Disease Prevention and Health Promotion

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Health promotion and disease prevention are closely linked to health literacy. Therefore, intervention to increase individuals’ knowledge is essential if action is to be taken to promote a healthy lifestyle with support from health professionals for decision making on choices leading to
behavioral change. Taking into account the growing aging population, nurses and nursing students have to develop interventions to promote health and prevent disease in these people, in order to keep them healthy and with quality of life. This study aims to understand how nursing students’ experiences in a clinical teaching context contributed to the development of their competencies in the promotion of health and prevention of disease in the elderly. Method: Qualitative, exploratory, and
descriptive study carried out with ten students about to finish a graduate nursing course in a higher education institution in the South of Portugal. This study was carried out through narratives, one of the most common data collection procedures in social and health investigations. The content analysis technique, more specifically the thematic categorical analysis, was used for data analysis. The study received authorization from the Ethics Committee of the institution where it took place. Results: Three categories were found: “Strategies to promote health and prevent disease in the elderly”, “Health improvements from the implementation of the strategies to promote health and prevent disease in the elderly”, and “The impact your participation in these strategies to promote health and prevent disease in the elderly had on your formative process”. Conclusion: The students developed competencies during their clinical teaching experiences through the implementation of strategies of health promotion and disease prevention adapted to/focused on the needs of the elderly.

Mammograms are known to cause breast cancer. Wearing tight bras for long hours daily is also known to cause breast cancer. Tight bras also worsen the damage caused by radiation from mammograms. Women are advised to not use bras,  and to avoid mammograms, if possible.

The purpose of this article is to highlight the present socio-economic impact of the rising prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCD) on most countries of the world, and how such rising trend poses one of the greatest threats to the actualization of the Sustainable Development Goals in Africa.
The rising prevalence of NCD in many parts of the world have been identified as a threat not only to human health and wellbeing, but also to the sustainability of human developments and economic growth. More than before, economists are increasingly expressing concern that the rising threat of NCD will result in a worldwide long-term negative macroeconomic impacts on the quality and quantity of human resources, capital accumulation and Gross Domestic Product (GDP), with the consequences most severe in the developing countries.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the costs to health-care systems from NCD are already high; while significant costs to individuals, families, businesses, and governments are even higher, adding up to major negative macroeconomic impacts on most societies of the world. The greatest effects of NCD falls increasingly on the low- and middle-income countries (LMIC), and on the poorer people within all countries, mirroring the underlying socioeconomic determinants. This situation if unchallenged, will likely threaten the realization of the Sustainable Development Goals, with consequences far beyond the capacity of most African countries.
In conclusion, in order to avoid another failed developmental goals in Africa, the threat of NCD must be given all the seriousness it deserved at the highest level. As pointed out by many authorities, the best approach is to focus on preventive measures that effectively tackles the unhealthy risk factors implicated in the rising prevalence of NCD. This can be done partly through effective health education that focuses on lifestyle intervention.

Cette recherche porte sur le rôle que peuvent jouer les humeurs sur, premièrement, les processus attentionnels fondamentaux lors d’une tâche de détection visuelle simple, puis sur ces mêmes mécanismes activés lors de la perception de stimuli complexes. Notre première expérience nous a permis de vérifier notre hypothèse reposant sur la théorie de Fredrickson (2004) et qui propose une facilitation de la détection d’une cible en humeur positive. Des affiches de campagnes de prévention « Stop Sida » ont été le support de notre deuxième expérience. Ces analyses, effectuées au moyen d’une mesure des mouvements oculaires, n’ont révélé aucune influence de l’humeur sur la manière de percevoir des affiches de prévention, que ce soit sur la totalité des campagnes ou sur certaines en particulier. Nous avons par contre pu définir quelles sont les campagnes qui ont le plus attiré l’attention de nos sujets. De plus, les liens trouvés entre des dimensions d’ouverture émotionnelle et la perception de quelques campagnes nous ont aidée à comprendre pourquoi certaines affiches ont été inspectées différemment.

