ECC

Security of the consumer’s data over internet is the major problem in present time. In this paper we have analyzed blind signature schemes based on RSA and with taking advantage of elliptic curve cryptography to achieve the security goals. Blind signature scheme is one of the security protocol to obtain signature from a signer such that signer sign the message without reading the content of the message and also he could not link the protocol with the resulting message signature pair. Blind signature scheme is used to achieve certain security goals like blindness, untraceability, authenticity, unforgeability. We have analyzed blind signature scheme to achieve the security goals using Elliptic Curve Cryptosystem. Elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) is an approach to public-key cryptography based on the algebraic structure of elliptic curves over finite fields. The use of elliptic curves in cryptography was initially presented by Neal Koblitz and Victor S. Miller. Elliptic curve cryptosy...

Enhancing concrete by adding different types of suitable materials is a very attractive field within concrete research society. The use of waste tires was introduced into concrete to reduce its brittle nature and its loading toughness. Scrap tires consider the current significant discarded waste which results in major environmental issues where researchers and environmentalists have taken seriously. This study provides an overview about the tires rubber as a useful material in civil engineering applications. It can be inferred that tire rubber particles, in the form of tire chips used to substitute coarse aggregate and crumb rubber particles, used as substitution for the fine aggregate in concrete. Findings also have reported that the inclusion of rubber particles (fine or coarse) reduce the compressive and tensile strength. The utilization of worn tires in civil engineering applications results in problems diminishing associated with scrap tire management all over the worl

In today's period of the invasive figuring, the Internet has turned into the principle method of information correspondence. In such a situation, giving security to information turns into a mind boggling assignment. In Elliptic bend cryptography (ECC) is a developing most loved in light of the fact that requires less computational force, correspondence data transmission, and memory when contrasted with different cryptosystems In this paper we introduce Elliptic bend cryptography and Diffie–Hellman key understanding, itself is a mysterious (non-confirmed) key-assertion convention, it gives the premise to an assortment of verified conventions, and is utilized to give forward mystery to web programs application utilizing HTTPS. In its mainstream organization on the internet, provides confirmation of the site and related web server that one is corresponding with, which secures against Man-in-the-center assaults. Also, it gives bidirectional encryption of interchanges between a customer and server, which ensures against listening stealthily and messing with and/or manufacturing the substance of the correspondence and for better security we will apply mark and confirmation calculation for ECC and for verification we have performed digital signature algorithm for better assessment of security approach.

Fog computing extends cloud computing to the edge of a network enabling new Internet of Things (IoT) applications and services, which may involve critical data that require privacy and security. In an IoT fog computing system, three elements can be distinguished: IoT nodes that collect data, the cloud, and interconnected IoT gateways that exchange messages with the IoT nodes and with the cloud. This article focuses on securing IoT gateways, which are assumed to be constrained in terms of computational resources, but that are able to offload some processing from the cloud and to reduce the latency in the responses to the IoT nodes. However, it is usually taken for granted that IoT gateways have direct access to the electrical grid, which is not always the case: in mission-critical applications like natural disaster relief or environmental monitoring, it is common to deploy IoT nodes and gateways in large areas where electricity comes from solar or wind energy that charge the batteries that power every device. In this article, how to secure IoT gateway communications while minimizing power consumption is analyzed. The throughput and power consumption of Rivest–Shamir–Adleman (RSA) and Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) are considered, since they are really popular, but have not been thoroughly analyzed when applied to IoT scenarios. Moreover, the most widespread Transport Layer Security (TLS) cipher suites use RSA as the main public key-exchange algorithm, but the key sizes needed are not practical for most IoT devices and cannot be scaled to high security levels. In contrast, ECC represents a much lighter and scalable alternative. Thus, RSA and ECC are compared for equivalent security levels, and power consumption and data throughput are measured using a testbed of IoT gateways. The measurements obtained indicate that, in the specific fog computing scenario proposed, ECC is clearly a much better alternative than RSA, obtaining energy consumption reductions of up to 50% and a data throughput that doubles RSA in most scenarios. These conclusions are then corroborated by a frame temporal analysis of Ethernet packets. In addition, current data compression algorithms are evaluated, concluding that, when dealing with the small payloads related to IoT applications, they do not pay off in terms of real data throughput and power consumption.

