Desing

Согласно данным Национальной Ассоциации по управлению проектами IPMA в мире неуклонно возрастает доля проектного управления, в частности в серийном производстве она доходит до 50%. Представленная на конкурс работа также посвящена теме внедрения методов проектного управления в производственный процесс конкретной дизайнерской компании, т.е. заявленная тема работы является актуальной.
Несомненным достоинством работы является ее полнота и обстоятельность. В основе работы лежит выполненный автором анализ технологических процессов и финансового состояния современной успешной компании по производству мебели. Выполненный автором анализ выявил препятствия к дальнейшему росту компании.  Основным препятствием является несовершенная организационная структура компании и сложившееся неоптимальное распределение обязанностей. Этот факт служит отправной точкой для дальнейшего.
С целью оптимизации технологических процессов автор предлагает ввести должность руководителя проектов, отвечающего за исполнение каждого проекта (контракта). Для доказательства состоятельности предложенной модели автор разрабатывает должностные обязанности работников в новой структуре. Для разработанной системы должностных обязанностей автор предлагает систему финансовой мотивации персонала, которую обосновывает с помощью укрупненного планирования финансовых показателей. Материальное стимулирование персонала производится на основе разработанного автором положения о премировании.
На основе предложенного разделения труда и должностных обязанностей автор предлагает автоматизацию технологических процессов на основе внедрения информационных технологий. В частности предлагается внедрить программу «Базис» версии 3.5.
Все рекомендованные автором работы мероприятия увязаны в единый комплекс мероприятий с помощью общего сетевого графика и общей экономической оценки эффективности предлагаемых проектных мероприятий. Оценка экономического эффекта основана на предполагаемом в результате внедрения мероприятий снижении трудозазатрат на выполнение технологических процессов.

RESUMEN La industria de la publicidad exterior utiliza estructuras de grandes dimensiones. La forma prismática y la flexibilidad de su estructura producen efectos aeroelásticos, con separación de vórtices. La separación de vórtices ha sido estudiada en estructuras flexibles de forma cilíndrica y ya se han establecido normas de diseño confiables para estructuras de edificios altos, puentes y chimeneas. Este trabajo resume el ensayo de un modelo a escala 1:35, de un anuncio espectacular excéntrico; en la sección para pruebas del túnel de viento del Instituto de Ingeniería de la UNAM. Se observó la acción del viento en distintos ángulos de incidencia y se obtuvieron las distribuciones de presión en la cubierta del modelo, con ayuda del sistema HyScan 1000; además se registraron aceleraciones, con tres acelerómetros piezoresistivos. Mediante parámetros adimensionales se describe el comportamiento del modelo, y se relaciona la velocidad del viento con los desplazamientos observados. Se muestra que el efecto de la aparición de vórtices, puede provocar el incremento en los desplazamientos del modelo de anuncio de gran tamaño. Se presenta la comparación de resultados, obtenidos de mediciones y los que se obtienen mediante modelos analíticos de la estructura portante. ABSTRACT The advertisement industry is building big structures with prismatic form; the flexibility of their structure produce aeroelastic effects with vortex shedding. The vortex shedding has been studied in flexible structures with cylindrical form and reliable design norms have already been settled down for structures of tall buildings, bridges and chimneys. This work summarizes the test of a model (scale 1:35) of an eccentric spectacular sign, at the test section of the wind tunnel at the Institute of Engineering, U.N.A.M., where wind action was observed at different angles of incidence. Pressure distributions were obtained at the model surfaces, by means of HyScan 1000 system; also, accelerations were recorded by three accelerometers. Through dimensionless parameters, the model behavior is described and related to wind velocity, as well as the observed displacements. The effect of vortex action caused a remarkable increment in displacement pattern. Results obtained from the test and those that are obtained by means of analytic models of the structure are compared, and shown at this paper INTRODUCCIÓN La acción del viento en obras civiles, se estudia a velocidades menores a la velocidad del sonido, sometidas a flujo de tipo incompresible. Además de la velocidad media del viento, se considera flujo turbulento del viento natural al actuar sobre una estructura y la turbulencia local provocada en el viento, por la estructura misma. Se trata de definir la distribución de presiones en la superficie de un cuerpo envuelto en el flujo de masas de aire, y los movimientos que genera en el cuerpo. Los vórtices alternantes causan fuerzas transversales en el cuerpo y por ende, oscilaciones transversales. A una distancia del cuerpo, los vórtices son amortiguados por la viscosidad interna del fluido. Los fenómenos

