EDM

The Aluminium Metal Matrix Composites (AMMC's) provides high strength and stif ness to the metals, so it is utilised in the applications like robots, high speed rotating shafts, high speed machinery etc. The AMMCsrequires a fabrication process to improve its mechanical properties. Some of the previous researches has been involved in applying the reinforced AMMC’s in Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) to analysis its characteristics. In this research study, the hybrid AMMC’s is used in the EDM process to analysis the optimum input conditions. The combination of Al7075, Boron Carbide (3%), and Zirconium dioxide (15%) are utilized for analysing the EDM process. The Stir Casting method is used for fabrication of hybrid AMMC’s. In addition, Orthogonal array is used to analyse the parameters; Tool Wear Rate (TWR), Surface Roughness (SR) and Maximum Material Removal (MRR) rate on the basis of voltage (V), current (I), pulse-on time () and pulse-of time (). By varying the input parametric values like ,,  and , the output performance measures; TWR, SR and MRR are analysed in the experimental section. The experimental analysis shows that the optimal value of the input parameter is V is 60, I is 8.242, TON is 5.01 and TOFF is 6 and has the output parameter of MRR is 0.4613, TWR is 0.0139 and SR is 2.46. The experimental investigation shows that current is most influence parameters af ects the MRR, TWR and SR

Management is a combination of elements from science, arts, psychology, statistics, mathematics, philosophy, ethics and sociology etc. A balanced combination of elements from all these sciences and arts is helpful in contributing to the economy in terms of efficiency of our economic system. In ancient India , management was never based on materialism, instead morality and spirituality used to be the basis of managing businesses. In modern India , we see four pillars of knowledge : Ravindra Nath Tagore, Maharishi Arvindo, Swami Vivekanand and Mahatma Gandhi. Undoubtedly they have tried to explore ancient heritage like Vedanta, Gita , Upanishads etc. but Jain literature has been ignored while exploring our ancient heritage of management techniques and models .This paper attempts to establish the relevance of the teachings of Thirukkural in modern management practices. Specific focus is on six factor model for a new business venture available in Thirukkural. We will try to understand the relevance of six factor model in entrepreneurial and organizational decision making. There is further scope of looking forward to integrating some elements into the existing framework to create a more sustainable management theory. According to Robbins, " Examples from the past demonstrate that organizations have been with us for thousands of years and that management has been practiced for an equivalent period. However, it has been only in the past several hundred years , particularly in the last century that management has undergone systematic investigation , acquired a common body of knowledge , and become a formal discipline for study." It seems that such statements have been made before looking into great treasures of management in ancient Indian literature like Thirukkural, Gita etc. otherwise the scholars would have found the roots of business management in ancient Indian literature undoubtedly timing a few thousands years before this statement.

Electric Discharge Machining (EDM) is a thermal erosion method in which material is removed by melting minuscle areas at the surface of workpiece. Ti6Al4V is amongst the foremost widely used alloys due to its potential in maintaining wonderful exceptional properties even at high temperatures. This article gives the exposure on use of the coated electrodes with aluminum as the base metal. The following paper highlights the effect of different process parameters, on the machining performance of Ti6Al4V using coated and uncoated electrodes. This study compares and analyzes the effects of coated and uncoated electrodes and optimization of the process parameters in machining of Ti6Al4V for better performance results.

Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) is a non-traditional machining process where intricate and complex shapes can be machined. Only electrically conductive materials can be machined by this process and is one of the important machining processes for machining high strength, temperature-resistant (HSTR) alloys. It is capable of machining geometrically complex or hard materials, that are precise and difficult-to-machine such as heat treated tool steels, composites, super alloys, ceramics, carbides, heat resistant steels etc. These materials are being widely used in die and mould making industries, aerospace, aeronautics and nuclear industries. In this work Die steel H13 tool steel is the material used for the machining purpose. For achieving the best performance of the EDM process, it is crucial to carry out parametric design responses such as Material Removal Rate and Tool Wear Rate. It is essential to consider was used to reduce the total number of experiments. Parts of the experiment were conducted with the L9 orthogonal array based on the Taguchi method. Moreover, the signal-to-noise ratios associated with the observed values in the experiments were determined by which factor is most affected by the Responses of Material Removal Rate (MRR) and Tool Wear Rate (TWR). In the present work, Optimization of MRR and TWR on EDM conducted by using Taguchi and ANOVA.

