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Ближе к концу ХХ века потребность в мембранных системах резко возросла. Ее «пользователями» стали экология, система биологической безопасности и, конечно же, нанотехнологии. Очистка кристаллизационных растворов, газодиффузионная очистка воздуха в особо чистых зонах (это касается как медицинских учреждений, так и наноэлектроники) и многое другое. Большинство высоких или критических технологий без применения трековых мембран стали просто немыслимы.

Purpose: To develop traffic light system to handle 6-way crossroad traffic movement. The distance measurement sensor and seven segment display is additionally used to manage and control the traffic.
Application: Some large cities are so populated that additionally need a road to existing ones. These additional roads are to be controlled. The proposed traffic light system can handle such an issue.

Wind energy is the fastest growing alternative source of energy (Global Wind Energy Council Report, 2006). Currently it is crucial to seek for a better and more efficient solution. Thus there is a suggestion to propose vertical axis wind turbines (see Figure 1). There are a few benefits of using vertical axis wind turbines.

"Fourteen workers killed, eight died at the scene and 36 – injured.
The packaging area of the refinery was totally destroyed, 12% of the plant was razed by the explosion. Imperial posted a $15.5 million loss in the first quarter of 2008.This loss as they said was primarily due to the explosion. The particles produced after the explosion create air pollution and settle everywhere near the place. Also, emission of airborne pollutants was the impact of electricity generation on environment.
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Purpose: To develop system, consisting of controlled DC Motor with two pushbuttons. Specifically, the direction of rotation (clockwise or counter-clockwise) should be defined with pressed pushbutton1 or pushbutton2. When one is pressed, DC motor rotates clockwise, when the other is pressed, DC motor rotates counter-clockwise. 
Application: Controlling of DC motor can be useful in every part of engineering task, whether industry related equipment or everyday life electromechanical tools. More complicated systems include elevators, cars, industry conveyors, etc.

Embedded systems represent a rapidly growing branch of information technology characterized by the need for increased dependability, timeliness and efficiency.
The goal of the project was to build elevator system for 3-floor building.
There are three buttons to call the elevator for the corresponding floor, and three LEDs signalling of elevator coming.

Purpose: To develop lightning system controlled by photoresistor. Photoresistor serves as simple switch. When we touch and immediately take away our hand, then the LED should change its state. Initially, LED is off. Hence, in the first action, movement of hand results in switching the LED on. 
Application: This system can be implied for household lighting systems, as well as industry related issues. Also, this system is useful in special areas when we do not need mechanical input (touching the switch).

Used equipment and electronic devices:
• AT89S51
• Breadboard
• 2 Red LEDs
• 2 Yellow LEDs
• 2 Green LEDs
• 2 470 Ohm resistors
• 1 220 Ohm resistor
• Jumpers, wiring
Objective
The aim of the project work was to program simple traffic light system.
Body
For traffic light system, two ports were used. One – for displaying seconds, the other implements the sequence of lights. Flowcharts are shown below.

Este libro estudia la arquitectura de Le Corbusier a partir de un análisis exhaustivo de sus principales obras mediante diagramas, perspectivas y esquemas comentados. Proyectos como la villa Savoye, o el convento de La Tourette son diseccionados en mas de cincuenta dibujos explicativos que revelan las estrategias proyectuales y el punto de vista de Le Corbusier en relación al emplazamiento de sus edificios, los ejes, la volumetría, las distribución en zonas del programa, la forma de acceso, los recorridos, la orientación, la elección de las vistas, el asoleamiento, la iluminación, la estructura, la composición de los planos de fachada, los detalles constructivos y otros aspectos del diseño arquitectónico.

Diode is an electronic device having conductor at their ends. The principle behind the diode is similar to a valve or a gate, which lets electricity flow only in one direction (Simple English Wikipedia, Diode). Application of diodes is broad. They serve as converter from alternating current to direct current, met at the power supplies. Also they can be used in radio equipment to decode amplitude modulation. Nowadays, there are two basic semiconductor materials which the diode is made from: silicon and germanium
Two types of semiconductors are joined to each other to produce semiconductor diode. One of them has spare holes (p side), and the other has extra electrons (n side). This results in the flow of electrons from the side, where there are more electrons to the side where there are less of them, i.e. current. However, it is difficult to flow for the current in the reverse direction. Connecting electrodes are following: positive p-side is anode, and negative n-side is cathode.

Write a VHDL code for a single traffic light controller. Assume you have 60 Hz clock signal. Your design should allow asynchronous reset. When the circuit is reset, the traffic light should be Red. The waiting times are as follows: Red (45 sec), Yellow (5 sec), and Green (45 sec).

This report will investigate the accident that has occurred at Imperial Sugar production Company. As a consequence of the sugar dust explosion that took place at isolated conveyor belt which was located below bunker that stored the granulated sugar. There was a chain of enormous auxiliary dust blasts spread through the whole silos that were packing powdered sugar. This report will include a brief review of background information and chronology of the cases, causes and effects that were brought as a result of the explosions. Additionally, it will comprise the actions taken and lessons learned after the accident in order to prevent such failures in the future. Investigations made after the accident have shown that the root cause of explosions was the accumulation of sugar dust in a confined area where the role of an incident played the fault made by the company workers who did not take into their consideration the explosive effects of powdered sugar by designing sugar conveying apparatus which was not able to control and minimize the amount of released sugar dust. Accident that occurred at the Imperial Sugar production facility was the first huge accident in sugar refining industry which had significant economic losses, harmed the reputation and impacted on human lustiness.

Port Map method is very useful when it comes to hierarchical model. It allows you to large parts consisting of small components. Let`s for example take full adder, consisting of two half adders.  It means that full adder is entity, and half adders are its components. Follow the figure illustrated below.
1. Components are introduced first. This is done using a 'component' declaration in which all module types which will be used. This declaration has to occur before the 'begin' keyword of the architecture statement.
2. The number of half adders used is declared. This is done by instantiating the declared component. Each component instance is given a unique name (label) by the designer, together with the name of the component itself. Component instantiations are done in the definition part of architecture (after the keyword 'begin').
3. Finally, the components have to be connected to the rest of the circuit. "Signal" keyword is used for this purpose. It has to list the names of the architecture signals that shall be used in the sub-module (not the outer signals of top module listed before).

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