Feeding

Jaw adductor hypertrophy, or the presence of enlarged jaw-closing muscles, has arisen several times independently in African clariid catfsh. Previous work has demonstrated that species characterized by enlarged jaw adductors may have unusual ways of foraging such as terrestrial foraging and prey capture, and often include a large proportion of hard and terrestrial prey in their diet. However, relatively little is known
about species of the genus Clariallabes with an intermediate degree of jaw adductor hypertrophy. In the present study we present data on head shape and diet for a range of sizes of specimens of a poorly known species of Clariallabes, C. melas. Our data show that growth patterns in this species and the previously studied C. longicauda are similar in some ways (e.g. positive allometry of the growth of the jaw muscles) but different
in others (negative allometry in hyoid width). However, C. melas has a smaller head for its body size in all dimensions. Due to the large number of empty stomachs we encountered, dietary data remain preliminary, but suggest a varied diet including both hard and soft prey. Our data show that a large amount of variation in
head shape may exist even among related species and that species with jaw adductor hypertrophy generally show positive allometry in the growth of the jaw adductors and associated structures. Whether jaw muscle hypertrophy is an adaptive trait in clariid catfsh awaits further comparative analyses testing for the evolutionary association between jaw adductor hypertrophy and the inclusion of hard prey into the diet.

The child born with cleft lip and palate requires multidisciplinary care since the very first hours of its life. These actions should also include speech therapy stimulation. Initially, the work of a speech therapist over dealing with this birth defect differs from the standard therapeutic procedures as a speech therapist comes into contact with a very young patient who has difficulties with food intake and often suffers from swallowing and breathing disorders. This study contains a proposal for speech therapy care over a child with cleft lip and palate. The method is used in the clinics of the Mother and Child Institute in Warsaw.

The anatomy of the New Zealand tuatara has been examined extensively by anatomists and palaeontologists because it represents the only living member of the Rhynchocephalia, a group of reptiles that were successful during the time of the dinosaurs. The tuatara is also of interest because of its specialized teeth and a forward chewing stroke that it uses to rip food apart. However, despite several detailed descriptions of the skull, there has been little work on how the individual bones of the skull fit together. Here we provide the first joint by joint ...

Aim. This paper reports a literature review describing the range of published tools available for use by nurses to screen or assess nutritional status of patients/clients, and to examine whether the validity, reliability, sensitivity, specificity and acceptability of the tool have been investigated. Tools developed specifically for use with older adults are not considered in this review. A screening/assessment tool is described as a tool that uses a questionnaire-type format, contains more than one risk factor for malnutrition and gives an assessment of risk.
Background. The incidence of malnutrition in people cared for by nurses is high and screening or assessment tools are often used to identify those with, or at risk of, malnutrition.
Methods. A comprehensive literature review methodology was employed. A range of electronic databases was searched from 1982 to 2002. Search terms incorporating ‘nutrition’, ‘screening’, assessment, feeding, instrument, tool, validity, reliability, sensitivity and specificity were combined. Manual searches were also conducted.
Results. Seventy-one nutritional screening/assessment tools were identified of which 35 were reviewed. Tools not reviewed included those which incorporated significant use of biochemical measures (8), included complex anthropometric measures (3), were concerned specifically with ingestion (4) or were designated for use with an older population (21). The tools reviewed use a wide variety of risk factors for malnutrition, varying from anthropometric measurements to socio-cultural aspects of eating behaviour. Some identify an action plan based on the score obtained. Many have not been subjected to validity and/or reliability testing and yet appear to be in use in clinical practice. The sensitivity, specificity and acceptability of the tools are often not investigated.
Conclusion. There are many published nutritional screening/assessment tools available for use by nurses to screen or assess the nutritional status of patients/clients. Many have not been subject to rigorous testing. Future work should consider a more standardized approach to the use of these tools.

