Computer Network and Cloud Computing

Facial Recognition Technology (FRT) emerged as a solution to address several contemporary needs of identifying and verifying an individual's identity. It fulfills the biometric system requirements, which tries to recognize the status of an individual by using features distinctive from the body and functionalities that are more familiar with the operation of visual surveillance. This report develops an analysis that connects the socio-scientific literature with the technology on FTR and addresses the concerns and challenges attached to the development, evolutional, and the operational usage that are specific, the contexts, and goals. It highlights the problematic, potentials, and the limitations of the technology. The report also identifies the tasks that the FRT seems to be ready to deploy, the areas with specified obstacles, and how to overcome them by the developments of future technology and operating procedures of sound. It also addresses specific issues that appear to interact with technology. It is also concerned with the ethical considerations on the extent of efficacy. The report's findings are further broken down into different categories to understand further the evaluation, performance, operation, policy concerns, and political and moral operations. So far, the technology has been implemented in several fields to enable monitoring and surveillance. In this background, the report also addresses the FRT alterations on the nature of the authoritarian and lines that are oppressive in the United States as the primary focus.

At present moment, there is a great interest in development of information systems operating in
cloud infrastructures. Generally, many of tasks remain unresolved such as tasks of optimization of
large databases in a hybrid cloud infrastructure, quality of service (QoS) at different levels of
cloud services, dynamic control of distribution of cloud resources in application systems and
many others. Research and development of new solutions can be limited in case of using emulators
or international commercial cloud services, due to the closed architecture and limited opportunities
for experimentation. Article provides answers to questions on the establishment of a
pilot cloud practically “at home” with the ability to adjust the width of the emulation channel and
delays in data transmission. It also describes architecture and configuration of the experimental
setup. The proposed modular structure can be expanded by available computing power.

Cloud Computing is an emerging technology. It is a growing technology which can change traditional IT systems. It plays a major role in today's technology sector. People are using it every day through one way or another. Education sector is not out of this phenomenon. At the present time the teaching method is changing and students are becoming much technology based and therefore it is necessary that we think about the most recent technologies to incorporate in the teaching and learning methods. By sharing Information technology related services in the cloud, educational institutions can better concentrate on offering students, teachers, faculty and staff the essential instruments. Bangladesh is a developing country. So applying this technology on education sector is a huge challenge for Bangladesh. In this paper it is discussed that how Bangladesh can be benefited by applying cloud in education and its challenges followed by some case studies and success stories.

Information Technology (IT) infrastructure and related research communities can help tackle environmental challenges in developing countries through environmentally sustainable models of economic development. The paper sought to examine the status of current and emerging environmentally friendly technologies, equipment and applications in supporting programs that play a role in addressing environment degradation in Kenya. It also sought to underscore the role of IT in environmentally sustainable consumption. The paper examines what constitutes environment degradation and explores the negative effects of IT infrastructure on the environment. The consequences of E-waste on environment are discussed followed by green IT as part of the solution to environment degradation as a result of adoption of IT. The papers also discuss the available IT infrastructure that can be used to combat the challenges of environment degradation. The paper ends with possible IT infrastructure measures that c...

Lack of alignment between information technology (IT) and the business is a problem facing many organizations. Most organizations, today, fundamentally depend on IT. When IT and the business are aligned in an organization, IT delivers what the business needs and the business is able to deliver what the market needs. IT has become a strategic function for most organizations, and it is imperative that IT and business are aligned. IT governance is one of the most powerful ways to achieve IT to business alignment.