Additive manufacturing (AM) or, more commonly, 3D printing has grown in double digits in past years. It has shown its potential example in the medical, automotive, aerospace, and spare part sectors. Personal manufacturing, complex and optimized parts, short series manufacturing and local on-demand manufacturing are some of the current benefits. The development of new materials and equipment has opened up new application possibilities, and equipment is quicker and cheaper using the new materials launched by vendors and material developers. AM has become more critical for the industry but also for academics. Since AM offers more design freedom than any other manufacturing process, it provides designers with a new challenge to design better and more efficient products.

The objective of this Special Issue was to provide a forum for researchers and practitioners to exchange their latest achievements and to identify critical issues and challenges for future investigations of the design and applications of additive manufacturing. The Special Issue consists of 5 original full-length articles on the topic

Eğitim ortamındaki fiziksel koşullar, eğitime olumlu veya olumsuz yönde etki edebilir. Etkili eğitim için bu çevrenin öğrenme-öğretme faaliyetlerine uygun, çocukların öğrenmelerini destekleyecek özelliklerde olması önemlidir. Fiziksel çevrenin, eğitimdeki başarı ve verimliliğe etkilerini konu alan birçok çalışmada öğretimin uygun konfor koşullarına sahip
çevrede gerçekleştiğinde daha başarılı olduğu ifade edilmektedir. Öğrencilerin içinde yaşadıkları ve çalıştıkları çevrenin onların tüm davranışlarını etkilediği hususu bugün bilimsel bir gerçek olarak kabul edilmektedir. Bu bağlamda dersliklerin hem öğrencilerin hem de
öğretmenlerin gereksinimlerini karşılayacak ergonomik tasarım prensiplerine uygun koşullara sahip olması önemlidir. Ergonomik tasarım mekânsal organizasyon, donatı/ekipmanların özellikleri ve fiziksel konfor koşullarından oluşmasına yönelik farklı parametreleri kapsar. Fiziksel konfor koşullarını etkileyen değişkenler hem iç mekân hem de dış mekân özellikleri ile ilişkilidir.
Çalışma kullanıcıların dersliklerin konfor koşulları konusunda eklentilerinin hangi unsurlarla ilişkili olduğunu ortaya koymayı ve bu beklentilerin ne ölçüde karşılandığını tespit etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu kapsamda Rize ili Merkez ilçede bulunan üç ilkokuldaki dersliklerin
fiziksel konfor koşulları incelenmiştir. Çalışmanın ilk adımında, dersliklerin fiziksel konfor koşullarıyla ilgili literatür analizi yapılmış olup çalışma kapsamında dersliklerdeki fiziksel konfor koşulları; görsel konfor, ısısal konfor ve işitsel konfor olmak üzere üç başlıkta ele alınmıştır. Ardından Rize ili merkezinde belirlenen 3 ilkokulda dersliklerin fiziksel konfor koşullarına ilişkin kullanıcı grubu olan 542 öğrenciyle anket çalışması, 24 öğretmenle de görüşme yapılmıştır. Yapılan anket çalışması ve görüşme ile kullanıcıların mekâna dair memnuniyet düzeyleri ve beklentileri hakkında bilgi edinilerek, elde edilen bilgiler doğrultusunda kullanıcıların gereksinimlerine yönelik iyileştirmeler önerilmiştir.

Le Corbusier is, without a doubt, one of the most
important figures of the twentieth century architecture
scene. His ideas changed the basis of architecture.
Most of his thoughts were reflected not only in his built
Works but also in his writings, specially in three of
his books: “Vers une architecture” (1923) “Urbanisme”
(1924), this title has been translated into other
languages as “The city of the future” and La Charte
d’Athènes (1942). Many of the principles advocated in
these texts were very difficult to build in real life. One
of the great advantages of Cinema is that it allows
us to créate anything we imagine, and if there is a
genre in this art that which makes it posible is Science
Fiction. Great films as “Things to Come” produced
by Alexander Korda could not be understood
without the ideas of Le Corbusier. To mention more
examples “I Robot” directed by Alex Proyas builds
a modernized “city of three million inhabitants.” “Le
cinquième élément” by Luc Besson, manipulates
the communication system to different strata, which
had many advantages as the great architect said.
Finding building created by Le Corbusier es easy but
finding his urban ideas is much more complicated.
Throughout the film we can see Le Corbusier´s ideas
recreated and reinterpreted his thoughts.