Aim. This paper reports a literature review to examine the range of published tools available for use by nurses to screen or assess nutritional status of older adults, and the extent to which validity, reliability, sensitivity, specificity and acceptability of the tools has been addressed.
Background. The incidence of malnutrition in older adults is high. One method by which malnutrition or risk of malnutrition can be detected is by the use of nutritional screening or assessment tools.
Methods. A comprehensive literature review methodology was employed. A variety of electronic databases were searched for the period 1982–2002. Search terms incorporating nutrition, screening, validity, reliability and sensitivity and specificity were combined to retrieve relevant literature. In addition, manual searches were conducted and articles retrieved from those listed in key papers. In this paper, nutritional screening or assessment tools are described as tools which use a questionnaire-type format containing more than one risk factor for malnutrition, and give a quantitative or categorical assessment of risk.
Results. Seventy-one nutritional tools were located, 21 of which were identified as designated for use with an older population. A wide variety of risk factors for malnutrition are used with the tools, ranging from objective measurements to subjective assessment. Some tools identify an action plan based on the score obtained. Many tools appear not to have been subjected to validity and/or reliability testing but are used clinically.
Conclusions. As malnutrition is present in the older adult population, nutritional assessment and screening tools can be useful to highlight those in need of a nutritional care plan. However, many have not been subjected to evaluation and consequently may not demonstrate sensitivity and/or specificity in clinical use. The decision to use a particular tool should therefore be considered carefully.

Twenty four lactating Zaraibi goats in mid lactation were used in a 2 x 2 factorial experimental design to evaluate two different sources of ruminally degradable non structural carbohydrates (high and low RDNSC) and two different sources of ruminally degradable protein (high and low RDP). Four experimental diets were formulated to study their effects on digestion coefficients, some blood constituents and milk production and its composition.
The obtained results indicated that digestibility coefficients for DM, OM, CP and NFE and the nutritive value in terms of TDN and DCP% were significantly (P<0.05) higher for goats received low RDP and high RDNSC diets than those received high RDP and low RDNSC diets. The concentration of plasma urea-N was decreased (P<0.05) when goats were fed low RDP diets than those fed high RDP ones, whereas the concentrations of total protein, albumin and globulin were increased indicating once more better utilization of low RDP. Regardless the RDP, plasma urea-N was significantly (P<0.05) lower in goats fed high RDNSC diets than in those fed low RDNSC diets.
Yields of milk, 4% fat-corrected milk (4%-FCM) and milk components were higher (P<0.05) when goats fed low RDP diets than those fed high RDP ones. Milk non-protein-nitrogen (NPN) was lower (P<0.05) with low RDP diets. On the other hand, yield of true protein nitrogen, casein nitrogen, whey nitrogen and unsaturated fatty acids in milk were higher (P<0.05) with goats fed low RDP than those fed high RDP. Regardless the RDP content of the tested diets, a slight improvement in milk yield and 4%-FCM detected for goats given high RDNSC diets compared to those given low RDNSC ones without significant differences. Goats received low RDP with high RDNSC (diet 4) were higher and more persistent for milk yield during the experimental period. On the other hand goats received diets contained high RDP with high RDNSC produced the lowest milk yield.

The purpose of this paper is to design a Microstrip triangular patch antenna is designed with dimension 35x45 mm2 for gain improvement. The antenna is designed over the two operating frequencies such as 5.7 GHz and 6.6 GHz using the Metamaterials substrate. The designed antenna can be used for radio broadcasting, broadcast TV, two-way radio, communication receivers, RADAR, cell phones and satellite communications. The Metamaterials micro strip patch antenna has low profile, low cost, easy fabrication and good isolation. The antenna is designed by using High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) simulation software and designed antenna provides the peak gain of 6.096 dB at 5.7 GHz and 5.020 dB at 6.6 GHz.