We would like to invite you to join this exciting new project as a chapter contributor. Since this is a textbook, a great deal of this chapter entails a survey on the topic under the paradigm of cyber-physical systems, what can be done onboard and remotely, the distributed nature of the system and some exercises on futurology (anticipating trends can shed some light on upcoming designs). IET will bring great visibility to your work. You are welcome to suggest another topic/chapter title if you feel it would be more suitable. Each chapter should be around 20-25 pages each and can be submitted as a Word or Latex File. The IET will send you additional information (formatting, permission form, etc.) with the contributor's agreement once you have agreed to contribute to the book. Visit http:// www.theiet.org/resources/author-hub/books/index.cfm to get all information you need as a contributor to an IET research-level book. Each book is expected to have a total number of 500 printed pages (based on approximately 550 words per page with a 20% allowance for figures and tables). We have included a tentative schedule and list of topics below. If this is something you would consider, please send me the title of your chapter, a short description/abstract of the chapter content, and your full contact details. We will expect original content and new results for this book. You can, of course, reuse published material but the percentage of material reuse for the chapter should be less than 40%. The IET will run a piracy software on the full manuscript to control that you are including original material and will reject chapters who contain a large amount of already-published material so please do take this into consideration.

The use of emerging technology in universities to support
teaching and learning has clearly changed the way education
is being conducted in many Nations. Educational institutions
are able to collaborate, network, share resources, and increase
enrolment because of technology. It is common to see many
online certificate and degree programmes being offered in
many universities around the world. Educational institutions
throughout the World have become highly dependent on
technology for teaching, learning and for conducting research.
They continue to seek opportunities to rationalize the way they
manage their resources. These opportunities have become even
better with the introduction of Cloud Computing.

The cloud is the best method used for the utilization and organization of data. The cloud provides many resources for us via the internet. There are many technologies used in cloud computing systems; each one uses a different kind of protocols and methods. Many tasks can execute on different servers per second, which cannot execute on their computer. The most popular technologies used in the cloud system are Hadoop, Dryad, and another map reducing framework. Also, there are many tools used to optimize the performance of the cloud system, such as Cap3, HEP, and Cloudburst. This paper reviews in detail the cloud computing system, its used technologies, and the best technologies used with it according to multiple factors and criteria such as the procedure cost, speed cons and pros. Moreover, A comprehensive comparison of the tools used for the utilization of cloud computing systems is presented.  

Cloud computing provides IT services to users worldwide, Data centers in Clouds consume large amount of Energy leading to highly effective costs. Therefore green energy computing is solution for decreasing operational costs. This survey presents efficient resource allocation and Scheduling algorithm/Techniques analyzed on different network parameters without compromising network performance and SLA constraints. Results are analyzed on different measures, providing a significant cost saving and improvement in Energy Efficiency.

With expanding volumes of knowledgeable production and the variability of themes and roots, shapes and languages, most detectable issues related to the delivery of storage space for the information and the variety of treatment strategies in addition to the problems related to the flow of information and methods go down and take an interest in the advantage of them face the researchers. In any case, such a great
significance comes with a support of a great infrastructure that includes large data centers comprising thousands of server units and other supporting equipment. The cloud is not a small, undeveloped branch of it, it is a type of computing that is based on the internet, an image from the internet. Cloud Computing is a developed technology, cloud computing, possibly offers an overall economic benefit, in that end users shares a large, centrally achieved pool of storing and computing resources, rather than owning and managing their own systems. But, it needs to be environment friendly also. This review paper gives a general overview of cloud computing, also it describes cloud computing, architecture of cloud computing, characteristics of cloud computing, and different services and deployment model of cloud computing. This
paper is for anyone who will have recently detected regarding cloud computing and desires to grasp a lot of regarding cloud computing.

An Emergency Response (ER) Cyber-Physical System (CPS) to avoid landslides and survey areas located on or near slopes is introduced that handles two problems: electronic waste disposal, and environmental disasters. Uncomplicated detection circuits using salvaged components can pinpoint floods in impoverished regions. CPSs simplify hazard prediction and mitigation in disaster supervision. Nonetheless, few green practices and efforts have been accomplished in this regard. Recent technical advances help landslides studies and the evaluation of suitable risk alleviation measures. This work addresses in situ meters, and cameras to observe ground movements more accurately. The ER-CPS identifies and can help mitigate landslides using techniques based on motion detection that can productively predict and monitor the zone conditions to classify it, and the landslide-related data can be transmitted to inspecting stations to lessen the erosion/sedimentation likelihood while increasing security.

