Dairy Economics

The study was carried out to estimating the cost involved in value addition of green tea leaves in Sonitpur district of Assam. The primary data were collected from 100 small tea growers drawn from fifteen randomly selected villages of two randomly selected blocks of Sonitpur district of Assam by conducting interview of individual respondents who were classified into lower-small, medium-small and higher-small tea growers on the basis of their land holdings. The secondary data were collected from various published and unpublished sources. It was found that the highest value addition took place at Industry level, where the cost of value addition was Rs. 129.18 per kilogram, followed by wholesalers (Rs.35.92 per kilogram), retailers (Rs. 17.80
per kilogram) and green leaf collector (Rs. 3.20 per kilogram). The analysis also revealed that the net incomes of small tea growers and green leaf collectors were Rs.
2.63 and Rs. 1.86 per kilogram of green tea leaves respectively; and for processors, wholesalers and retailers these were Rs. 20.00, Rs. 2.50 and Rs. 4.00 per kilogram of
made tea, respectively. It was observed that non-availability of workers in the peak plucking season, lower price of green tea leaves, non-settlement of land records of the small tea growers in the government offices and high price fluctuation of green tea leaves were the common problems faced by the small tea growers in the study area during production and marketing of green tea leaves.

The purpose of this report is to describe and evaluate the states and challenges of the cold chain for dairy distribution in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. The report tries to identify some of the key constraints to this sector and introduce development instruments to improve it. The results are that:
► In most cases, cooling milk is in large scale dairy farms, while small farms don't have cooling system
► Milk collection centers provide cooling preservation of small farm milk
► Sometimes, dairy products factories save milk in cooling tanks till manufacture
► In many cases especially in North Africa and Levant (Syria, Lebanon, Jordan) countries, milk is transferred from farms to collection centers or plants in vehicles without cooling equipments
► Small dairy plants scattered in villages don't contain cooling or freezing chambers which included just in large plants to cool or freeze the substrates and end products
► Dairy products are distributed in vehicles without cooling in tons surrounded by plant, while transferred in refrigerating vehicles and trucks across and outside the country
► Dairy products especially various cheese types are stored in cold storages in summer and when the produced cheese quantities are higher than the market requirements
► In retails, the fresh raw milk is preserved in cooler whereas yoghurt, cream and low salt soft cheese are stored in display cabinets
► Freezing in dairy industries is just applied in ice cream production and distribution
► Identified constraints to the cold chain for dairy distribution in MENA region include:
◙ Lack of capital
◙ Poor infrastructure
◙ Lack of investments in cold chain
◙ Absence of official control and supervision on cold chain
◙ Shortage of skilled labor
◙ Temperature abuse
► In order to protect, promote and develop the cold chain for dairy distribution in MENA region, the following recommendations need some due consideration by all the stake holders in the dairy industry at all levels i.e. district/regional and national authorities. This includes both local and central governments.
◙ Offering right policies and assistance programs
◙ Provision of suitable cost cooling equipments
◙ Encourage of cooperatives formation
◙ Provision of good extension services
◙ Provision of modern cooling systems

The study encompassed computation of cost of milk production and analysis of milk production function of different species of milch animals under different levels of groundwater regimes (safe, semi-critical, critical and over exploitation). The study was conducted in the Chamarajanagar and Mysore districts of Karnataka state, which happen to represent both different groundwater regime and progressive dairy region. The study indicated noticeable variations in cost of milk production across species and regions. Cost of milk production was highest from local cows while it was least in crossbred cows. The net returns were highest for crossbreds while marginally negative net returns were observed in other cases. From the functional analysis, it was evident that concentrates and dry fodder exerted their significant influence on milk production. Dummy coefficient used to reflect the effect of groundwater exploitation on milk production, indicated that there was negative effect of groundwater exploitation on the gross returns from milk production.