A revised, shorter version of this article was published as "Krankheitsprävention im Ayurveda: Pragmatisches Recycling und historische Brüche" in polylog 42: Gesundheit und Heilung (2020): pp. 7–20. (http://www.polylog.net/?id=284)
Cf. https://www.academia.edu/43176982/

This article discusses the changes and continuities that characterize the role of disease prevention in Ayurveda from its origins until today. Over the times, Ayurveda repeatedly came under pressure through various external factors. Among these, the impact of western culture and medicine in the wake of colonialism was of utmost significance.
As the present article shows, prevention played a role in Ayurveda from the beginning, however, its importance and the modes of its application changed over the centuries. Therapies like Rasāyana, that have been out of fashion for some time, were revived and adapted to modern needs in the 20th century. In spite of this ability to change and adjust to new circumstances, representatives of modern Ayurveda often prefer to emphasize and even exaggerate the old age and originality of their science.

Deze paper geeft een overzicht van onze studie in de afgelopen beleidstermijn 2016-2020. Mbt het onderwerp Qigong en Ouderenzorg

Het omvat drie thema's:
1. een literatuurstudie - 4 artikelen mbt yangsheng, qi, qigong en BaDuanJin. 
2. een casus van een sociaal preventief gezondheidsinitiatief UGL
3. een kwalitatief onderzoek naar het aanbod van qigong en diens effecten in Nederland

There's one big problem with sleeping that most people never think about. This is an important issue, since we spend on average one third of our lives in bed. It has to do with gravity, and the pull it has on your body when it is lying flat in bed. Let's say you weight 150 pounds. When you are standing, gravity pulls your 150-pound body weight down towards your feet, which must support that weight. When standing, gravity also pulls your blood down towards your feet, and resisted the return of blood from your feet back to your heart. As a result, some people feel extra fluid pressure in their lower legs and feet by the end of the day from this pull of gravity. But the feet are designed to withstand this pressure and weight, especially since we take breaks from this pressure and weight when we lie down to rest. What happens then? Does the effect of gravity disappear when we lie down? Of course, not. Instead, when you lie your 150-pound body down, the first thing that happens is that gravity pulls your body into the mattress. This means that the weight of your body presses on the lower edge of your body that is touching the mattress. Essentially, you are compressing your body into the bed. This means that it is very important to consider your body position while sleeping. Depending on how you sleep, there will be compression of parts of your body from the weight of your body pressing you into the mattress. This can lead to compression injuries, which involve reduced blood and lymph circulation, nerve injuries, joint injuries, and problems with your brain, eyes, ears, face, and sinuses, depending on your sleep position. This is one reason why people toss and turn while sleeping. Circulation is impaired from the pressure of sleeping on your body, so you unconsciously move to restore circulation. Leaning on anything for 8-hours straight, day after day, can cause compression injuries. But there are certain sleep positions which are worse than others when it comes to these injuries.

How do you know when medical news is fake?  Can you trust what you read simply because it comes from an allegedly reputable source?

Surely, you can trust information coming from the American Cancer Society, right? 

Wrong!

The case in point: the link between breast cancer and bras.

Recent studies are showing that lymph stasis causes cancer by reducing immune function. This article draws on these studies to further explain how constriction from tight bras results in lymphatic impairment in the breasts and an increased incidence of breast cancer.

Introduction If you are a woman, then there is important information you need to know to keep healthy and avoid disease. This is information that you should be told by your doctor and other health professionals, but many of these professionals simply don't have this information. The issue pertains to the wearing of tight clothing. Studies, and common sense, tell us that wearing anything tight is bad for health. Tight clothing compresses our soft body tissues, impairing the function of blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves, and more. Research shows tight neckties, tight pants, girdles, corsets, bras, and other compression garments can cause serious harm. The purpose of the International Bra-Free Study is to assess the changes a woman experiences once she stops using bras. The study began in 2018 and is still recruiting participants from around the world. Participants pledge to stop using bras and their progress is followed through open and closed-ended questions. The study is ongoing, but we have seen some amazing patterns in the experience of women who stop wearing bras. We believe it is extremely important to share these preliminary findings with the public at this time, hoping to warn as many women as possible about the effect of bra usage on health. We started our study considering the effect of bras on breasts, and expected improvement in breast pain, cysts, and reduced cancer incidence in our group of bra-free women. What we discovered was that, in addition to the above, we also found that women recovered from many other bodily ailments that seemed completely unrelated to bra usage. We are discovering the many ways tight bras harm health, including every part of the body. As you will see, bras cause more than breast disease.