Cloud computing technology has experienced exponential growth over the past few years. It provides many advantages for both individuals and organizations. However, at the same time, many issues have arisen due to the vast growth of cloud computing. Organizations often have concerns about the migration and utilization of cloud computing due to the loss of control over their outsourced resources and cloud computing is vulnerable to risks. Thus, a cloud provider needs to manage the cloud computing environment risks in order to identify, assess, and prioritize the risks in order to decrease those risks, improve security, increase confidence in cloud services, and relieve organizations' concerns on the issue of using a cloud environment. Considering that a conventional risk management framework does not fit well with cloud computing due to the complexity of its environment, research in this area has become widespread. The aim of this paper is to review the previously proposed risk management frameworks for cloud computing and to make a comparison between them in order to determine the strengths and weaknesses of each of them. The review will consider the extent of the involvement and participation of consumers in cloud computing and other issues.

2nd International Conference on Cloud Computing and IOT (CCCIOT 2021) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of Cloud computing and IoT. The aim of the conference is to provide a platform to the researchers and practitioners from both academia as well as industry to meet and share cutting-edge development in the field.

Over the last couple of years, " Cloud computing " or " Elastic computing " has emerged as a compelling and successful paradigm for internet scale computing. One of the major contributing factors to this success is the elasticity of resources. In spite of the elasticity provided by the infrastructure and the scalable design of the applications, the elephant (or the underlying database), which drives most of these web-based applications, is not very elastic and scalable, and hence limits scalability. In this paper, we propose ElasTranS which addresses this issue of scalability and elasticity of the data storage in a cloud computing environment to leverage from the elastic nature of the underlying infrastructure, while providing scalable transactional data access. This paper aims at providing the design of a system in progress, highlighting the major design choices, analyzing the different guarantees provided by the system, and identifying several important challenges for the research community striving for computing in the cloud.

Cloud computing is growing significantly day by day, and has created a shift in the IT industry. It brings several advantages to consumers by delivering computing as a service, such as self-service, on-demand, broad network access, rapid elasticity, resource pooling, and measured service. On the other hand, organizations have many fears when deciding to migrate to cloud computing, due to the many risks they are exposed to by the cloud environment. Risk management is an appropriate method to identify, assess, and manage risks. The traditional risk management frameworks do not fit cloud computing well due to its complex environment and the assumption by those frameworks that the assets are owned and fully managed by the organization itself. The aim of this paper is to propose a new security risk management framework for the cloud computing environment. The framework focuses on the two main issues that affect the effectiveness of risk management: loss of control and the multi-tenant architecture of cloud computing. The proposed framework has been evaluated on a hypothetical cloud computing provider to present the step by step progress of the proposed framework.

Blogs have witnessed unprecedented growth in last decade. Many new blogs are being generated on a daily basis that is leading to generate large valuable information. Searching the needed information from the available information in minimum efforts and latency is a great challenge. Present work is an attempt to explore the effort made to expedite the blog specific search, to identify and highlight the gaps in the blog specific search engines. In addition, this work has proposed a new algorithm to expedite the searching using the search engine that can be hosted on cloud. Correspondingly, additional resource requirement to meet the peak load demand can be fulfilled by provisioning them instead of procuring the resources. Proposed method uses the hierarchical based technique couples with intelligence factor to search and index the blog pages. Proposed method would greatly help in locating the information available on the blogs.

Serverless computing has rapidly grown following the launch of Amazon's Lambda platform. Function-as-a-Service (FaaS) a key enabler of serverless computing allows an application to be decomposed into simple, standalone functions that are executed on a FaaS platform. The FaaS platform is responsible for deploying and facilitating resources to the functions. Several of today's cloud applications spread over heterogeneous connected computing resources and are highly dynamic in their structure and resource requirements. However, FaaS platforms are limited to homogeneous clusters and homogeneous functions and do not account for the data access behavior of functions before scheduling. We introduce an extension of FaaS to heterogeneous clusters and to support heterogeneous functions through a network of distributed heterogeneous target platforms called Function Delivery Network (FDN). A target platform is a combination of a cluster of homogeneous nodes and a FaaS platform on top of it. FDN provides Function-Delivery-as-a-Service (FDaaS), delivering the function to the right target platform. We showcase the opportunities such as varied target platform's characteristics, possibility of collaborative execution between multiple target platforms, and localization of data that the FDN offers in fulfilling two objectives: Service Level Objective (SLO) requirements and energy efficiency when scheduling functions by evaluating over five distributed target platforms using the FDNInspector, a tool developed by us for benchmarking distributed target platforms. Scheduling functions on an edge target platform in our evaluation reduced the overall energy consumption by 17× without violating the SLO requirements in comparison to scheduling on a high-end target platform.

