麼」，而是「怎麼吃」。蔣維喬在該作的序言指出，廢止朝食的目的是維持體內每個臟器的平衡、維持人和國家和諧。美島近一郎原本的寫作目的是養生、長生，但是蔣維喬把重點換成了臟器，乃至人、國家之間的和諧、不相殺。這樣的想法應是受到黃帝內經、佛教或道教的影響，因而導出了和西方不同的飲食決定論。

　　至於丁福保的衛生和生理學的論著，其中《衛生學問答》是他較早期的一部作品，丁福保所使用的「衛生」一詞，不同於我們目前對「衛生」的定義，而較相近於西方早期的 “hygiene” 定義，不僅是潔淨，還包含健康層面：運動、性、飲食，甚至是心理健康。在這部著作當中，丁福保接受了西方對「消化」的理解。例如當中有一段問答：「問中醫書云，脾胃並能消食。今云脾生白血輪者何故。」、「答脾與胃不相連，於消食之事，絕不相干。惟主生白血輪。此乃西人近來考得之新理。」看似提供了一個對於人體的全新詮釋，但是在結論處，他又以「素問云，脾統血。此說近似矣」，這個中醫傳統的說法作結。這是他撰寫此書的固定模式，提出西方說法後再引一段中醫經典印證、作結。司馬蕾教授認為，丁福保身為醫生，作品一方面認同當時的西方營養與心理學，另一方面反映中國傳統的飲食觀念，此事主要可以由丁福保如何看待牛奶或者乳製品，以及「熱」(heat) 的問題上觀察。

　　二十世紀初以來，西方人認為牛奶是自然界最完美的食品 (nature's perfect food)，丁福保和西方相同，都強調蛋、奶以及乳製品的好處，曾提倡「蛋為第一種食品」、「人身所需之料，幾乎全在蛋內」、「牛乳亦為佳品，其功效與蛋相」，更在其《家庭侍疾法》(1910) 中，將牛乳、牛乳越幾斯 (milk extract)、牛酪、乾酪、乳清列為適合侍疾的食物。不過丁福保指出，其中乳清「有催進消化之效」這一說法未見於西方論述之中，司馬蕾教授提出，此說法或許和我們現今所認知的乳糖不耐症有關。另外，丁福保是將乳製品視為「侍疾用」之食物，且在其前言論述道，不可予病患食用「一般」食物，由此可見丁福保不將乳製品視為一般食品，這樣的觀念較接近於中醫以奶入藥的做法，與西方觀點不同。在中醫傳統上，牛奶至少早至八世紀就已經被當作藥材，尤其是用於對治因過多「熱」(heat) 所導致的病症，如消渴症（今「糖尿病」）。

　　「熱」(heat) 在二十世紀初期的西方營養學中占有重要的地位，其討論內容包含食物的熱量 (food calorie) 和熱殺菌 (heat sterilization)，而在丁福保的論述中，與此相關的論述如下：

食品分之為二，曰動物性食品，曰植物性食品。皆含有水與糖，及脂肪，鹽類，蛋白質者也。蔬菜之類 … 含油甚少，宜於夏。魚肉之類 … 含油甚多，宜於冬，蓋油質能多生身熱也。《蒙學衛生教科書》

水內之微生物最多。腹中受之，易以致病。故飲水宜煎之至沸。《蒙學衛生教科書》

北方常寒，宜多食動物。南方常熱，宜多食植物。使極北之人遷於煖地，令常食饅頭菜類等食料，雖欲多飲油質而不納矣。使有南方而遷至極北最冷處者，其嗜好竟能全變，亦以油質為最美之味。《衛生學問答》

大汗口渴之時，宜禁飲冷水，否則肺必受病。《蒙學衛生教科書》

　　由上引論述可知，雖然不使用「熱量」(calorie) 一詞，但是丁福保運用的正是熱量的觀念描述各類食物；並且，丁福保也有應使用高熱殺菌的觀念。另外，丁福保認為應該要根據不同的地區環境狀況調整飲食，還有在身體處於熱的狀態時不能喝冷水，這些說法未曾出現在西方論述之中，西方觀點認為應該根據性別、年齡調整合適的飲食，卻未談及根據地域調整。故而，司馬蕾教授總結，丁福保看待健康飲食的方式既符合現代眼光，又有其特別之處；丁福保受到營養學知識的啟發，同時吸納來自不同知識脈絡的觀點。