The typical classification of prevention into primary, secondary, and tertiary categories has encountered various criticisms. We review the history and limitations of this and other classifications, and offer a substitute paradigm: five Stages of Prevention, which address consecutive steps in the development of chronic and gradually developing diseases, and corresponding stages for prevention: 1) avoiding exposure to causative agents, 2) reducing acquisition of disease resulting from exposure, 3) interrupting advancement of acquired disease, 4) preventing complications from advanced disease, and 5) delay (or palliation) of death, or rehabilitation of disability, from complications. This new model can serve as a tool for health planning, including calculation of costs vs. benefits for investment of resources. It can also be applied to counseling patients on personal options for prevention.

This slide presentation was first developed at Loma Linda University 2006-2009, with resident Melody Law).  In various versions, it has had over 20,000 online views, 14,537 on Academia.edu by over 10,000 unique viewers, and about 10,000 on Researchgate.net. This 2022 version has replaced previous versions posted on Academia, and adds references at the end, which were not included in early versions.

Over the last century, our planet has become far more urbanized, with cities growing and evolving at unprecedented levels. Undeniably we find society struggling with the many crises that have arrived in recent decades. The complexity of the world, and the incomprehensible scale of some of its problems, calls for new means of understanding and operating. Incremental shifts & minor adjustments, in many ways, prove inadequate to respond to unprecedented challenges. Today's ethos demands dramatic measures, including critically those factors influencing and impacting the health of civilization and the planet it calls home. Salutogenesis presents a method of acting + advancing, in many realms including architecture, whereby people are understood in their fullness. Taking into consideration a plethora of facets affecting our wellbeing, a salutogenic approach shifts the emphasis towards health promotion and away from disease management. Architecture's roles in equations of health & wellness prove both profound and rich in potential. Over recent years, and considering current crises, the architectural profession has been increasingly charged with generating building designs that promote individual wellness + public health. The definitions of health are many and diverse. That said, we are coming to understand with far greater clarity the tremendous correlations between health and the environment. Evidence linking the design of buildings and cities to positive health outcomes is significant. Studies in architecture, environmental psychology, social geography and other fields point to positive implications of well-considered and well-designed environments, including access to light, provision of clean air, incorporation of nature, reduced toxicity of materials, provision of social space, and many other design dimensions. Improved natural light can influence productivity. Views of nature can accelerate healing. Avoidance of harmful chemicals can reduce childhood illness. In many ways, the environmental design professions are now grasping design's potential with respect to heightened health outcomes. Medical sociologist Aaron Antonovsky (1923-1994) postulated, in his 1979 book 'Health, Stress and Coping' that a person's ability to manage and thrive in life's journey was related, in part, to the quality of their environments. Health depends, in part, on the environments which we occupy. Psychologists refer to place attachment and place identity, underscoring the remarkable influence place has in our lives. Upwards of 90% of our time, in many countries, is spent indoors, making the significance of health-promoting buildings even more urgent. Likewise, urban design and city planning are poised to better cultivate health. The present research actively explores Antonovsky's thinking, pushing hard to consider, craft and realize strategies to foster an architecture that is in synchronization with individual and community health needs and aspirations. Deploying critical analysis of the literature, case studies, studio education and logical argumentation, the current research proffers novel, bold and potent ways of linking design to wellness. Charles Jencks (2017) stressed that "Architects and doctors both are committed to creating a better future; they project plans and cures onto the horizon and seek to persuade people of their positive outcomes." Salutogenic design presents alternative ways of seeing, knowing and acting that can place us on a path to greater health in the built environment.

What does lying down in bed for about 1/3 of your life do to your body and brain?  Are your sleep habits making you sick?  We show how common sleep positions can cause migraines, glaucoma, stroke, sleep apnea, sinus congestion, ear infections, facial distortion, and many other problems, which are reversible by changing the way you sleep.

We have reported before on the early results from the ongoing International Bra-Free Study.  Many participants in the study have shared that becoming bra-free was life-changing, and life-saving. 

We want to share the comments of some of these women, who have rediscovered their breasts since freeing them from bras. All bra-users should know about the hazards of bras, as witnessed by these women.