Cloud Computing is an emerging technology. It is a growing technology which can change traditional IT systems. It plays a major role in today's technology sector. People are using it every day through one way or another. Education sector is not out of this phenomenon. At the present time the teaching method is changing and students are becoming much technology based and therefore it is necessary that we think about the most recent technologies to incorporate in the teaching and learning methods. By sharing Information technology related services in the cloud, educational institutions can better concentrate on offering students, teachers, faculty and staff the essential instruments. Bangladesh is a developing country. So applying this technology on education sector is a huge challenge for Bangladesh. In this paper it is discussed that how Bangladesh can be benefited by applying cloud in education and its challenges followed by some case studies and success stories.

Cloud computing is rapidly gaining traction in business. It offers businesses online services on demand (such as Gmail, iCloud and Salesforce) and allows them to cut costs on hardware and IT support. This is the first paper in business ethics dealing with this new technology. It analyzes the informational duties of hosting companies that own and operate cloud computing datacentres (e.g., Amazon). It considers the cloud services providers leasing 'space in the cloud' from hosting companies (e.g., Dropbox, Salesforce). And it examines the business and private 'clouders' using these services. The first part of the paper argues that hosting companies, services providers and clouders have mutual informational (epistemic) obligations to provide and seek information about relevant issues such as consumer privacy, reliability of services, data mining and data ownership. The concept of interlucency is developed as an epistemic virtue governing ethically effective communicatio...

Cloud Computing is an emerging technology. It is a growing technology which can change traditional IT systems. It plays a major role in today's technology sector. People are using it every day through one way or another. Education sector is not out of this phenomenon. At the present time the teaching method is changing and students are becoming much technology based and therefore it is necessary that we think about the most recent technologies to incorporate in the teaching and learning methods. By sharing Information technology related services in the cloud, educational institutions can better concentrate on offering students, teachers, faculty and staff the essential instruments. Bangladesh is a developing country. So applying this technology on education sector is a huge challenge for Bangladesh. In this paper it is discussed that how Bangladesh can be benefited by applying cloud in education and its challenges followed by some case studies and success stories.