This study aims to articulate the students' perception about cyber bullying, particularly on social media. Even though ICT technology provides a large number of benefits, particularly those who are young, as Campbell (2005) has pointed out that it has also a "dark side" (p. 68). Particularly after the intensive and extensive use of the social media, the impact of the cyberbullying has dramatically increased, but it is rarely discussed and prevented. Hence, in this study, the forty-five participants were selected from two different universities and by using phenomenological analysis (Moustakas, 1994), eight research questions were answered in the semi-structured interviews, which were approximately 45 minutes in length. By gathering theoriginal data were gathered from 'naive' descriptions the experiences related to cyber bullying were taken into account based on reflection and interpretation of the participant's different stories. The collected data were analyzed in Atlas.ti 6 in order to make depth study. Additionally, there were limitations in terms of selecting the participants since a few students wanted to share their personal experiences. As a result, the data showed that the students had inevitably affected by the cyber bullying in the social media in many ways. Among ali these students, the female students had been influenced to a greater degree comparing to male students. Most (96%) of the participants agreed that social relations had changed a lot and they had to have connections with their friends through the social media. The students— particularly females—viewed cyber bullying as a problem, but no one rarely discussed at the university. More importantly a large number (89%) felt loneliness and they did not know how to behave properly. Most (91%) students did not see any helpful resources when dealing with cyber bullying. Students (82%) were currently experiencing the majority of cyber bullying instances outside of the school day, but they had direct relationship with the events at the university. Students (84%) were not able to suggest some basic strategies in order to deal with cyber bullying. They (79%) agreed that they did not know how to respond to cyberbullying. Additionally, a large number of the (94%) participants agreed that the effects would be different on the elite environments comparing to the socially disadvantaged environments. They (96%) pointed out that the future of social media had been changing in terms of education and learning so that they did not have any chance to ignore the social media. Most (85%) of the participants clarified that the university social environment, centres and counselling offices would develop a better network and understanding in order to decrease cyber bullying. Most (88%) participants articulated that cyber bullying on the socail media would develop particuiar problems and would change the culture of social life. Most (81%) claim that social media are important not only for their social life but also for their Professional life so that they did not want to see their private photographs on the walls of their friends. These (61%) participants strongly pointed out that
privacy was remarkably important for the individuals but it was not controlled. Furthermore, most (92%) participants mentioned that the autonomy in the social media would make the individulas aggressive due to the fact that there was not any law and regulations to.

When consulting Mathis Wackernagel and William Rees, the authors of "Our ecological footprint, reducing human impact on the land", it is clear the importance of being aware of the type of human development that currently is generated and the big environmental impact have. When speaking of environmental impacts is necessary to consider aspects such as sustainability, which is not the same concept of ecological, which are exposed by Gilberto Gallopin in his book Sustainability and sustainable development: a systems zpproach. It is also important to note that there are methods and indicators that facilitate or provide possibilities for change of thought, against human production process, a space perfectly link the disciplines of design and the relationship that they have with the surrounding medium. If you understand a lile the context of the case, then evidence to think about how the discipline of design, particularly the graphic design, aects the environment is important and becomes a starting point for proposing new processes, not only industrial development but the design activity; start not only a change of mind on the issue of materials and supplies, but a possible new form of design, in which the ecological footprint would be minimal and where you can talk about sustainable graphic design.