These comments are presented as written. They were in reply to open-ended questions about their experiences after becoming bra-free.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, it is important to keep hands away from your face, in order to lower the chance of contacting virus to mucus membranes. This means that nose-picking is a problem during pandemics, especially since many people pick their noses unconsciously.

However, public health officials are not telling people about this specific hazard of nose-picking. You know they would advise nasal abstinence if you asked them, but they won’t be initiating the conversation. As a result, some people will insert their dirty hands into their noses, inoculating themselves with the virus.

Here are nuggets of wisdom.

Debates and discourses over the influence of sport to politics and vice versa dominated various platforms and conferences over the 20 th and 21 st century. Scholars peripherally and in principle seem to agree that sport and politics can no longer be separated, even as autonomy of sport become prevalent in some sectors of the Olympic movement as rubber stamped by the United Nations. African nations went through systematic colonialism, apartheid and oppression in various forms as white settlers predominantly from Europe dominated the African continent in a manner causing unrest and revolution in the continent. Due to the fact that sport had the capacity to bring different races together, in some circles, it would mean that it had an effect towards African politics and vice versa. In Southern Africa, Zimbabwe, Zambia and South Africa had similar stories to tell in terms of the relationship between sport and politics. Of paramount importance is the readmission of South Africa and Zimbabwe to the Olympic Games respectively. What is interesting is the solidarity of the African countries and how they perceived unity of purpose as panacea to achieving independence and equality. The purpose of this paper is to critically analyze the relationship between sport and political diplomacy in the modern Olympic Games and international games from the lenses of the Africans. Background of Colonialism and apartheid in Southern Africa.

ABSTRACT
This paper deals with the air pollution most especially the causes and how it can be prevent.
The paper talks about the various pollutants such as Carbon dioxide (CO2), Sulfur oxides (SOx), Nitrogen oxides (NOx) etc.
Air pollution control were also explained in detail like Stationary sources,  Mobile sources, Waste deposition and so on. Finally this papers deals with the health effect of air pollution and also the regulations of air pollution in our country Nigeria.

The aim of this work is to analyze the role of the psychologist in the hospital institution and the impact of the COVID-19 emergency on healthcare professionals. Moreover the emphasis is on problems and inconveniences, both detected and potential, on a physical, psychic, emotional level and, consequently, on the importance of psychological support for these professionals.

Many people are recognizing that there are apparent contradictions in the official narrative about COVID-19 and vaccinations. If the vaccine is supposed to prevent infection, then:

Why are so many vaccinated people getting sick with COVID (breakthrough infections)?
Why are the unvaccinated a risk to the vaccinated?
Why is immunity short-lived and boosters needed?
Why vaccinate those who already have had COVID and have natural immunity?
Why do these vaccines leave the vaccinated so vulnerable to infection?

The answer is that these vaccines are not preventative vaccines; they are therapeutic vaccines. Everything we have been told about these vaccines makes sense once you realize that they are for treatment, not prevention.

Am auzit cu toții, adesea, ca prevenția este mai ieftină decât tratarea bolilor. Se pare că este un mit, prea frumos ca să fie adevărat! Experiențele de 2-3 decenii de aplicare a unor programe serioase de prevenție au dovedit deja acest lucru. Totuși, părerea unanim acceptată este că trebuie să facem cât putem de mult pentru a preveni bolile și consecințele lor. Ministerul Sănătății a declarat prevenția ca fiind o preocupare importantă a sa și a inclus chiar în Contractul-cadru de anul acesta obligația ca medicii de familie să facă prevenție. Chiar dacă metodologia nu este suficient de clară! Vom încerca să trecem în revistă câteva dintre aspectele mai importante legate de prevenție.