Kurumların kendi veri ambarlarında –tüm veri deposu – ve veri silolarında – diğer departmanlarından bağımsız bir departmanın kontrolü altındaki alt veri depoları – yapılandırılmış şekilde yerel veri birikmektedir. Yerel veri ambarındaki veriler ile stratejik kararlar hedeflenirken, veri silolarındaki veriler ile acil bir amaca yönelik ya da taktiksel kararlar hedeflenmektedir. Fakat bu yerel veriler, içinde bulunduğumuz çağ itibariyle kurumlar ve işletmeler için doğru ve stratejik kararlar vermeye yardımcı olma hususunda yetersiz kalmaktadır. Bugün bu yerel verilerden başka, milyonlarca insan tarafından kullanılan bilgisayar, GPS aygıtları, cep telefonları, tıbbi aygıtların milyarlarca etkileşimleri ve bloglar, sosyal medyada paylaşılan veriler, muhtelif sensörlerden toplanan veriler, elektronik postalar, fotoğraflar, videolar, web günlükleri gibi platformlar tarafından yapılandırılmamış ya da yarı-yapılandırılmış "Veri Seli" oluşmaktadır. Ağırlıklı olarak bu etkileşimlerin birçoğu şu ana kadar ihtiyaçları ve alışkanlıkları yetersiz bir şekilde anlaşılan insanlar tarafından kullanılan mobil aygıtlar aracılığıyla oluşmaktadır. Bu doğrultuda artışı devam eden ancak yapısal veri olarak dikkate alınmayan verinin analiz edilerek yapısal veri birikimi gibi değerlendirilmesi gündeme geldi. Söz konusu verinin kurum ve kuruluşlardaki örtük bilginin, açık bilgi ile birleştirilmesiyle elde edilen yapısal bilgiyi daha da güçlendirecek bir içerik ve zenginliğe eriştirmesi beklenebilir. Böyle bir uygulamanın sonucu ise kurum ve kuruluşların alacakları stratejik kararların hedef kitleyi kapsama ve etkileme alanını genişletebileceği olasılığını da beraberinde getirecektir. Bu doğrultuda, modern çağda veri hacmi gitgide büyürken, işletmeler ve diğer kuruluşlar geleneksel veri yöntemlerinden çok daha geniş bir şekilde tanımlanan "Büyük Veri" ile başa çıkmak zorunda kalmaktadırlar. Büyük Veri birçok kurum ve şirket için zorluk anlamına geldiği gibi, aynı zamanda fırsat anlamına da gelmektedir. Diğer yandan pek çok endüstri trendi geleneksel veri yönetimi, iş zekâsı platform ve araçları üzerinde baskı meydana getirmektedir. Kar amacı güden ya da gütmeyen birçok kurum ve kuruluş yatırımlar, problem çözümleri, süreç iyileştirmeleri, müşteri memnuniyeti çalışmaları, satış politikaları ve genel kurum stratejileri oluşturmada "Büyük Veri" analizlerinden faydalanmaları gerektiğini öngörmektedirler. Bununla birlikte, araştırmacılar ve politikacılar da düşük gelirli nüfusun faydası için krizlerin öngörülmesi ve önlenmesi, muhtelif hizmetler sağlanması, ihtiyaçların tanımlanması için kullanılabilen, işlemeye uygun bilgi içerisindeki veri sağanaklarının potansiyel zorluğunu fark etmeye başlıyor. Birlikte kararlaştırılmış uyumlu aksiyon ile veriyi oluşturan bireylere ve topluluklara yardım eden hükümetler, kalkınma kuruluşları ve şirketler için bu veriden faydalanmak gereklidir. Retention Science veri analizi firmasının CEO'su Jerry Jao'nun müşterilerinden birisi olan ve internet üzerinde online bisiklet, motosiklet parçaları satışı yapan Bikeberry.com firması ile yaptıkları çalışma için verdiği rakamlar dikkat çekicidir: Bikeberry.com için öncelikle web tarayıcılar, giriş sayıları, geçmiş alışverişler ve daha başka şekillerde büyük bir müşteri verisi elde edildi. Elde edilen veriye göre müşterilere 5 ayrı teklif oluşturuldu. Bunlar ücretsiz kargo, %5, %10, %15 ve %30 indirim şeklinde tanımlandı. Oluşturulan yazılım ile müşterilerin özelliklerine ve geçmiş alışverişlerine bakılarak uygun özelleştirilmiş teklifler gönderildi. Sonuçta, Bikeberry.com'un satışları %133 ve kullanıcı bağlılığı yaklaşık %200 arttı. Ayrıca Bikeberry.com oluşturduğu teklif seviyelerinden dolayı tüm müşterilerine aynı yüksek indirimi yapmadığından dolayı kar marjını da yükseltmiş oldu (http://www.bigdatalandscape.com/news/why-big-data-is-a-must-in-ecommerce, 2015). Bu çalışmada "Stratejik Büyük Veri Yönetiminin Yatırımlar Üzerindeki Etkileri" ile ilgili olgusal ve nitel bir araştırma yürütülmüştür. Konuyla ilgili farklı kuruluşlardan bireyler ile yarı-yapılandırılmış görüşmeler yapılmış, bu kişilerin "Büyük Veri" ile ilgili görüşleri, deneyimleri, önyargıları hakkında bilgi edinilmiştir. Genel olarak Büyük Veri ile ilgili gerçekçi bir yaklaşımın olduğu tespit edilmiş ve bazı görüş ayrılıklarının varlığı dikkat çekmiştir.
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Corporations collect structured local data in their data storages – whole data storage – and data silos – sub data storages which is under control of independent department –. When strategic decisions targeting with data from local data storage, urgent proposive or tactical decisions targeting with data. But these local datas are getting insufficient about helping to make right and strategic choices for corporations and businesses in the age that we live in. Today, structured or semi-structured "Data Torrent" consisting without local data from the platforms like blogs, videos, photographs, e-mails, datas collected from various sensors, data shared in social media, billions of interactions of medical devices, cellphones, GPS devices, millions of computers used by people. Mainly these interactions occuring by mobile devices which can not understood enough by users with their needs and habits. Accordingly, evaluating structural data such as the accumulation of data analyzed came up which is continuing growth in this direciton but not considered as structured data. Said data can be expected that is bring to wealth and content that strenghten obtained structural information with gathered from open and hidden data in institutions and businesses. The result of such an applications would bring the possibility of expand area of influence and target audiance of institutions and businesses who makes strategic decisions. In this direction, while data capacity growing more and more in the modern age, businesses and other corporations must deal with "Big Data" which is way too larger than conventional data methods. Big Data is mean difficulty for most of corporations and businesses, but on the other hand, it means oppurtunity in the same time. On the other hand, it creates pressure for business intelligent platforms, tools and traditional data administrations of plenty industry. Many profit or nonprofit corporations and institutions investments, problem solutions, process restorations, customer satisfaction studies, sales policies and for create general institution strategies, should profit by "Big Data" analysis. However, researchers and politicians starting to realize the difficulty of potential data torrents in data that are suitable for processing that can predict and prevent crisis for benefit of low income population, provide various services for using define needs. For development corporations and businesses, governments who aid to individuals and communities which can create compatible action and data together. The CEO of Retention Science data analysis company, Jerry Jao makes business and give some interesting numbers to a company named Bikeberry.com which sells motorbike and bike spare part via internet: Firstly, web browsers, number of entries, past shoppings and with other different types of data gathered. 5 different proposal were created with the gathered data. These were defined as free shipping and %5, %10, %15 and %30 discount. Customized proposals sent to customers as looking their features and past shoppings with a created software. At the end, Bikeberrycom's sales of increased %133, customer loyalty increased about %200. Also Bikeberry.com increased its profit margin because of did not making same discount to their all customers (http://www.bigdatalandscape.com/news/ why-big-data-is-a-must-in-ecommerce, 2015). In this study, a factual and qualitative research conducted about "The Effects of Strategic Big Data Management on Investments". Data gathered of prejudice, experiences, thoughts about "Big Data" while making semi-structured interviews with people from different institutions. Generally realistic attitude confirmed about Big Data and some divergence existence drew attention.