Bu araştırma, sürdürebilir okul kültürü ve ekosistemi için, okul yöneticilerinin ve öğretmenlerinin farkındalık ve üst bilişlerini artırmak üzere yapılmış Empati Projesi ile ilgili görüşleri almak için gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırma 2015 yılında İstanbul’da yer alan üç lisenin 6 yöneticisi ve 38 öğretmeninin gönüllü katılımı ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Katılımcılar üç hafta boyunca 24 saatlik farkındalık ve üst biliş odaklı empati eğitimi aldıktan sonra Empati Projesinin kendilerine fayda sağlaması amacıyla 5 soruya cevap vermişlerdir. Nitel araştırma prensipleri çerçevesinde katılımcılardan veriler, açık uçlu anketler toplanmıştır. Daha sonra veriler NVivo kullanılarak ayrıştırılmış ve en fazla kullanılan temalar ve ikincil alt temalar çıkartılmıştır. Araştırmaya katılan okul yöneticileri ve öğretmenlerin görüşlerine göre  farkındalık ve üst biliş odaklı empati eğitiminin verimli ve etkili olabilmesi için öğrenci ve öğretmen işbirliğinin artırılmasının önemi ortaya konmuştur. Bu paralelde bu konu ile ilgili uygulamaların artırılmasının sağlanmasıdır. Farkındalık arttıkça okul içinde yer alan kişilerin olumlu anlamda değiştiğini göstermektedir. Kazanımlar ile ilgili olarak katılımcıların kişisel gelişimleri, deneyim ve beceri edinme imkanlarının arttığı tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca yaşamlarının tamamını kapsayacak şekilde çatışma çözme becerileri, problem çözme becerileri, iletişim ve en önemlisi de farkındalık ve üst biliş odaklı empati becerilerini geliştirmeleridir. Asıl önemli olan bir diğer konu ise önyargılarla baş etme becerilerini artırırlarken yaratıcı düşünme becerilerini de geliştirmeleridir. Bu sayede  başarı ve mutluluk getiren  alışkanlıklar sağlamaktadır. Bu tür bir durumda sürdürebilir gelişim gösteren bir okul kültürü ve ekosisteminin oluşturulabileceğini mümkün kılmaktadır.

The study reported in this paper compared the effects of two approaches of blended learning on students’ learning outcomes in courses on intellectual property rights and patents. One group of students followed three weeks of online graduate courses and underwent peer assessment. In a second group of students, the online work and peer assessment were combined with active face-to-face experience-based learning. Pre and post-tests were used to measure the students’ knowledge about intellectual property rights and patents. In addition, a questionnaire was used to gather data on the students’ opinions regarding course arrangement and implementation, digital learning, the learning environment, and their knowledge, understanding, and implementation of intellectual property rights and patents. The data were quantitatively analyzed to determine whether the two blended learning approaches differed in terms of the effects measured. The findings show that the students approved of the online courses and also the face-to-face learning. These findings may reflect approval of the decrease in costs and time. The implication is that active face-to-face experience-based learning should supplement online courses with peer assessment, as this combination led to more successful learning outcomes among students taking courses on intellectual property rights and patents.

In the changing environment of the 21st century, universities should develop very innovative ecosystems by doing right investments on human capital, research and development, buildings, laboratories, dorms, and other facilities on the campus while decreasing their costs and expenses in order to increase scientific and technological oriented innovations and outputs. For that reason, most of them are looking toward Big Data Management (BDM), which is a very new and dynamic subject to conduct properly and to make right decisions at the universities.Data analytics and data mining have increased and attracted the attention of most of the leaders, managers, administrators, researchers, and even educators who try to make massive data-related investments and decisions. More importantly, since the funding of higher education has become important issues for most of the governments and higher education management, the importance of BDM will increase in higher education much more than ever before. However, not all the universities are so successful in managing their small or medium-sized data.In this research, how universities are investing by improving their data was analyzed in three different universities in Istanbul.More strategically, how data analytics and mining can make changes and transformation higher education institutions by investing right resources under the promise of Big Data Management was critically studied. In this study, the impacts of big data mining and management on higher education institutions’ sustainable funding, financing, planning, success, research and development, and innovation were critically studied. By taking into account the perceptions and the experiences of the experienced experts (6), faculty members (12), managers (4), and technical people (12), who were charged in using data analytics and mining at two state and one private universities, the investment of the universities had analyzed in order to understand critically the effects of the BDM. In the study, the phenomenological analysis was used by asking thirty-one research questions in the semi-structured interviews. While taking into account the observations of the researchers, the collected data of this study were systematically studied in data analysis software-program NVivo 10. The results showed that a few number of the investments had correctly done by using data mining and data analysis. As the participants had mentioned that the data would not have done anything if the higher education management had not taken into account and applied.So, according to the participants (75%), the university management understanding and policies should be changed in order to take in consideration the results of the big data.Even though a great amount of data had produced through the systems of the universities, the analysis, the segmentation, and the selected attention of the data had become dependent on the higher education management.The participants (28%), who were active in planning, funding, and investing, agreed that the investments done according to the results of the big data had better educational, financial, socio-economic, cultural, technological,environmental, and even individual benefits and outcomes. In conclusion, although a little data mining and analysis has properly used in making right investments, the universities are highly convinced on the positive effects of the BDM in their short-term and long-term investments in order to increase their impacts.