The students' academic performance is one of the most imperative component in all universities to make sure in delivering the best quality graduates who will set out to be extraordinary pioneer and employees who have a positive reflection on the nation's financial growth and social advancement of the national and international area. Thus, the current study aimed to describe nursing students' perceptions toward factors influencing academic performance. A quantitative descriptive-design was conducted with a convenience sample of 150 female nursing students in the third and fourth academic year, college of nursing, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh-Kingdom Saudi Arabia. A self-reporting questionnaire was used to collect the data from the respondents. The results of the study showed that the "learner – related" subscale on the success factor scale was rated as 1 st rank. " Regular attendance at lecture " item was attained the highest M+SD score (3.95 + 0.22), with high influence (UI) on the academic performance of the respondents. Meanwhile, " Reading beyond prescribed material " item was obtained the lowest M+SD score (2.84 + 1.44) with low influence (LI). Similarly, on the failure factor scale, the "learner– related" subscale was taken 1 st ranked. Moreover, "lack of attendance at lecture" item was occupied the highest M+SD score (3.73 + 0.443) as well as" lack of interest in the course" item was stated the lowest M+SD score (1.88 + 2.40). As a result of this study, " learner-related factor" was employed the first rank in both success and failure scales and most of the learner-related items have a greater impact on the students' academic performance. So, this study recommended to administrators, lecturers, academic advisors to carry out more studies on students' academic performance factors, with specific focus on the ways which provide the students with the important skills which help them to overcome and manage these factors which contributed to their academic performance negatively.

Is the culture making you sick? If you suffer from chronic health problems of unknown cause, including physical as well as psychological problems, then you need to look at what the culture is doing to you. A dysfunctional culture creates dysfunctional people. Disease caused by the culture is called culturogenic disease. The study of culturogenic disease is a holistic approach to understanding how one's culture creates harmful attitudes and behaviors that lead to sickness. It is a new approach in the field of disease prevention and treatment, and holds the following tenets: 1. The body is naturally designed to be healthy and to heal itself. 2. Culturally instilled attitudes and behaviors often lead people to live in ways that negatively impact on the natural design of the body, resulting in disease.

The aim of this thesis is to investigate how physical activity and social interaction assist in generating better performance of the ageing body. A multifaceted ethnographic material was collected from January to February 2018 at a health and training centre called Gerdahallen, located in Lund, Sweden. The main empirical material consists of recorded and transcribed semi-structured in-depth interviews of six people aged 71-81 years old. Participant observations, a series of go-along interviews, and a questionnaire were also applied as supplementary methods to people aged 65 and above. The analyses focused on the experiences on and interpretations of the ageing body within its cultural context. In order to shape the analyses and findings of this study, the theoretical model MoSIBA – Motivation, Social Interaction, Being Active – was designed to investigate the three emerging cultural themes from the fieldwork. Several main theories were used to apprehend better understanding of the themes, such as Abraham H. Maslow’s human needs theory (1943), Edward L. Deci and Richard M. Ryan’s Self-Determination Theory (1991), Erving Goffman’s rules of conduct (1956), and Robert J. Havighurst’s activity theory of ageing (1961). By combining theories, methods, and materials, it generated broader, different, more comprehensive, and even new cultural analytical perspectives on the embodied ageing in Gerdahallen, how the embodiment of the ageing body is affected by social interactions, as well as the embodied performance of the ageing body. This research study revealed that (1) the ageing body and Gerdahallen culturally construct each other, (2) through its existence and characteristics, Gerdahallen provides a platform for the social interaction of the ageing body, (3) the quality of any kinds of activities holds the utmost significance to the ageing body, and (4) integrating certain ‘accentuation points’ with regular physical and social activity in more than just one place – not just in Gerdahallen – will ultimately affect the daily performance of the ageing body.