(Smolinski, 2016) Comenta que el almacenamiento en la nube, en línea, y virtual drive, todos esos términos se refieren a el acopio disponible en internet que está dedicado a almacenar los datos de los usuarios como documentos, hojas de cálculo, videos, fotos, presentaciones, etc. en lugar de guardar esta información en dispositivos físicos. Esto se ha vuelto de vital importancia para nuestros negocios y vidas personales, ya que no solo permite respaldar documentos, sino que también permite sincronizar archivos a través de computadoras y celulares, y provee un ambiente adecuado para colaborar en documentos compartidos entre usuarios.

Cloud computing can raise ethical issues. In many cases these will depend on particular applications and circumstances. The present paper sets out to identify ethical issues of cloud computing that arise from the fundamental nature of the technology rather than any specific circumstances. The paper describes how these general features were identified, how ethical issues arising from them were collected and it concludes by discussing means of addressing them.

With the pragmatic realization of computing as a utility, Cloud Computing is has recently emerged as a highly successful alternative IT paradigm through on-demand resource provisioning and almost perfect reliability. The rapidly growing customer demands for computing and storage resources are responded by the Cloud providers with the deployment of large scale data centers across the globe. Efficiency and scalability of these data centers, as well as the performance of the hosted applications highly depend on the allocations of the physical resource (e.g., CPU, memory, storage, and network bandwidth). Very recently, network-aware Virtual Machine (VM) placement and migration is developing as a very promising technique for the optimization of compute-network resource utilization, energy consumption, and network traffic minimization. This chapter presents the related background information and a taxonomy that characterizes and classifies the various components of network-aware VM placement and migration techniques. An elaborate survey and comparative analysis of the state of the art techniques is also put forward. Besides highlighting the various aspects and insights of the network-aware VM placement and migration strategies and algorithms recently proposed by the research community, the survey further identifies the limitations of the existing techniques and discusses on the future research directions.