I strongly believe this is right time to rise with some sustainable concepts like Vertical Farming into these smart city ventures, for the sake of saving the mother earth from the depleting the energy ( Fossil Fuels ) and resources ( Land, Water and Air ). Looking a little ahead of the time the trends in Architecture too like any other disciplines in the various parts of the world will be a complete paradigm shift in the coming years. As an Architect my philosophy overlooking the future shall be the designs focused on innovations and technology.
In India We have skilled Engineers and supporting facilities but at the same time we don't have proper technologies and awareness among the people. Also supplying energy requirement for plants is a great challenge. If this has made cheaper, the potential is definitely high and the most needy one. Energy supply from natural sources like sun, wind and water cannot be harmful if taken in a healthy way. And also the closed loop concept of energy must be used to make it in a sustainable fashion. Taking the past
50 years the India is in an emerging situation .Now a days the vertical concept is allocated in many cities in a small scale way.

We examined the effect of sampling frequency of gape angle and exhalant pumping measurements on our ability to determine the behaviour of bivalves. We used the endangered freshwater bivalve Margaritifera margaritifera, the non-endangered mussels Mytilus edulis and Mytilustrossulus, the scallop Pecten maximus and the cockle Cerastoderma edule. Increasing sampling interval led to an underestimation of the rate of bivalve gape adduction and abduction events detected, an overestimation of the mean duration between gape adduction and abduction events, and a misunderstanding of the form of the gape adduction and abduction events and exhalant pumping profile. Our analyses suggest minimum appropriate sampling rates for archival tags to define gape behaviour of 2, 7 and 40 Hz in M. margaritifera, C. edule and P. maximus, respectively, and 18 Hz to describe the metachronal wave in exhalant pumping of M. edulis. We demonstrate that careful consideration has to be given to the selection of sampling intervals when using a non-continuous method of recording behaviour. Our results emphasize the importance of measuring fine-scale behaviour patterns in order to advance our understanding of bivalves. The potential loss of information associated with the choiceof particular sampling intervals during measurements of single parameters, and the biases which can result from this choice, are effectively germane to all species. KEYWORDS: Mytilus spp. · Margaritifera margaritifera · Pecten maximus · Cerastoderma edule · Sampling · Resolution · Recording · Frequency · Behaviour

"Brower explores the way philosophers were inspired by entomological social systems and communication to reflect on human psyche, social behavior, community organization, communication, and inter-individual relationships. His essay rehearses the swarms of insects embedded in contemporary philosophy and literary theory, not only showing how many of the major concepts (or philosophemes) in continental philosophy – sexuality, politics, thinking, time, interdependence, and language – draw lessons from the world of insects, but also illustrating again how the insect world spurred human reflection."

Depredación de aves acuáticas por la nutria neotropical (Lontra longicaudis annectens), en el río Yaqui, Sonora, México Aquatic bird predation by neotropical river otter (Lontra longicaudis annectens), Resumen. Se registra la depredación de aves acuáticas por la nutria neotropical (L. longicaudis annectens) en el río Yaqui, Sonora. Se colectaron e identifi caron 25 cráneos, porciones de esqueleto postcraneal y plumas de aves encontrados en los comederos de las nutrias; las especies identifi cadas fueron el cormorán neotropical (Phalacrocorax brasilianus) con 16 individuos, el pato de collar (Anas platyrhynchos diazi), 4 individuos; la garza blanca (Ardea alba), 3 individuos; el huaco de corona amarilla (Nyctanassa violacea) y el pelícano café (Pelecanus occidentalis), ambos con 1 individuo. En los peces se encontró la tilapia del género Oreochromis. Probablemente los hábitos alimenticios de esta especie responden a la estacionalidad y al consumo de presas más disponibles en el hábitat. Estos registros confi rman que las nutrias de río son depredadores oportunistas cuya dieta tiene una amplio rango de uso de especies de los ambientes riparios, además dichos registros son una razón más para considerar la nutria neotropical como especie sombrilla para la conservación de ecosistemas completos, ya que su presencia es un indicador de alta disponibilidad energética y de alta biodiversidad. Palabras clave: depredación, aves acuáticas, nutria de río, neotropical, río Yaqui. Abstract. We report the predation of aquatic birds by neotropical river otters (L. longicaudis annectens) at Río Yaqui, Sonora. As many as 25 skulls, post-cranial skeletons and feathers were found at river otter feeding sites. The neotropical cormorant (Phalacrocorax brasilianus) was the most predated bird with 16 individuals, followed by Mexican mallard (Anas platyrhynchos diazi) with 4 individuals, great egret (Ardea alba) with 3 individuals, yellow-crowned night-heron (Nyctanassa violacea), and brown pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis), both with 1 individual. With respect to fi sh, the tilapia Oreochromis, was the only species found in scats. Neotropical river otter feeding habits were associated with food availability at different seasons of the year. These records show that neotropical river otters are opportunistic predators, that use a wide range of species from riparian habitats. These records also support the idea that neotropical river otters should be considered as an umbrella species for the preservation of whole ecosystems given that their presence is an indicator of high energetic availability and high biodiversity.