In the first instance, prior to getting deep into the most significant points of discussion with regard to environmental recycling; would be better to know what recycling is; subsequent to knowing the real concept would be easy to get onto the evocative arguments of discussion in order to come up with suggestive strategies and measures to put into action.
Accordingly, starting from layman’s perception recycling is the process of making or manufacturing new products from the product that has originally served its purpose. If these used products are disposed of in an appropriate environmentally friendly way, the process of recycling has been set in motion. Items that are made from material such as aluminum, plastic water bottles and certain kinds of paper can be separated from regular trash and put in an appropriate recycling bin. In this regard all steps in order to save the environment would certainly become the part of environmental cycling.

Debido al incremento de complejidad en las operaciones de producción, y a los bajos tiempos de entrega que exige el mercado actual del sector naval, es necesario el manejo de aplicaciones CAD/CAE que adquieran el papel de integradoras entre las fases de diseño, la planificación y los procesos de fabricación. En un buque de nueva construcción la cantidad de información que se maneja es muy elevada, gestionándose íntegramente en dos dimensiones hasta alcanzar la última fase de proyecto, previa a la fabricación, donde ya empieza a ser común realizar el desarrollo del acero en tres dimensiones. Por lo tanto, durante la evolución del proyecto no se dispone en ningún momento de una representación 3D del buque completo, lo que obliga en numerosas ocasiones a realizar modificaciones una vez que el buque está ya construido, elevando de esta manera el coste de su fabricación y retrasando los tiempos de entrega. Dichas modificaciones se podrían evitar con un modelo 3D que permita la visualización simultánea de todos sus componentes, tal y como sucede cuando ya está construido

MSC: 68Nxx, 68U07

Even though STEM Education, including Arts has dominantly become very strategic in the education systems, most of the school administrations, particularly those of the high schools are struggling in applying properly in their structures....

Este artigo trata do desenvolvimento de uma inovação no Ensino de Geografia baseada no alinhamento de ferramentas do Design voltadas à Educação. Utilizou-se  a abordagem  qualitativa  pautada  nos  procedimentos  metodológicos  do  Design Gráfico e do Web Design. Um dos princípios de realização dos projetos é a Educação Aberta, materializando-se na forma de Recursos Educacionais Abertos (REA) dotados de tecnologias assistivas e disponibilizados de forma estruturada na internet, via e-book e website. O artigo não se limita à mera apresentação dos projetos a partir de seus produtos, mas apresenta-os tomando como um processo de desafios, tomadas de decisões e soluções. Pretende-se, assim, contribuir com  referências  e  dados  que  evidenciam  o  potencial  dos  conhecimentos  e  ferramentas  do  Design  para  o  fortalecimento  de  trabalhos  comunicativos  no  âmbito  da  Educação.  Dessa  forma,  conclui-se  que  uma  inovação  educacional  deva integrar questões técnicas, sociais e pedagogias decoloniais.

It is important to ensure and extend that education has modern, rational, scientific and democratic attributes at every level. An education programme has been developed in order to support personal, social and academic development of teachers and students in high schools. The programme had been carried out in Ümraniye and Gaziosmanpaşa districts of Istanbul by the Ministry of Education during 2011-2012 education term. The programme consists of series of education, seminar, workshop, culture and art activities for supporting personal, social and academic development of teachers. This study reveals if the programme caused any change on teachers. The aim of the study is to measure the effectiveness of the programme that has been carried on the teachers of two different districts and to assess the social, emotional and intellectual changes in teachers caused by the programme. According to the results of the study, emotional intelligence of teachers increased from 47% to 56% in Ümraniye and from 50% to 54% in Gaziosmanpaşa and leadership skills increased from 53% to 57% in Ümraniye and from 53% to 54% in Gaziosmanpaşa.

RESUMEN En este trabajo se describe el proceso para determinar la vulnerabilidad sísmica de una zona del centro histórico de Tapachula, Chiapas. Es en esta zona donde históricamente se han presentado daños estructurales importantes por ocurrencia de fenómenos naturales (sismo y viento). El estudio se basa en un censo de edificaciones realizado por estudiantes de la Facultad de Ingeniería de la Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas (UNACH) en abril de 2008. Conforme a este censo hay 219 edificios en la zona de estudio. Las edificaciones censadas se clasifican según su vulnerabilidad en función de la escala propuesta en la EME-98. Se utiliza la metodología desarrollada en la Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM) para evaluación de la vulnerabilidad sísmica. Se realizan estimaciones sobre la propensión de las estructuras a sufrir daño por sismo, al mismo tiempo se generan mapas de vulnerabilidad para cada manzana de la zona en estudio. ABSTRACT This paper describes the process for assessi...