Clouds provide a powerful computing platform that enables individuals and organizations to perform variety levels of tasks such as: use of online storage space, adoption of business applications,development of customized computer software, and creation of a “realistic” network environment. In previous years, the number of people using cloud services has dramatically increased and lots of data has been stored in cloud computing environments. In the meantime, data breaches to cloud services are also increasing every year due to hackers who are always trying to exploit the security vulnerabilities of the architecture of cloud. In this paper, three cloud service models were compared; cloud security risks and threats were investigated based on the nature of the cloud service models. Real world cloud attacks were included to demonstrate the techniques that hackers used against cloud computing systems. In addition,countermeasures to cloud security breaches are presented.

Cellular technology is the foundation of mobile wireless communications and supports users in locations that are not easily served by wired networks. Cellular technology is the underlying technology for mobile telephones, personal communications systems, wireless Internet and wireless Web applications, and much more. This article looks at how cellular technology has evolved through four generations and is poised for a fifth generation.

Africa has constantly been portrayed negatively by the European media over the years. The media has been systematic and deliberate in showcasing the dark side of the continent although there has been a lot of good coming from the "dark continent" in recent times. This paper attempts to show how Africa is depicted, the reasons and the possible remedies for this

Cloud gaming is an emerging technology that combines cloud computing with computer games. Compared to traditional gaming, its core advantages include ease of development/deployment for developers, and lower technology costs for users given the potential to play on thin client devices. In this chapter, we firstly describe the approach, and then focus on the impact of latency, known as lag, on Quality of Experience, for so-called First Person Shooter games. We outline our approach to lag compensation whereby we equalize within reason the up and downlink delays in real-time for all players. We describe the testbed in detail, the open source Gaming Anywhere platform, the use of NTP to synchronise time, the network emulator and the role of the centralized log server. We then present results that firstly validate the mechanism and also use small scale and preliminary subjective tests to assess and prove its performance. We conclude the chapter by outlining ongoing and future work.

Cloud Computing has recently emerged as a highly successful alternative information technology paradigm through on-demand resource provisioning and almost perfect reliability. In order to meet the customer demands, Cloud providers are deploying large-scale virtualized data centers consisting of thousands of servers across the world. These data centers require huge amount of electrical energy that incur very high operating cost and as a result, leave large carbon footprints. The reason behind the extremely high energy consumption is not just the amount of computing resources used, but also lies in inefficient use of these resources. Furthermore, with the recent proliferation of communication intensive applications, network resource demands are becoming one of the key areas of performance bottleneck. As a consequence, efficient utilization of data center resources and minimization of energy consumption are emerging as critical factors for the success of Cloud Computing. This thesis addresses the above mentioned resource and energy related issues by tackling through data center-level resource management, in particular, by efficient Virtual Machine (VM) placement and consolidation strategies. The problem of high resource wastage and energy consumption is dealt with an online consolidated VM cluster placement scheme, utilizing the Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) metaheuristic and a vector algebra-based multi-dimensional resource utilization model. In addition, optimization of network resource utilization is addressed by an online network-aware VM cluster placement strategy in order to localize data traffic among communicating VMs and reduce traffic load in data center interconnects that, in turn, reduces communication overhead in the upper layer network switches. Besides the online placement schemes that optimize the VM placement during the initial VM deployment phase, an offline decentralized dynamic VM consolidation framework and an associated algorithm leveraging VM live migration technique are presented to further optimize the run-time resource usage and energy consumption, along with migration overhead minimization. Such migration-aware dynamic VM consolidation strategy uses realistic VM migration parameters to estimate impacts of necessary VM migrations on data center and hosted applications. Simulation-based performance evaluation using representative workloads demonstrates that the proposed VM placement and consolidation strategies are capable of outperforming the state-of-the-art techniques, in the context of large data centers, by reducing energy consumption up to 29%, server resource wastage up to 85%, and network load up to 60%.