Metal matrix composites (MMCs) are newly advanced materials having the properties of light weight, high specific strength, good wear resistance and a low thermal expansion coefficient. These materials are extensively used in industry. Greater hardness and reinforcement makes it difficult to machine using traditional techniques, which has impeded the development of MMCs. The use of traditional machinery to machine hard composite materials causes serious tool wear due to the abrasive nature of reinforcement. These materials can be machined by many non-traditional methods like water jet and laser cutting but these processes are limited to linear cutting only. Electrical discharge machining (EDM) shows higher capability for cutting complex shapes with high precision for these materials. The paper presents a review of EDM process and year wise research work done in EDM on MMCs. The paper also discusses the future trend of research work in the same area.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo principal a pesquisa e exploração de dados provenientes de um ambiente virtual de aprendizagem, onde, a partir do uso de técnicas de mineração de dados educacionais, buscou-se obter conhecimentos diversos acerca dos alunos iniciantes no ensino superior na modalidade a distância, analisando especificamente os dados dos registros das interações dos alunos no ambiente virtual e, a partir dai, a formação de grupos distintos de alunos com características de interação semelhantes. O uso da técnica de agrupamento (clustering) mostrou-se adequada para alcance dos objetivos deste projeto.
A EDM e suas técnicas permitem aperfeiçoar a compreensão do comportamento dos alunos que utilizam AVAs, fornecendo diversos tipos de relatórios de interação nas múltiplas funcionalidades e atividades disponíveis no ambiente, destacando-se os fóruns de discussão, chats e serviços de mensagens. Para a construção dos relatórios de interação, a literatura e o conhecimento de alguns ambientes em uso, contribuíram na identificação das variáveis mais relevantes a respeito do comportamento dos alunos no ambiente virtual. A combinação destas variáveis proporcionou a construção de diferentes tipos de análises que serão úteis para a discussão e avaliação das atividades desenvolvidas pelos alunos, de acordo com o objetivo do docente. Para o desenvolvimento deste trabalho, foram escolhidas as variáveis de interação que foram consideradas mais relevantes, a partir do estudo da base de dados, e a nota final da disciplina.
A partir da aplicação da técnica de agrupamento, os alunos foram divididos em grupos de tamanho quatro e cinco, distintos, de acordo com as variáveis analisadas, possibilitando uma percepção dos alunos acerca das suas interações e respectivo desempenho na disciplina.

In this study, cooling effect of copper electrode on the die-sinking of electrical discharge machining of titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) has been carried out. Investigation on the effect of cooling on electrode wear and surface roughness of the workpiece has been carried out. Design of experiment plan for rotatable central composite design of second order with four variables at five levels each has been employed to carry out the investigation. Current intensity (I), pulse on-time (t on), pulse off-time (t off), and gap voltage (v) were considered as the machining parameters, while electrode wear and surface roughness are the responses. Analysis of the influence of cooling on the responses has been carried out and presented in this study. It was possible to reduce electrode wear ratio up to 27% by electrode cooling. Surface roughness was also reduced while machining with electrode cooling.

This paper presented a smart servo control feed-drive for electro discharge systems machining and processing industrial applications. The servo control drive consists of three main components, a linear piezoelectric ultrasonic motor, piezoelectric ultrasonic drive and servo control unit. On this paper, the linear ultrasonic analysis, design and development process has been discussed. The test and validation of the servo control feed drive in Electro Discharge machining and processing system industrial applications has also been presented. The linear piezoelectric ultrasonic motor consists of three parts, the stator, rotor and sliding element. The linear ultrasonic motor development life cycle, design and structure, mechanism of motion, Finite Element analysis, and experimental examination of the characteristics has been discussed in this paper. The electronic driver of the ultrasonic motor consists of two main stages which are the booster and piezoelectric amplifier. The piezo ampli...

Many attempts has been made to model performance parameters of EDM process using ANN. For modeling generally ANN architectures, learning/training algorithms and nos. of hidden neurons are varied to achieve minimum error, but the variation is made in random manner. So here a full factorial design has been implemented to achieve the optimal of above. From the ANOVA result the significance order also has been decided. After that optimal process modeling of MRR in EDM with the best of above
parameter has been performed