Background: The impact of lifestyle on health is undeniable and effective healthy lifestyle promotion interventions do exist. However, this is not a fundamental part of routine primary care clinical practice. We describe factors that determine changes in performance of primary health care centers involved in piloting the health promotion innovation 'Prescribe Vida Saludable' (PVS) phase II. Methods: We engaged four primary health care centers of the Basque Healthcare Service in an action research project aimed at changing preventive health practices. Prescribe Healthy Life (PVS from the Spanish " Prescribe Vida Saludable) is focused on designing, planning, implementing and evaluating innovative programs to promote multiple healthy habits, feasible to be performed in routine primary health care conditions. After 2 years of piloting, centers were categorized as having high, medium, or low implementation effectiveness. We completed qualitative inductive and deductive analysis of five focus groups with the staff of the centers. Themes generated through consensual grounded qualitative analysis were compared between centers to identify the dimensions that explain the variation in actual implementation of PVS, and retrospectively organized and assessed against the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR). Results: Of the 36 CFIR constructs, 11 were directly related to the level of implementation performance: intervention source, evidence strength and quality, adaptability, design quality and packaging, tension for change, learning climate, self-efficacy, planning, champions, executing, and reflecting and evaluating, with —organizational tracking added as a new sub-construct. Additionally, another seven constructs emerged in the participants' discourse but were not related to center performance: relative advantage, complexity, patients' needs and resources, external policy and incentives, structural characteristics, available resources, and formally appointed internal implementation leaders. Our findings indicate that the success of the implementation seems to be associated with the following components: the context, the implementation process, and the collaborative modelling. Conclusions: Identifying barriers and enablers is useful for designing implementation strategies for health promotion in primary health care centers that are essential for innovation success. An implementation model is proposed to highlight the relationships between the CFIR constructs in the context of health promotion in primary care.

News has busted out around the globe recently about bras causing breasts to droop.  Of course, bras are sold with the misinformation that wearing them will prevent breasts from drooping. And women fear droop more than almost anything else, making this a successful, if incorrect, sales pitch. In fact, women have also been told that they need to sleep in their bras to prevent droop. Wearing bras 24/7 has become commonplace.  Of course, so has breast cancer, which is 100 times more common in a 24/7 bra user than in a bra-free woman.

To prevent and treat disease you must know the cause.  In most cases, the cause is the culture and the harmful attitudes and behaviors it instills in us. 

This is the first lesson in a series Culturogenic Disease --the Biggest Killer of Our Time.  This introduces a new paradigm in the prevention and treatment of disease.  We will discuss what culture is, how it is making people sick, and what you can do to prevent and cure culturogenic disease.

BACKGROUND: The creation of healthful living conditions has contributed to improving health and prolonging life in Germany and worldwide. Despite this progress, avoidable behavioural, occupational and environmental risk factors still contribute considerably to the burden of disease in Germany. Many of these risk factors are strongly influenced by political determinants. The coalition agreement outlining the agenda of Germany's federal government for 2018-2022 provides insights regarding relevant political priorities and plans.

METHODS: We performed qualitative content analysis of the coalition agreement signed on March 12, 2018 by Germany's governing parties with regard to content related to disease prevention and health promotion. We present results in tables and narratively and discuss them against the background of evidence-based scientific recommendations and in the national and international political context.

RESULTS: The coalition agreement discusses various measures to strengthen disease prevention in and health promotion in general, to support the prevention of specific disease groups, and to reduce the burden of a number of behavioural, occupational and environmental risk factors. This includes an evaluation and reform of Germany's Law for Health Promotion and Prevention, a strengthening of relevant research capacities, the development of a national obesity strategy, and measures to increase vaccination rates.

DISCUSSION: The extensive discussion of health promotion and disease prevention in the coalition agreement is laudable. However, the agreements fail to mention a number of important approaches, such as the regulation of tobacco and alcohol marketing and food and beverage taxation. Moreover, many statements remain vague. Adoption and implementation of effective measures will therefore require the attention and political pressure from the scientific community, civil society, the media, and members of the parliament from both government and opposition parties. The mid-term evaluation of the coalition agreement will be an opportunity to critically examine the government's achievement to date.

Most of the advice from medicine regarding the COVID-19 pandemic is to avoid contact with others, wash your hands frequently, and cough/sneeze into your arm, not your hands. Good advice, but there is more people should know to help them prevent, or recover, from COVID-19.

One of the big problems with COVID-19 is that it can lead to breathing problems, which can ultimately lead to pneumonia and possibly death. So anything you can do to improve your ability to breathe will be helpful. Keeping yourself well oxygenated is also essential for immune system function to prevent and fight disease.

So a key to keeping healthy, besides avoiding exposure, is to be well ventilated, and stay that way, even if you get sick.

Many people have poor breathing habits, and being conscious of your posture and how you are breathing can help you take deeper breaths. But in addition to these issues, which are addressed in activities like yoga, there are some cultural things we do that impair breathing without our realizing it, and which can easily be changed.

Here are three things you can do at home to help you breathe easier and help you deal with COVID-19 prevention and recovery.