This paper proposes a method for designing a new ultra wide band (UWB) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna with two and four elements. First we presented an ultra-wide band antenna we studied these performances. Then, we studied the application of metamaterials to the design of MIMO antennas for miniaturization and the performance of antennas, in order to guarantee the proper functioning of the MIMO system with a much reduced separation distance between the radiating elements (λ/12), where the coupling can be very weak. The application of these circular double ring SRRs materials on the front plan of the antenna has contributed to the increasing of the antenna performance is studied in terms of S-Parameters, efficiency, diversity gain (DG), radiation properties and envelop correlation coefficient (ECC). It offers advantages such as the reduction of weight and congestion that is beneficial for their integration into satellite communications systems.

Mobile payment system is defined as mobile money transfer and mobile wallet. It is also defined as an
electronic payment method. Moreover, Mobile payment has been generated to be an attractive
alternative for the traditional payments systems. In this paper, we propose a new approach to mobile
payment system based on Elliptic Curve cryptography ECC. The proposed mobile payment system
includes three main processes: Authentication process, Member recognition process, and Payment
process. Furthermore, Elliptic Curve Integrated Scheme ECIES cryptographic protocol has been
applied to enhance the security of the proposed mobile payment system. Basically, this mobile
payment system is more efficient than other mobile payment systems since the client can pay from
his/her own mobile phone without any additional cost and effort.

Currently protection codes are essential to memory cells using to maintain a good reliability, various error detection and error correction methods can be used but to avoid corruption data Error correction code (ECC) are mostly widely used and introduced a delay penalty in accessing the encoding and decoding process can be performed but limitation of ECC are low speed performed in memory .it can be contributed to the utilization of simple code such as single error correction (SEC) and Double error correction (DEC) and detection. Matrix Codes (MC) constructed on hamming codes has been proposed for memory protection. The main dispute is that they are double error correction codes and the error correction capabilities are not enhanced in all cases. Decimal Matrix Code (DMC) structure on matrix and divide symbol is proposed to improve memory reliability with lesser delay. In this thesis, 64-bits and 128-bits Decimal Matrix Code is offered to assure the memory reliability. Here to detect and correct up to 9 and 17 errors respectively. The offered DMC based on decimal algorithm to extended the number of detection and correction capability of error bits stored in memory. More ever structure area of DMC is reduced by reusing its Encoder this is called Encoder Reuse Techniques (ERT). ERT can be used to minimize area without interrupting DMC encoder and decoder. ERT Uses DMC Encoder itself to be a part of decoder. Hence the entire structure area of DMC can be minimized. Using Xilinx Design Suite 14.2 simulation and implementation analysis can be done. Next A Verilog Description has been adopted to embed the low power design.

a day's information technology is a part of day to day's life. Everybody wants to store data in soft format in a central place so that it can be accessed any point of time. When a remote user tries accessing it through an unreliable network then data may not be secure. There are many techniques to secure data or message. Signcryption is one of the booming issues in the field of security. In 1997 Zheng introduce signcryption scheme by combining the techniques of digital signature then encryption in one step which reduces the computational cost and communication overhead (1). Signcryption also verifies the sender without reading content of the message by third party (10). Many researchers have given their signcryption scheme to achieve security goals like forward secrecy, like confidentiality, unforgeability, integrity, forward secrecy and public verification non repudiation but many of them having their own limitations (2, 8, 16). In this paper a novel signcryption scheme pro...

In today's period of the invasive figuring, the Internet has turned into the principle method of information correspondence. In such a situation, giving security to information turns into a mind boggling assignment. In Elliptic bend cryptography (ECC) is a developing most loved in light of the fact that requires less computational force, correspondence data transmission, and memory when contrasted with different cryptosystems In this paper we introduce Elliptic bend cryptography and Diffie–Hellman key understanding, itself is a mysterious (non-confirmed) key-assertion convention, it gives the premise to an assortment of verified conventions, and is utilized to give forward mystery to web programs application utilizing HTTPS. In its mainstream organization on the internet, provides confirmation of the site and related web server that one is corresponding with, which secures against Manin-the-center assaults. Also, it gives bidirectional encryption of interchanges between a custom...