Indian Giant Flying Squirrel (Petaurista philippensis
Elliot 1839) is widely distributed in South Asia and
the only species of flying squirrel found in Gujarat. We
studied the seasonal variation in its feeding behaviour at
selected sites of Central Gujarat. Focal sampling was
employed to study the behaviours and mainly feeding
behaviours. Feeding analyses were consistent with other
studies and indicated Madhuca longifolia as an important
food resource. The diet of the species mainly consisted of
pith, twig, seed, bark, petiole, young to mature leaves,
flower and fruits of 20 species of plants of 15 families
along with lichens, Vanda tessellata and Dendrophthoe
falcata. Madhuca longifolia (25%) contributed most to the
squirrel diet, followed by Diospyros melanoxylon (10%)
and Terminalia tomentosa (9%). Among the plant parts
consumed, pith formed the highest bulk as a food at 23%,
followed by fruits (21%), bark (16%), twig (14%), flower
(10%), seed (6%), leaf (6%), and bud (4%). The findings
reveal the high dependency of flying squirrel on certain tree
species. These tree species are well represented and distributed
throughout central Gujarat, indicating that this area
is important for the survival of this species and that the area
should be conserved for protection and future management
of this species.

Differential protection scheme is based on comparison of measured variables such as current and voltage at the two ends of a line via a communication channel such as pilot wire. This scheme is preferred and extensively used in distribution feeder protection system in Malaysia due to its fast operation. However pilot-wire differential scheme has its own drawbacks especially on the maintenance of the pilot-wire. Once the plot-wire is out of service, the feeder protection is jeopardised. One of the options to overcome such maintenance issue is to adopt directional relay as the feeder protection. This paper investigates a suitable relay connection and the maximum torque angle for the directional relay for 33 kV underground network. In this study, a section of 33 kV underground network in Kuala Lumpur (KL) city has been analysed. All faults types have been simulated at all possible location in the network. The obtained voltage and current were then used to determine the operation of directional overcurrent and earth-fault relay. The simulation results indicate that 30° relay connection with 0° maximum torque angle (30°/0°) is the most suitable setting to be applied for 33 kV underground network in KL, as against the best general and most versatile setting, 45°/90°. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0142061512000385

ABSTRACT
Objective. The feeding habits of Cocobolo (Andinoacara pulcher) in the cienaga Grande de Lorica, Sinu river basin, were studied. Materials and methods. The stomach content was analyzed using the Proportion of empty stomachs, Grade of digestion, Frequency of occurrence, numerical Frequency, Gravimetry, relative importance Index (RII) and the gut length-total length relationship. Results. 39.8% of stomachs were empty, 47.1% of preys were fresh and five food groups were identified. Vegetable remains was the most frequent group (63.8%) and the prey with greatest composition in weight (33.5%), while Rest of fishes was the most abundant group (34.7%). It was observed that in low and rising waters, fishes was the most consumed prey, while that in high and falling waters the most consumed prey was vegetable remains. Vegetable remains, detritus and fishes were food groups of secondary relative importance, while Insects and Others were circumstantial or incidental groups. Conclusions. The results achieved indicate that Cocobolo is a fish with omnivores feeding habits with a preference for fishes and vegetable remains.