　　最後，司馬蕾教授展示了 2013 年上海交通大學出版社《人體使用手冊：親子漫畫版》當中，教導孩子們身體熱時喝冷水的危險性的漫畫，說明民國初期關於健康飲食的觀念至今仍然為當代人所沿襲。

　　演講結束後，在場學者首先討論美島近一郎的著作思想來源之使用問題，推測有可能是來自當時日本對荷蘭健康養生觀念的閱讀與接受。不過司馬蕾教授特別回應，關於一天究竟該吃幾餐的問題，應該並非來自西方，有可能是美島近一郎自己的發明。之後，雷祥麟教授詢問，為什麼對於減少進食次數的觀念，美島近一郎和蔣維喬倡導的是略過早餐，而非午餐或晚餐？臺灣的食療養生專家莊淑旂所倡導的便是略過晚餐。另外，「促進消化」的想法從何而來？當我們談「促進」消化，即意指消化不會完全自動完成，而需要外力推動，營養的食物可能難以消化。司馬蕾教授回應，美島近一郎和蔣維喬提倡略過早餐時的論述是，早上剛起床是充滿了純粹能量的時候，若是進食將破壞這樣純粹的能量，非常可惜。這也和西方相當強調完全消化所需的時間和精力有關。促進消化的部分，「消化不良」常見於診斷之中，丁福保在書中也有論及，這樣的感受也為我們日常體驗，至於背後的理論和意義則尚需進一步研究。

　　另有學者提出，曾經在十九世紀傳教士日記中讀到，中國的下層階級時常有消化不良的問題，他們由於貧窮而沒有機會吃到肉，於是總是盡可能地用大量的饅頭填飽肚子，因為吃下了過多此類食物，所以常常消化不良。司馬蕾教授對此談到，這使人想起電影《活著》當中，餓過頭的醫生狂吃饅頭的場景。祝平一教授和李貞德教授則提問，我們該多大程度地相信或遵循這些飲食建議？因為提出建議者本身可能受到出版社、贊助者或個人想要出名等因素影響，而給出特立獨行的建議；又因為從蔣維喬到莊淑旂直到現代，遇到飲食、營養相關的主題，都會受到來自各個不同國家文化、各種脈絡的論述影響，思考總是混雜 (hybrid)，那麼我們該如何看待這些飲食建議？司馬蕾教授回應，蔣維喬和丁福保透過他們的著作所想要做的相當不同，且各個營養相關的論述的確都是混雜的，所以我們該如何面對他們的作品，是一個相當值得深入探討的問題。

Anak dengan obesitas yang disebabkan oleh ketidakseimbangan antara jumlah energi yang masuk dengan yang dibutuhkan oleh tubuh untuk berbagai fungsi biologis seperti pertumbuhan fisik, perkembangan, aktivitas, pemeliharaan kesehatan. Purpura Henoch Schonlein (PHS) adalah penyakit yang ditandai purpura, artritis, nyeri abdomen dan nefritis tanpa disertai trombositopenia. Manifestasi primer PHS terjadi akibat vaskulitis pada pembuluh darah kecil, sering dijumpai pada anak-anak.

In these days, given that the expiry or "best by" dates printed on cans and packages of shelf-stable food in the US rarely reflect their actual shelf-life, it is important to know exactly how long different stored foods do remain edible and nutritious.  This paper presents the data and the sources.

Nutrition is a summum bonum of human existence and for a healthy life. Properly designed food is essential from the very early stages of life for proper growth and development. Most of the diseases affecting the human population such as low birth weight, protein energy malnutrition in children, and chronic energy deficiency in adults, micronutrient malnutrition and diet-related non communicable diseases are due to improper dietary habits. Siddha medicine is a poetry of divinity and is a holistic system of medicine ensuring promising results in the treatment and prevention of many chronic diseases.

In observing so-called medical authorities and online pharmaceutical shills, I have been amazed but perhaps not surprised at the intellectual investment and semi-artistic dexterity applied to 1) denying the essentiality of nutrients to sustain life, 2) denigrating their clinical benefits, and 3) pretending that a robust research base in nutritional pharmacology does not exist.  An entire array of "medical interventions" may be employed based on evidence-less tradition and "common sense" (per Fauci in his 2021 advocacy of double facemasking) but these people resort to slide-rules and electron microscopes when analyzing any suggestion that nutrients are essential for life.