Concrete with adequately soaring compressive strength has been in use for building skyscrapers, pavements, two-dimensional elements like plates and slab-decks, threedimensional solid masses like retaining walls and dams. However, majority of these structural elements continue to be brittle in nature. Generally, the compressive strength is directly proportional to brittleness. This creates prospective restrictions on the use of high strength concrete. A high stress concentration at junctions of concrete and steel is not uncommon that may cause a fracture of the concrete. Therefore, use of high ductile concrete becomes necessary for increasing the durability of the concrete structures. This paper focuses on development of Crack-free and High Ductile bendable concrete which has a tensile strain capacity of 1.67 percent for a Polyvinyl Alcohol fiber content of 2.0 percent by volume of concrete and the specimens revealed microcracks less than 153µm when subjected to Uniaxial test. Various transport properties like Rapid Chloride Penetration, Sorptivity, and Permeability of Bendable Concrete at the age of 28 days are also studied

To protect user privacy in profile-based PWS, propose a PWS framework called UPS that can adaptively generalize profiles by queries while respecting user specified privacy requirements. It has to consider two contradicting effects during the search process. First, it attempts to improve the search quality with the personalization utility of the user profile. Next, it needs to hide the privacy contents existing in the user profile to place the privacy risk under control.

Many problems associated with the use of normal weight concrete have been solved with the development of structural ultra-lightweight engineered cementitious composite (SULWECC) that has the capability to exhibit strain-hardening behavior prior to failure. However, the feasibility and standards that address the design of such engineered cementitious composites (ECC) in flexural slab systems are not available. In this study, reliability analysis and calibration process are carried out on three different SULWECC slab systems with the intention of estimating the potential flexural resistance factors. Although the high volume of randomly dispersed synthetic short fiber is considered the main reinforcement, SULWECC slab systems internally reinforced with carbon FRP mesh are also considered. The reinforcement ratio is selected so that the section is under-reinforced. Relevant load and resistance random variables are used, and appropriate statistical parameters are selected. The target reliability indices are chosen to be consistent with those used to develop current design code specifications. The nominal moment capacity is calculated based on a new model that consists of: elastic linear stress distribution in the compression zone and elastic-perfectly-plastic uniform stress distribution in the tension zone. The determined flexural resistance factors ranged from 0.59 to 0.69, although higher values are justifiable in special circumstances. The average slab thickness needed to satisfy the strength requirements ranged from 1/37 to 1/22 times the slab length. Flexural toughness to measure ductility is evaluated using load-deflection curves of experimentally tested SULWECC specimens.

Enhancing concrete by adding dif erent types of suitable materials is a very attractive field within concrete research society. The use of waste tires was introduced into concrete to reduce its brittle nature and its loading toughness. Scrap tires consider the current significant discarded waste which results in major environmental issues where researchers and environmentalists have taken seriously. This study provides an overview about the tires rubber as a useful material in civil engineering applications. It can be inferred that tire rubber particles, in the form of tire chips used to substitute coarse aggregate and crumb rubber particles, used as substitution for the fine aggregate in concrete. Findings also have reported that the inclusion of rubber particles (fine or coarse) reduce the compressive and tensile strength. The utilization of worn tires in civil engineering applications results in problems diminishing associated with scrap tire management all over the world.

The wide use of vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) in the last decade has led many researchers to find efficient and reliable methods to obtain the desired benefits and offer services, such as healthcare and traffic management. However, VANETs suffer from security issues represented by authentication and data integrity. In this paper, we propose a robust mutual authentication scheme based on elliptic curve cryptography (ECC), cryptography Hash Function, and a pseudonym. The proposed work was twofold in focus: first, on healthcare in emergency cars which use VANETs, and second, on overcoming security issues, such as resisting familiar attacks (e.g. insider attacks and reply attacks). Because of the serious situation generated by the worldwide outbreak of the Covid-19 epidemic, we also found this research valuable in supporting global efforts to combat the rapid spread of this virus, by finding the safest and fastest routes to epidemic treatment centres for medical staff, assistance teams in medical operations, fumigation control, and all work teams associated with disease control. This research attempts to contribute by proposing a special signal used to define epidemic teams. The best route, fast route can be chosen by using VANETs infrastructure. This scheme also deals with metric security features, such as key management, data integrity, and data privacy. In the communication and computation cost, we noticed that our proposed scheme achieved good results compared with the related works.