Objective. This paper describes and discusses patterns of behavior of M. chimachima related to nesting, feeding, parental care, learned behaviors, vocalizations and mobbing. Materials and methods. Between the months of January and May, 2017, synchronized and parallel linear transects were applied to the location of birds in the urban area of Santiago de Tolú, Sucre Colombia; subsequently, four fixed observation points were established for recording the different evaluated behaviors. Results. It was established that the construction of nests agrees with that established for the species, and contributions were made to the knowledge of parental care and learning processes. For the first time, three types of flight were described. It was evident that there are differences in the food consumed by adults and juveniles, with fishing and removing ticks from cattle as activities only carried out by mature individuals. It was recorded for the first time that P. sulphuratus (Aves, Tyrannidae) harasses M. chimachima (Aves, Falconidae), a behavior associated with parental care. Conclusions. The results contribute to knowledge on the ethology of this falconiform species of common occurrence in the Colombian Caribbean.

Este artículo pretende resaltar de alguna manera, el papel que cumple la alimentación en la configuración de los procesos de producción de localidad de los colectivos migrantes. Se parte de la premisa de que la comida, como hecho cultural, cumple un papel fundamental en la configuración de los procesos de incorporación social de las personas inmigrantes, les sirve como refugio emocional y simbólico y como plataforma desde donde se proyecta una nueva identidad que les permite relacionarse en el nuevo contexto

Desde las últimas décadas del siglo XIX, la provincia de Córdoba (Argentina) experimentó una modernización que involucró transformaciones mayores en la economía, la sociedad, la cultura y la política. Esta modernización estuvo asociada a la emergencia de una modernidad alimentaria, europeizante, materializada en dos dinámicas de cambio de los patrones de consumo: una implicó cierto afrancesamiento de los hábitos de los sectores acomodados; la otra, un intercambio recíproco entre los sectores populares nativos y los inmigrantes extranjeros. Esta contribución examina la primera dinámica, protagonizada por los sectores acomodados, que durante la década de 1870 sustituyeron sus patrones hispano-criollos por los franceses.

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In the last decades of the 19th Century, the province of Córdoba (Argentina) experienced a modernization involving major economic, social, cultural and political changes. This modernization has also been associated with the emergence of a food modernity, pro-European, and materialized in two dynamics of change in the consumption patterns: one that followed a type of Frenchification of habits within the wealthy social sectors; the other, a mutual exchange between popular native sectors and foreign immigrants. This contribution examines the first dynamic featuring the wealthy sectors, that during the 1870’s substituted the Creole-Hispanic patterns for the French ones.

https://www.academia.edu/43243696/ ;
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Ostroumov, S.A. and Kolesnikov, M.P., 2000. Biocatalysis of matter transfer in a microcosm is inhibited by a contaminant: effects of a surfactant on Lymnaea stagnalis. Doklady Biological  Sciences, 2000, Vol. 373, pp. 397-399.
Keywords:
Lymnaea stagnalis , Surfactants  , Synthetic Surfactant  , Aquatic Toxicology  , Aquatic Ecology  , Mollusca  , Freshwater Ecology  , Ecotoxicology  , Toxicity  , Biogeochemistry  , Feeding  , Invertebrates  , Aquatic Invertebrates  , Invertebrate Biology  , Chemical Elements  ,

At present, the application of probiotics in aquaculture is gaining wide acceptance for its beneficial effect on fish production. This study focused on evaluating the potency of a commercial multi-strain probiotic on mean growth, feed utilization parameters, yield and survival for profitable cage culture of striped catfish, Pan-gasianodon hypophthalmus at haor floodplain of Bangladesh. The present study was designed using five treatments (n = 3) in which the fishes were fed commercial pellet diets enriched with 0 % (Control-P 0.00), 0.1 % (P 0.10), 0.15 % (P 0.15), 0.2 % (P 0.20) and 0.25 % (P 0.25) probiotic. kg − 1 feed for 12 weeks. End of the culture period, the fish groups fed probiotic supplemented diets exhibited significant improvement in growth parameters. Weight gain, survival rate, relative growth rate, specific growth rate and protein efficiency ratio were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in P 0.20 (808.44 ± 3.67 g, 96.71 ± 0.16 %, 1496.12 ± 2.69 %, 3.08 ± 0.01 % and 3.03 ± 0.01) compared to P 0.00 , P 0.10 and P 0.15. The feed conversion ratio significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in P 0.20 (1.21 ± 0.01) than other treatments. Significantly (P < 0.05) higher production of P. hypophthalmus was attained in P 0.20 (17.20 ± 0.05 kg.m − 3), which ultimately boosted gross revenue. The highest benefit-cost ratio was obtained from P 0.20 (1.54 ± 0.00). The growth and economic parameters did not exhibit any significant difference between P 0.20 and P 0.25. However, minimal probiotic inclusion is preferable for its reduced input cost. The overall results indicated that 0.2 % dietary probiotic supplementation hones the growth, yield and survival for profitable floodplain cage culture.