Advanced Computing: An International Journal (ACIJ) is a bi monthly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the advanced computing. The journal focuses on all technical and practical aspects of high performance computing, green computing, pervasive computing, cloud computing etc. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on understanding advances in computing and establishing new collaborations in these areas.

Security concern has become the biggest obstacle to adoption of cloud because all information and data are completely under the control of cloud service providers. To provide optimal services on cloud, this paper introduces a new distributed and scalable data sharing scheme for data owners in clouds that supports anonymous authentication. Proposed ASP (Advanced Security Protocol) protocol is a cryptographic access control protocol based on key-updating scheme referred to as Advanced Key Update (AKU). The main advantage of the AKU scheme its support for efficient delegation and revocation of privileges in hierarchies without requiring complex cryptographic data structures. Proposed ASP protocol also includes a new digital signature scheme that enables cloud providers to ensure that requests are submitted by authorized end-users, without learning their identities. User Revocation facility is also supported by proposed ASP. In this paper various existing approaches and issues related to data encryption and message authentications are also discussed. At last, experiment results are analyzed and performances are evaluated. The main aim of the paper is to provide more visibility and control to the end-users and close the gap between capabilities of existing solutions and new requirements of cloud-based systems.

There is currently much discussion about "digital sovereignty" in Europe. While the term encompasses very diverse connotations, it refers to a broad concept involving data, technological, regulatory and political elements. Cloud computing represents one example of the concrete materialisation of the European Union's quest for "digital sovereignty"-especially through the development of its GAIA-X project. It is too early to assess whether or not GAIA-X will definitively help the Union to achieve this much-desired goal; however, some challenges have already emerged along the way. Looking to the future, if the EU wants to achieve "digital sovereignty", a different strategy to the one currently under discussion will be needed.

Cloud computing is an emerging technology that is still unclear to many security problems. The security problem becomes amplified under the cloud model as new dimensions enter into the problem scope related to the architecture, multi-tenancy, layer dependency, and elasticity. This survey paper introduces a detailed analysis of the cloud security problem. In this paper various existing approaches related to data encryption and message authentications are discussed. After study the existing approaches, issues and challenges are point out during data processing over the cloud. Instead of only encryption or authentication, this paper suggests attribute based encryption and attribute based authentication together, during communication over the cloud for achieving better security.

Cloud computing is the fastest emerging technology and a novel buzzword in the field of IT domain that offer distinct services, applications and focuses on providing sustainable, reliable, scalable and virtualized resources to its consumer. The main aim of cloud computing is to enhance the use of distributed resources to achieve higher throughput and resource utilization in large-scale computation problems. Scheduling affects the efficiency of cloud and plays a significant role in cloud computing to create high performance environment. The Quality of Service (QoS) requirements of user application define the scheduling of resources. Numbers of researchers have tried to solve these scheduling problems using different QoS based scheduling techniques. In this paper, a detail analysis of resource scheduling methodology is presented, with different types of scheduling based on soft computing techniques, their comparisons, benefits and results are discussed. Major finding of this paper helps researchers to decide suitable approach for scheduling user's applications considering their QoS requirements.

Cognition is a domain of thinking creatures, isn't it? Based on that computers cannot learn anything more than was in the initial data feed. In this article, I just want to defend that nowadays technical solutions can break this rule. The aim of this article is to provide a short technical over-view what Machine Learning (ML), Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Neural Networks (NN) were before in the area of standalone gigantic servers, and how do they look now in Cloud Computing (CC) times. The ML paradigm is not any more reserved for big enterprises only but now is availa-ble for single internet user. I just want to present AWS and Azure, as the biggest CC providers, functionalities and potential usage of such Cognitive Services (CS) in current internet services. The great example is for instance bot usage instead of diving deep in the FAQ on the company website or digging into the corporate wiki. Another big area is graphics analysis and sound or text recognition. Those are only examples of predefined CC functions ready for use right now in the public cloud.