a day's information technology is a part of day to day's life. Everybody wants to store data in soft format in a central place so that it can be accessed any point of time. When a remote user tries accessing it through an unreliable network then data may not be secure. There are many techniques to secure data or message. Signcryption is one of the booming issues in the field of security. In 1997 Zheng introduce signcryption scheme by combining the techniques of digital signature then encryption in one step which reduces the computational cost and communication overhead (1). Signcryption also verifies the sender without reading content of the message by third party (10). Many researchers have given their signcryption scheme to achieve security goals like forward secrecy, like confidentiality, unforgeability, integrity, forward secrecy and public verification non repudiation but many of them having their own limitations (2, 8, 16). In this paper a novel signcryption scheme pro...

This paper proposes a method for designing a new ultra wide band (UWB) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna with two and four elements. First we presented an ultra-wide band antenna we studied these performances. Then, we studied the application of metamaterials to the design of MIMO antennas for miniaturization and the performance of antennas, in order to guarantee the proper functioning of the MIMO system with a much reduced separation distance between the radiating elements (λ/12), where the coupling can be very weak. The application of these circular double ring SRRs materials on the front plan of the antenna has contributed to the increasing of the antenna performance is studied in terms of S-Parameters, efficiency, diversity gain (DG), radiation properties and envelop correlation coefficient (ECC). It offers advantages such as the reduction of weight and congestion that is beneficial for their integration into satellite communications systems.

In this paper, the problem of robust fractional-order observer (RFO) design in time and frequency domains for disturbed fractional-order system is investigated. The main results include the formulation of robust observer design problems in time and frequency domains. In the time domain, we develop a sufficient condition for the existence of a robust observer design, and its construction is based on the Linear Matrix Inequalities (LMI) formulation. The frequency procedure design is derived from time domain results with the aid of the factorization approach, where we define some useful coprime factorization. An illustrating example is presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

Smart Governance is the process of utilizing modern technology to create a transparent and sustainable environment for citizens and the government. Intelligence through smart governance is utilized to upgrade decision making through a better collaboration including government and citizens by utilizing heterogeneous techniques and technology through smart governance. Transportation is being the vital concern for enormous countries like India, Bangladesh, Nepal etc.; where the vehicles are increasing in big numbers which include variety of vehicles like two-wheelers, cars and heavy vehicles where all the vehicles have to get registered at Regional Transport Office (RTO) which are situated all over the country in various states. The motive of this paper is to store an enormous range of vehicle data and extract the information in a smart and efficient manner by utilizing big data technology.

A recent development in the adhoc network is a vehicular network called VANET (Vehicular Adhoc Network). Intelligent Transportation System is the Intelligent application of VANET. Due to open nature of VANET attacker can launch various kind of attack. As VANET messages are deal with very crucial information's which may save the life of passengers by avoiding accidents, save the time of people on a trip, exchange of secret information etc., because of this security is must be in the VANET. To ensure the highest level of security the network should be free from attackers, there by all information pass among nodes in the network must be reliable i.e. should be originated by an authenticated node. Authentication is the first line of security in VANET; it avoids nonregistered vehicle in the network. Previous research come up with some Cryptographic, Trust based, Id based, Group signature based authentication schemes. A speed of authentication and privacy preservation is important parameters in VANET authentication. This paper addresses the computational analysis of authentication schemes based on ECC. We started analysis from comparing plain ECC with our proposed AECC (Adaptive Elliptic Curve Cryptography) and EECC (Enhanced Elliptic Curve Cryptography). The result of analysis shows proposed schemes improve speed and security of authentication. In AECC key size is adaptive i.e. different sizes of keys are generated during key generation phase. Three ranges are specified for key sizes small, large and medium. In EECC we added an extra parameter during transmission of information from the vehicle to RSU for key generation. Schemes of authentications are evaluated by comparative analysis of time required for authentication and key breaking possibilities of keys used in authentication.