RESUMEN En este trabajo se describe el proceso para determinar la vulnerabilidad sísmica de una zona del centro histórico de Tapachula, Chiapas. Es en esta zona donde históricamente se han presentado daños estructurales importantes por ocurrencia de fenómenos naturales (sismo y viento). El estudio se basa en un censo de edificaciones realizado por estudiantes de la Facultad de Ingeniería de la Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas (UNACH) en abril de 2008. Conforme a este censo hay 219 edificios en la zona de estudio. Las edificaciones censadas se clasifican según su vulnerabilidad en función de la escala propuesta en la EME-98. Se utiliza la metodología desarrollada en la Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM) para evaluación de la vulnerabilidad sísmica. Se realizan estimaciones sobre la propensión de las estructuras a sufrir daño por sismo, al mismo tiempo se generan mapas de vulnerabilidad para cada manzana de la zona en estudio. ABSTRACT This paper describes the process for assessi...

ÖZET HEMOFİLİ VE MEKÂN İnsan-mekân ilişkisinin disiplin altına alınması ve bu ilişkinin kaliteli yaşam için sürdürebilirliğinin sağlanması bir zorunluluk olarak kabul edilmelidir. Çağdaş mekân algılamaları ile kaliteli bir yaşam için mekânsal sürdürülebilirliği esas alan Mekân, insan yaşamında kaliteyi artırmak için tasarlanmalıdır. İnsan yaşamı çeşitli mekânlar içinde geçmektedir. Bu mekânlar yapılış amaçlarına uygun olmalı, kullanıcısına gerekli konfor düzeyini sağlamalıdır. Mekân içindeki ısı, ışık, ses, renk, koku gibi fiziksel etmenler ve donatı öğeleri, kişi gereksinim ve eylemlerine göre dengeli bir biçimde kurulmalıdır. TASARIM ise, "bir ürünün tümü veya bir parçası veya üzerindeki süslemenin, çizgi, şekil, biçim, renk, doku, malzeme veya esneklik gibi insan duyuları ile algılanan çeşitli unsur veya özelliklerinin oluşturduğu bütün" olarak tanımlanabilir. Normal kullanılan mekânların yanı sıra hemofilik bir bireyin kullanması gereken mekânları iki aşamada ele almak doğru olur. Birinci aşama; Hemofilik bireyin normal yaşantısını sürdürmesi ve olabilecek vurma, çarpma, eklem burkulması ve buna benzer durumlar için tedbir alınarak mekânların organize edilmesi İkinci aşama; Hemofilik bireyin herhangi bir durumda kanama süreci içinde olması ve sonraki iyileştirme durumunda iken mekânların organizasyonu. Konu kapsamında tasarımdan yola çıkarak mekân nedir ve hemofili hastaları için mekân nasıl olmalıdır sorularına cevap aranacaktır. Bu konuların ele alınması normal yaşantımızın ne olduğu nasıl mekânlarda yaşanımızı bizlere gösterecek ve hemofilik bir birey için nasıl mekânlar olmalı sorusuna cevap olmaya çalışacaktır.

The key aspects of the Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Education arerelated to the effective leadership at the high schools in order to empower the entire school. Therefore,in the 21st century, most of the school administrations are developing integrated and advancedprograms and infrastructures by improving engaged leadership in STEM education. In this way, theSTEM education, particularly in high schools, can be excellent with the help of the active roles of theprincipals, teachers, administrators, and other stakeholders. They can manage to enable each student’sachievement in exceptional STEM education.