Primary data collected for 2019-'20 from 416 members and non-members of dairy farmer collectives (where farmers come together to market their milk collectively-this study considers a cooperative union and a milk producer company-both prominent forms of farmer collectives) in Saurashtra region of Gujarat are used to work-out the cost and returns in milk production from local cow and buffalo, and across dairy farmer categories. The analyses reveal that farmer collective organizations like cooperatives and producer companies are profitable in case of both local cow and buffalo milk production, and also for the small (1-3) and medium (3-6) herd-size category (in Standard Animal Units or SAU) of farmers. Both the overall average feed cost and Total Variable cost (TVC) per animal per day incurred by members is 12 per cent and 11 per cent less than that of non-members, respectively. Members of the cooperative receive annual bonus and members of the producer company receive annual dividends and cash incentives; with this additional benefit received by the members, their total return per litre is 25 per cent more than that of non-members. The overall average annual net returns from dairy per household for members are higher at Rs. 11,641/-compared to the returns of non-members at Rs. 3955/-. Expanding the reach of farmer collective organizations would benefit more dairy farmers by making dairy a more profitable enterprise for them.

Recently,milk consumption is increasing with economic growth in Vietnam. Ho Chi Minh city is responsible for about 60 % of milk production in the whole country. The objective of this study is to examine the backgroundand to analyze the current situation of dairy industry in the Cu Chi area (hearinafter referred to as Cu Chi) where is represented in Ho Chi Minh City. The author described the productivity of dairy cattle farmers and technology extension through direct interview with 50 farmers in Cu Chi in 2013. Rapid agriculture development had started since Doi Moi Policy (Reform) in 1986.However, the dairy production areas are limited until 2000. Vietnamese Government announced " Dairy Development Policy " in 2001. But many small-scale farmers (especially in the North) had bankrupted in 2006 and 2007 because of the lack of dairy technologies. On the contrary, Cu Chi has long history of development and extension office and milk company have been continuously supported technique for dairy farmers.This paper showed that the importance of technology extension and difference role of supporting organization in Vietnam.

La tesis profundiza en los fundamentos teórico-metodológicos de los enfoques tipológico y agroindustrial para el estudio de la organización territorial de la economía ganadera vacuna en las condiciones concretas de Cuba, a partir de la valoración de los principales antecedentes, posiciones teóricas y tendencias de investigación a nivel mundial y el análisis histórico-espacial del proceso de asimilación de los territorios ganaderos en el país. Se propone el enfoque tipológico para el estudio y aproximación a escala nacional, adecuando las variables tipológicas, el procesamiento estadístico-matemático de matrices numéricas y el análisis de cluster para la definición de los tipos antes del Periodo Especial, llegándose a una caracterización y diferenciación de los mismos. Se aborda el comportamiento y la estructura territorial de la economía ganadera vacuna a través de un enfoque agroindustrial, proponiéndose un procedimiento metodológico en el cual se combinan el uso de varios métodos geográficos, a diferentes escalas y niveles de agregación de los agentes regionales que conforman la economía ganadera vacuna. Finalmente, se presenta un modelo teórico-espacio-funcional que generaliza y sintetiza las principales regularidades en la articulación espacial de dicha economía, sugiriendo la incorporación del criterio espacial en la estrategia de desarrollo de esta actividad mediante dos acciones territoriales.

The study comprised of computation of cost of milk production, cost of groundwater and water use efficiency (WUE) in milk production of different species of milch animals under different levels of groundwater regimes (safe, semi-critical, critical and overexploitation). The study was carried out in the Chamarajanagar and Mysore districts of Karnataka state which happen to represent both different groundwater regime and progressive dairy region. The study indicated noticeable variations in unit cost of groundwater extraction and it was highest in overexploited area (Rs 3.54/ m3) followed by critical (Rs 1.91/ m3), semi-critical (Rs 1.07/ m3) and safe (Rs 0.80/ m3) areas. Daily water depleted by the animals in the process of milk production was highest by crossbred cows (7.79 to 13.71 m3/day/animal) followed by buffaloes (4.89 to 12.07 m3/day/animal) and local cows (3.61 to 5.96 m3/day/animal). The study also revealed that economic efficiency of water use (net income per unit of water use) in milk production from crossbreds was positive and it was in the range of Rs 2.18 to 4.29/m3 and negative economic efficiency of water use was recorded in milk production from local cows (Rs1.48 to 6.45/m3) and buffaloes (Rs 0.63 to 6.37/ m3). Due to higher milk yield in crossbreds the higher WUE of (0.84 to 1.37l/ m3) followed by local cows (0.51 to 0.81 l/ m3) and buffaloes (0.38 to 0.87 l/ m3). Depletion of direct water in the process of milk production was marginal in comparison with the water depleted to produce the feed and fodder of dairy animal and hence emphasis should be given to increase the WUE in production of feed and fodder.