Information on food composition is of great importance for scientists and professionals working in the fields of nutrition and public health. The most apparent role of food composition is to provide the basis for dietary assessment and the formulation of healthier diets. Ready meals and food served in canteens are increasingly included in this approach considering their contribution to daily nutrition. There have been no studies that presented the nutritional values of some traditional Syrian sweets. This study was the first study to shed some lights about the nutritional facts of the traditional Syrian sweets. Seventeen different traditional Syrian sweets both regular calorie content (regular where sucrose was used as sweetener) and reduced calorie content (diet as Aspartame sweetener was used) were analyzed for Moisture, Ash, Carbohydrates, Protein and Fat content and finally calorie density per 100 g was calculated. The study also measured the calorie content of few sweets which we did not find diet ones similar to them. The results have shown that Syrian sweets in general are very calorie dense foods due to their high content of sugar, fat and other sweeteners such as honey and (high fructose corn Syrup (HFCS). The calorie density ranges from 347.5 Kcal to 516.2 Kcal/ 100 g serving for diet sweets and 372.8 Kcal to 532.2 Kcal/100 g serving for regular sweets. Protein ranged from 5.6 g to 18.4 g and fat from 5.5 to 29.8 g/100 g serving.

Radiance adalah formula khusus untuk rambut, kulit dan kuku. Mengandung tanaman dulse, horsetail, daun sage dan daun resemary. Tumbuhan ini menyediakan sejumlah besar silikon herbag (27,9 mg per 100 gram) dan nutrisi lainnya yang penting bagi rambut, kulit dan kuku.

Dulse (ganggang merah) adalah sumber vitamin-vitamin dan mineral-mineral yang paling baik dibandingkan tumbuh-tumbuhan lain, mengandung semua trace elements (trace elements adalah mineral yang dibutuhkan dalam jumlah sangat kecil tapi sangati dibutuhkan untuk pertumbuhan, perkembangan dan fisiologi mahluk hidup). Dulse mengandung banyak nutrisi, karoten, polisakarida. Memiliki sifat antioksidan dan membantu detoksifikasi tubuh dengan cara mengeliminasi toksin. Dulse juga mengandung yodium yang bisa mencegah penyakit gondok.

One essential factor of a balanced diet to prevent morbidity and mortality, and promote a good nutritional status is the consumption of nutrient-dense foods with an appropriate macronutrients dispersal (carbohydrates, protein, fat) and the right amount of calories based on personal energy expenditure. While the field of dietetics and nutrition has been bombarded with food recommender systems over the years, little research has been performed on meal planner applications grounded on macronutrients compliance. Drawing from a parallel-iterative design methodology, this paper proposed the development of a web-based meal planner app called 'Plan-Cook-Eat' that can generate tailored diet plans according to individual's needs. Six Registered Nutritionists-Dietitians served as a panel of human expert validators and 24 regular users served as app testers for evaluation using mixed-methods approach. Study participants confirmed and concluded the potential of Plan-Cook-Eat web app as a personal meal planner to ensure the consumption of needed macronutrients. Suggestions and interpretations were made regarding the technical improvements that could be done to enhance the app as a complete virtual nutrition assistant.

This extract presents 100 pages from the newly revised and enlarged Fourth Edition of 'AVD: The Anti-Viral Diet', which shares the results from the most recent, cutting-edge scientific research into the anti-viral properties of widely available foods - as well as of some rarer ingredients. Most significantly, that report confirms - among other conclusions - that good nutritional status increases vaccine efficacy and decreases the probability of suffering the dangerous side effects of some vaccines.

This extract includes copious evidence regarding eight dietary ingredients from the 'Anti-Viral Diet' and a key extract on the project's proposal for an 'Anti-Viral Five-a-Day'. This extract includes 16 full-colour photographs.