ABSTRACT:
A Placebo controlled open labelled, randomized comparative clinical efficacy
trial was conducted to study the effects of Dhanyaka Hima (Cold Infusion of
Coriander Seeds) on Grishma Ritujanya Pittatmaka Vikar (Pitta - Heat disorders
due to Summer Season) and to provide a cost effective remedy in this context.
The study was conducted in 60 patients with the daily administration of 100
ml. of Dhanyaka Hima per day in Trial group and 1 Starch filled capsule each of
250 mg per day in Control group early in the morning daily for 30 days. The
Upashaya Anupashayatmaka Effect (Efficacy) of Dhanyaka Hima was studied by
the presence or absence of Grishma Ritujanya Pittatmak Vikar from baseline
and at consecutive follow ups on 10th, 20th and 30th Day. The symptoms
considered were Daha (Generalised burning sensation in the body), Osha
(Severe generalised burning sensation in the body with sweating and anxiety),
Plosha (Localized burning sensation without sweating), Dava [Burning
sensation in Mukha (Oral cavity) / Oshtha (Lips) / Talu (Palate)], Davathu i.e.
Netradaha (Burning sensation in the eyes), Vidaha i.e. Hastapadatala Daha
(Burning sensation in the Hands / Feet), Antardaha (Internal burning
sensation), Dhumaka i.e. Shira / Griva / Kantha / Talu Dhumayanam (Feeling of
hot fumes in the Head / Neck / Throat / Palate), Amlaka (Acidic Eructations),
Atisweda (Excess Sweating) and Trishnadhikya (Excess Thirst). Grishma
Ritujanya Pittatmaka Vikar were found predominantly in the Males or Students
or in the individuals who are Mishrahari (Eating both Veg and Nonveg foods) or
with Teekshnagni (High Appetite and Digestion Rate) or Mrudukoshtha (Easy
Soft Digestive System) or Pittapradhana Prakruti (Pitta Dominant Constitution)
or in the Madhayavastha of Ayu (Middle Age Span of Life). With statistical
analysis by paired and unpaired t - tests, the changes in pathological
investigations were insignificant. With statistical analysis of the clinical
parameters by chi - square test, only Trishnadhikya symptom was relieved on
10th day while Davathu and Antardaha symptoms were relieved on 20th day.
However, on 30th Day Dava, Vidaha and Dhumaka symptoms were relieved
completely along with Trishnadhikya, Davathu and Antardaha symptoms. This
clinical study concluded that Dhanyaka Hima is an easy, clinically effective, and
economic remedy in the Grishma Ritujanya Pittatmaka Vikar (Pitta - Heat
disorders due to Summer Season). The conclusion about regular administration
of Dhanyaka Hima over a longer duration confirmed the importance of
following Grishma Ritucharya (Summer Seasonal Regime) as well.
Key Words: Swasthavritta, Dhanyaka Hima, Grishma Ritu, Pitta Vikar,
Ritucharya.

Free clinics provide free primary care to the under or uninsured and have been playing an important role in serving the socio-economically disadvantaged. Free clinic patients represent a group of people who experience significant barriers to receiving diabetes prevention and intervention. This study examined diabetes attitudes among free clinic patients and volunteers. English or Spanish speaking patients and volunteers (N = 384), aged 18 years or older completed a self-administered survey. Diabetic patients and volunteers shared similar levels of diabetes attitudes compared to non-diabetic patients. Among patients, ethnicity, education level, diabetes education, and family history affected diabetes attitudes. Among volunteers, diabetes education was an important factor associated with positive diabetes attitudes. Whether the volunteer is a healthcare professional or student was related only to one aspect of diabetes attitudes, seriousness of type 2 diabetes. The results, indicating free clinic diabetic patients and volunteers shared similar levels of diabetes attitudes, were positive for main- taining and developing diabetes education programs at a free clinic. Unfortunately, the average length of volunteering at this free clinic was short and student volunteers likely leave the clinic upon graduation. Future research should examine issues of volunteer retention in free clinics. Diabetes edu- cation for patients may need to be diversified according to ethnicity, family history of diabetes, and educational level. Finally, non-healthcare professional volunteers could potentially be involved in diabetes education at a free clinic.