The usual story of the “first era of globalization” at the end of the nineteenth century sees Denmark as something as an outlier: a country which, like Britain, resisted the globalization backlash in the wake of the inflow of cheap grain from the New World, but where agriculture, rather than going into decline, in fact flourished. Key to the success of Danish agriculture was an early diversification towards dairy production. We dispute this simple story which sees Denmark as something of a liberal paragon. Denmark’s success owed much to a prudent use of trade policy which favoured dairy production. Moreover, this favouritism continued even after a more general movement to free trade in the 1860s. Using micro‐level data from individual dairies, we quantify the implied subsidy to dairy production from the tariffs, and demonstrate that this in many cases ensured the profitability of individual dairies.

"The context for the need to construct an interactive model of a large New Zealand dairy company is described. The practical aspects of developing the hardware and software necessary for the decision support task are discussed followed by application examples. Comments are made regarding the combination of human judgement skills and mathematical models. Finally, some future developments of the NETPLAN system are outlined.

See also:
Mellalieu, P. J. (1982). A Decision Support System for Corporate Planning in the New Zealand Dairy Industry (Doctor of Philosophy in mathematics, statistics and operations research). Victoria University of Wellington. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10063/568 or from http://www.academia.edu/1465817


Mellalieu, P. J., & Hall, K. R. (1983). An Interactive Planning Model for the New Zealand Dairy Industry. Journal of the Operational Research Society, 34, 521–532. doi:10.1057/jors.1983.119

Kearney, T. D., Hall, K. R., & Mellalieu, P. J. (1984). Recent Advances in Network Optimization Methods and Applications. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the United Kingdom Operational Research Society. Presented at the Annual Conference of the United Kingdom Operational Research Society. Retrieved from http://unitec.academia.edu/PeterMellalieu/Papers/1569500/Recent_Advances_in_Network_Optimization_Methods_and_Applications

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Dairy development is the achievement of operation flood in India. Dairy cooperatives are the integral part of this programme and have played an important role in production and marketing of milk. Since milk is perishable commodity, therefore it requires efficient marketing system. In India only 20 percent of milk is marketed through organized system while, 80 percent milk is marketed through unorganized system. This paper has focused on quality of milk and producer's share in consumer rupee. It has been found that in winter season the quality of milk is good. The producer's share is declining with the increase in number of middlemen.

Agriculture is intimately connected with migration and at the primary instance out-migration simply aggravates the problem of agriculture. But migration and remittances can also foster household farm investment and agricultural production. Besides agriculture, male out-migration has a bearing on farm women also due to transfer of responsibilities. The present study has assessed the impact of out-migration on agriculture and workload of women. Primary data were collected from 90 migrant and 60 non-migrant member households in Pithoragarh district, Uttarakhand. Regression, conventional economic and tabular analyses were used to analyse the data. None of the migrant households made any attempt to create productive assets on the farm through remittances, though they spent some amount for hiring labour and
for purchasing material inputs and cattle feed. In migrant member households a larger percentage of land was kept fallow and the number of livestock was also lower. The magnitude of workload of farm women
was more in the case of migrant member households than in non-migrant households due to additional burden of non-households and non-farm works in the absence of male members (migrants).
Keywords: Migration, Remittances, Impact on agriculture, Cbow test, Women workload.
JEL: 013, J16.

Santa Fe dairy exports have had an upward trend over the past
ten years, with a good competitive performance in the international market. However, the domestic market prevails as
destination of dairy production in manufacturers´ supply decisions. The present paper investigates the impact of the
domestic market in the supply of dairy exports, estimating prices and output elasticities. The results show that exported output is elastic to the changes in the domestic market and respect to the availability of raw milk production, and inelastic to international and domestic prices.