The 'AVD' publication presents the general theory of an 'Anti-Viral Diet' and also the evidence from over 2000 scientists and medical researchers confirming the anti-viral and immunomodulatory properties of many dietary ingredients. At the core of 'AVD' is a database of 52 Anti-Viral Ingredients  with detailed specifications and 104 colour photographs. Key info is provided on each of the identified ingredients, including against which viruses they have exhibited potent effects, how they 'boost' the Immune System, as well as key data about Recommended Daily Allowances. Citations and extracts from over 1000 research articles enables a broad range of scientists to speak in their own words about key discoveries in nutritional immunology and anti-viral dietetics. Every section includes research findings from at least two dozen articles (mainly from peer-reviewed journals) corroborating anti-viral qualities exhibited by that ingredient.

With kind permission of the publishers LIVING TIME™ Books. Copyright © LTB™ 2020-22.

Advanced Medical Sciences: An International Journal (AMS) is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the Medical Sciences. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on understanding advances in Medical Sciences and establishing new collaborations in these areas.

Authors are solicited to contribute to the journal by submitting articles that illustrate research results, projects, surveying works and industrial experiences that describe significant advances in the areas of Medical Sciences.

Resumo: Nutrição enteral geralmente é administrada em cateter, que, na maioria das vezes, também é utilizado para a administração de medicamentos. Essa via de administração enteral, apesar de ser mais segura e com custo mais reduzido do que as parenterais, também está associada a um considerável aumento na ocorrência de eventos adversos. Nesta perspectiva, este trabalho teve como objetivo descrever as recomendações para o preparo e a administração de medicamentos via cateteres enteral. Foi realizada uma busca sistemática de artigos nas bases de dados Pubmed e Lilacs, utilizando-se descritores e termos livres referentes a medicamentos ("drug" OR "pharmaceutical preparations"), e múltiplos termos referentes a nutrição enteral e sonda. Do total de 1.486 artigos, foram selecionados aqueles que abordavam as técnicas adequadas para preparo e administração de medicamentos via cateteres enterais, sendo analisados 32 artigos. A partir desses, foram identificadas técnicas de preparo de diferentes formas farmacêuticas para administração via cateter enteral; técnicas de cuidados com o cateter antes, durante e após a administração de medicamentos e técnicas para administração de medicamentos via cateter enteral, para auxiliar os profissionais de saúde no momento da realização desses procedimentos. A administração via cateteres enterais é frequente e envolve múltiplos passos e peculiaridades. A literatura é divergente acerca dos critérios técnicos adequados para execução de tal prática, principalmente em relação ao preparo, seleção de formas farmacêuticas mais indicadas, incompatibilidades, e ao tipo e volume de diluentes. Entretanto, o preparo e administração de medicamentos por cateteres enterais são de extrema relevância no contexto de cuidados mais complexos e deve ser readequada e qualificada nos âmbitos em que forem realizados. Palavras-chave: Preparações farmacêuticas, Nutrição enteral, Cateter, Vias de Administração de Medicamentos, Segurança do paciente, Administração enteral. Abstract: Enteral nutrition is usually administered through enteral catheters, and these are also frequently used for drug administration. Despite being safer and involving lower costs then parenteral administration, enteral drug administration is associated with adverse events occurrence. Taking this into consideration, this work aimed to describe the recommendations for the preparation and administration of drugs via enteral catheters. A systematic search of articles in the Pubmed and Lilacs databases, using keywords and free terms referring to drugs ("drug" OR "pharmaceutical preparations"), and multiple terms referring to enteral nutrition and catheters. Of the total of 1,486 articles, those that approached the appropriate techniques for the preparation and administration of drugs through catheters were selected, and 32 articles were analyzed. From these, techniques of preparation of different pharmaceutical forms for administration via catheters have been identified; techniques for catheter management before, during and after drug administration; and techniques for administering drugs through enteral catheters to assist health professionals at the time of performing these procedures. Drug administration via enteral catheters is frequent and involves multiple steps and peculiarities. The literature diverges on the appropriate technical criteria for this practice, especially in relation to drug preparation, selection of the most indicated pharmaceutical forms, incompatibilities, and the type and volume of diluents. However, the preparation and administration of drugs through enteral catheters is of extreme relevance in the context of more complex patients and should be qualified where is performed.

Nutrition counseling is a series of activities as a 2 (two) direction communication process to instill and enhance understanding, attitudes and behavior so as to help clients / patients recognize and overcome nutritional problems through the regulation of food and drinks carried out by nutritionists / dietitians.