Sardis has been the name of the settlement here for more than 3,000 years. The oldest occupation levels excavated at Sardis date back to the late Bronze Age, around 1400 B.C. But much older artifacts, going way back to the Early Bronze Age and Neolithic Period of the 3rd-7th millennia B.C., have also been recovered at the site. At later times, Sardis was the capital of the Kingdom of Lydia that spanned over half of Anatolia (modern Asian part of Turkey). Due to its successful trade and commerce, Sardis remained the center of fame and wealth for many centuries. It featured a grand Roman bath and a gymnasium complex and a Jewish synagogue (third largest in the world). Later, some artifacts of the Temple of Artemis (one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World) were also brought to the city. As the early Lydian kingdom developed industrial arts and manufacture, skillful craftsmen of Sardis discovered the secret of producing silver and gold of an unknown purity to the date. This discovery made Sardis famous for being the very place where modern currency was invented. Sardis was a major urban settlement of the Persian Empire, and the seat of the Roman Empire’s Proconsul. One of the Seven Churches of Asia mentioned by St. John in the Bible was there, as it was an important center of Early Christianity. Eventually, Sardis was neglected and fell under the Ghazi’s control, handed over to them by treaty in 1306. The decline went on until the are was taken by Mongols in 1402. By the 19th century, Sardis was in ruins. The first excavation campaign of 1910 was halted by World War I until it was resumed by Cornell University in 1958. From 1976 until 2007, new excavations were directed by archaeologists of the University of California, Berkeley. Nowadays, although some artifacts can be found in to the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, Turkey ensures that all artifacts of value remain in the country.

From the introduction of CAD/CAM technologies in the 90’s, the paradigms of architecture were questioned and new ways to represent were included in architecture studies such is the case of Gehry and Associates, which was one of the first to implement digital processes for design. These events have allowed the introduction these technologies into teaching practices and give way to the creation of the first laboratories of digital fabrication, questioning the new role of the architect in the design and construction processes and give way to a world of possibilities through workshops that allow to explore different spatial and volumetric possibilities, as is the case of different laboratories created in a small number of universities.

El Diseño Industrial es una disciplina que proyecta y permite observar una problemática para posteriormente desarrollar un producto que dé respuesta y facilite las acciones de los clientes que dan uso a dichos productos, de modo que pueda ser replicada la solución de manera seriada. Los diseñadores industriales crean todas estas características a través de la investigación, el análisis de la población y las necesidades, completamente bajo las necesidades de los clientes. Deben estar preparados para crear objetos mediante dibujos, modelos y proyecciones a largo plazo en el mercado. Resumiendo esto, es una relación producto-funcionalidad aunque el diseñador tiene la capacidad de diseñar también servicios, standars, etc., ya que puede ordenar cualquier cosa relacionada o que tenga algún ámbito con el diseño. Además de facilitar las ideas para los productos, se les pide consejos para muchos aspectos del cliente como la imagen de su empresa. Entre varias tareas se encuentran el desarrollo de la imagen para un producto, creación de sistemas de comunicación, diseño de standars de publicidad así como el empaquetado y otros servicios que sean relacionados a la creación de un producto que saldrá a la venta ya sea de carácter nacional o internacional. También pueden auxiliar a otros profesionales con la creación de normas y estándares de calidad para la producción. Los diseñadores industriales, como profesionales, son conscientes de que están obligados a cumplir con las responsabilidades para con el cliente, a proteger el bienestar y la seguridad de la sociedad que sea cliente de sus productos, a respetar el medio ambiente y a observar una práctica ética de su actividad. Todo esto con el fin de generar un objeto que sea muy funcional y que los clientes están satisfechos en todos los aspectos: estética, material, calidad, duración, funcionalidad y precio. Actualmente el diseño industrial es un campo fundamental en áreas tales como la automoción , la juguetería, la industria electrónica o el sector del mueble, entre otras. En este último caso, por ejemplo, el diseño industrial es esencial a la hora de poder crear mobiliario ergonómico, funcional y cómodo que permita que cualquier usuario no sólo pueda hacer uso del mismo de forma sencilla, sino también que sea confortable. El diseño forma parte del desarrollo humano, con la aplicación de nociones de este, el hombre ha podido evolucionar y satisfacer sus necesidades. El surgimiento de la industria implicó la aparición de una nueva área de aplicación. El diseño requiere plasmar ideas mediante dibujos, bocetos y esquemas que pueden ser trazados en diversos soportes. Es posible diferenciar entre el verbo diseñar (el proceso de creación y desarrollo) y el sustantivo diseño (el resultado del proceso de diseñar). En la actualidad, el diseño industrial es una carrera universitaria en la mayoría de los países, en la cual se forma a especialistas en productos electrónicos, metalúrgicos, eléctricos, plásticos e industriales en general.