Agriculture is intimately connected with migration and at the primary instance out-migration simply aggravates the problem of agriculture. But migration and remittances can also foster household farm investment and agricultural production. Besides agriculture, male out-migration has a bearing on farm women also due to transfer of responsibilities. The present study has assessed the impact of out-migration on agriculture and workload of women. Primary data were collected from 90 migrant and 60 non-migrant member households in Pithoragarh district, Uttarakhand. Regression, conventional economic and tabular analyses were used to analyse the data. None of the migrant households made any attempt to create productive assets on the farm through remittances, though they spent some amount for hiring labour and for purchasing material inputs and cattle feed. In migrant member households a larger percentage of land was kept fallow and the number of livestock was also lower. The magnitude of wo...

The present study was conducted in tribal region of Udaipur district of Rajasthan on pattern of dairy input procurement, output disposal and feeding. In all 80 tribal farmers were selected randomly. The results of the study indicated that 100 per cent, 68.75 per cent and 50 per cent farmers were feeding dry fodder, green fodder and concentrates respectively, to milch animals. Government hospitals provided vaccination but medicines had to purchase from private shops. Largely family female workers were engaged in different activities of dairy farming. The average daily quantity of green fodder, dry fodder and concentrates fed per milch buffalo were 2.25 kg, 7.75 kg and 0.55 kg while corresponding figures for for milch cows were 1.90 kg, 6.25 kg and 0.45 kg. Green fodder and concentrates were not fed to dry animals by the tribal farmers. On an average, 32 per cent of total milk production was sold only to local consumers. All farmers taken away or leaving their animals for grazing for period of 5-8 hours in a day. On an average, 73.75 per cent, 50 per cent and 52.50 per cent farmers were feeding dry fodder, green fodder and concentrates, respectively, once in a day.

This paper analyzes the evolution of Argentine cheese exports in the 2000-2010 period, focusing on bilateral real exchange rate as one of its macroeconomic determinant. It turns out to be a relevant factor when main cheese exports destinations are taking into account. Nonetheless, when major American and Asian flows are disaggregated, the relationship is not so clear. A research relevant conclusion is the strong GDP impact of Asian buyers on
traded volumes.

We consider the relative contributions of changing technology and institutions for economic growth through the investigation of a natural experiment in history: the almost simultaneous introduction of the automatic cream separator and the cooperative ownership form in the Danish dairy industry from around 1880. Using a new database of statistics from creameries and the tool of stochastic frontier analysis, we find that both institutions and technology were important for the success of the Danish dairy industry and, by implication, the growth and early development of the Danish economy.

Decisions; Support; Systems; Planning; Optimization; Heuristics; Network programming; Fixed Costs; Travelling salesman; Distances; Computer graphics. A Decision Support System (DSS) is described, the prime objective of which is to aid in the location of new investments in a multi-site, multi-product dairy processing company. A network program model is described which optimises the collection of milk from farm groups (netcells) and the allocation of the milk to a range of final products and byproducts through consideration of product prices, Process costs and transport costs. Constraints include process capacities, overtime capacities, and final product demands. Site dependant product yields are considered through use of an iteration procedure surrounding the network model. This procedure updates estimates of the mean company yield used to set upper and lower arc constraints in the product demand phase of the network model. Milk tanker collection distances are estimated by an expecte...

RESUMEN Este artıculo tiene como objetivo evaluar, en términos de su consistencia cardinal, ordinal y dicotómica, cinco indicadores alternativos de especialización comercial. Tres están basados en el enfoque de las ventajas comparativas reveladas: una versión ...

This study aims to evaluate, in terms of their cardinal, ordinal, and di-
chotomy consistency, ¯ve alternative comercial specialization indicators: a
Balassa symmetric index version; a Chi-Squared Index; and the Relative
Trade Advantage Index, all these three based on revealed comparative ad-
vantage theory; and two additional: Michaely Index variation, and Iapadre
Index variation, based on trade balance °ows. It is applied to the particular
case of Argentina and Uruguay butter world trade during 1995-2006. The
results vary for both countries. Some indicators are found to be useful as
substitutes while other in a complementary manner. Economically, the indi-
cators show that the Argentine specialization °uctuates among years while
the Uruguayan is very stable.