Asian shore crabs (Hemigrapsus san-guineus De Haan) are a dominant invasive species in the northwest Atlantic, where recent evidence suggests that they have been introduced multiple times from their native range of Japan and Korea. Despite favorable environmental conditions and a high level of shipping traffic across the Pacific, this crab has not become established in the northeast Pacific. This may be due to interactions with the native shore crab assemblage, which previous studies have found to outcompete juvenile H. sanguineus for shelter. The present study used a combination of feeding and behavioral experiments to quantify the feeding behavior of native crabs (Pachygrapsus crassipes, Hemi-grapsus nudus, Hemigrapsus oregonensis) with and without the presence of H. sanguineus. H. sanguineus ate more than the native crabs combined at both 7 and 13 °C. Crabs in the mixed treatment which included all four species ate less than expected, indicating that at least one species reduced its feeding rate. However, time-lapse photography revealed similar amounts of time feeding in both treatments for all 4 species, suggesting that there were changes in feeding intensity when all crabs were together. The high feeding rates but lack of a competitive advantage for H. sanguineus make it an unlikely but potentially impactful invader in the northeast Pacific.

Although the leopard (Panthera pardus) is one of the more successful large carnivores, challenges for leopard conservation emulate those of other more endangered carnivores, and they are a model species for investigating issues affecting carnivore persistence worldwide. This thesis represents a six-year study of leopard on the Karongwe Game Reserve, South Africa, which provided a unique opportunity to observe various aspects of behavioural ecology in the absence of prey availability constraints or human persecution. Small, enclosed reserves such as Karongwe make up 16.8% of the total land in South Africa and undertaking sound ecological research in these areas provides valuable data for evidence-based conservation and management. The leopard is notoriously shy and difficult to study and I used free darting and habituation to enhance visual observation, in order to understand the ecological processes influencing leopard reproductive success and survival. My results show that leopard in the high prey area studied, consume almost double the number of ungulates as leopard in similar habitats elsewhere. This generalist predator improved its hunting success by selecting vulnerable prey and selectively hunted in habitats of intermediate density, where preferred prey were most abundant. Ample nutrition played a key role in reproductive health and reduced the duration of reproductive parameters below that previously recorded in the literature. Any additional nutritional input could not translate into increased population growth as females were already reproducing optimally. Female territorial size and habitat selection were determined by the availability of riparian habitat and resources of their preferred prey. Territoriality however was governed by prey biomass. Neighbouring leopards were territorial, sharing little space (average 11% territorial overlap) and hunting five times more often in the core than in the rest of their territory. During periods of prey richness, females became more territorial and there was a positive “bottom up” effect through subadult recruitment. Density-dependent intraspecific and interspecific competition for limited space regulated the population around carrying capacity, and constrained population growth. These results provide fundamental baseline data about leopard in the absence of human disturbance, or prey constraints. They highlight that, although the influence of optimal nutrition is important in the reproductive health and territoriality of leopard, habitat quality and quantity are ultimately what govern leopard carrying capacity and population size. I provide baseline reproductive, carrying capacity and territorial data for agencies developing policy, and for setting priorities in conservation and management, as well as habitat protection and restoration, for not only this species but other threatened species as well.