This paper attempted to study the induced surface residual stresses due the effect of Electrical discharge machining (EDM) input parameters, (the pulse current, the pulse-on time and the type of electrode). The work included the use of two types of electrode, the copper and graphite as well as using or without using the graphite powder mixing with the kerosene dielectric (PMEDM) for machining AISI D2 dies steel. The response surface methodology (RSM) was used for design the experimental work matrices. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used, and models were built to predict the surface residual stresses. The obtained results showed that the minimum tensile surface residual stresses obtained when using the copper electrodes with pulse current (22 A) and pulse on duration (40 µs) when working with kerosene dielectric alone and (8 A) with (120 µs) when working with graphite powder mixing. The results concluded that the using of graphite electrodes and kerosene dielectric alone or with powder mixing induced minimum residual stresses with pulse current (22 A) and pulse on duration (120 µs). The copper electrodes with kerosene dielectric and graphite powder mixing improved the induced tensile residual stresses by about (80 %) lower than when using kerosene dielectric alone and about (50%) lower than with graphite electrodes and the kerosene dielectric alone or with graphite mixing powder.

The powder mixed-EDM (PMEDM) is a prominent field in precise manufacturing where the material removal operation depends on the electrical erosion mechanism between electrodes in this environment. Prior studies strived to improve the performance of this field, but the obstacles represented by controlling the parameters of this environment created difficulties for the researchers. One of the most important results of this situation is the agglomeration problem between the electrode tool and the workpiece that leads to the collapse of the spark. Thus, the performance of PMEDM environment declines. This study covers the primary reasons for the occurrence of the agglomeration phenomenon in PMEDM. In addition, this study proposes a new methodology to compute the quantity of agglomeration through introducing new hypotheses and procedures. Following from here, the proposed methodology is able to determine the dimensions of the recast layer zone and the density of this zone. Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) or Optical Emission Spectrometry (OES) plays an important role in specifying the weight percentage of workpiece elements before and after machining in PMEDM. This study adopted a previous study which observed D2 steel before and after machining in PMEDM by using OES. Furthermore, it applies virtual dimensions of the melting area and the recast layer zone for proving this proposed methodology. Therefore, the total agglomeration for D2 steel is 0.003942529 mg while the active agglomeration of tungsten, carbon, molybdenum, and manganese is 0.001971264 mg. Moreover, the square of the correlation factor (R-sq) and R-sq (adj.) resulting from multiple linear regression analysis for the total agglomeration of D2 steel are 99.36% and 98.97%, respectively. Finally, this methodology presents a new mechanism to specify the performance of PMEDM through adopting the agglomeration ratio as a new criterion. Thus, the agglomeration ratio according to the proposed methodology came up to (50%) which implies that the agglomeration did not exceed the critical stage.

When making music in the style of contemporary
Trance and Drum n Bass, a composer/producer does
not need to have a theoretical understanding of Traditional
Western European musical principles to compose
interesting music. The basic working material is
no longer pitch, but timbre. Using an analysis of specific
musical works within these genres, this paper will
demonstrate that while western melodic and harmonic
forms are still evident in these musics, timbre is foregrounded
as the basic working material of the composer.
In these musics, Timbres are being manipulated to
create sonic textural variations and sequential structures
that in this discussion are referred to as Timbral
Cadential cycles.

The notion of at Timbral Cadence,
or a movement from musical instability to stability, is
a good starting point for an analysis of the compositional
forms of Trance and Drum and Bass. This paper
will present transcriptions of Drum N Bass and
Trance music works accompanied by a simple graphic
analysis based on ‘Reason’ and ‘Cubase’ software arrangement
windows.

Machining of hard metal is very difficult process by conventional method. So we use a non conventional method for hard material the method is known as electrical discharge machining (EDM) process. And the material for machining is tungsten carbide (k-10). Where the composition of that material is (94% of W & 6% of C)? Electrical discharge machining (EDM) is one of the most widely used non-traditional machining processes. Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) is the process of machining electrically conductive materials by using precisely controlled sparks that occur between an electrode and a workpiece in the presence of a dielectric fluid. The electrode may be considered the cutting tool. This paper investigate about the effect of EDM parameters using pulse on time, pulse of time, current and voltage on material removal rate (MRR). In the present Work we take copper as electrode. Using Taguchi method, an L16 orthogonal array is used in the experiment and four levels corresponding to each of the variables are taken.

EDM is a well-established hole machining option with various advantages due to non-contact characteristics of the process. However, knowledge about the process is not enough for its more improvements. Exprimenal studies are costly  and  time  consuming  because  of  the  complex  nature  of  process. Therefore, process modeling is a good alternative to reduce the experimental expense related to the technology. This paper studys EDM process through mathematical model, which includes the precise insight into the interactive behavior of EDM system. The ignition, discharge and recovery phases of the model  have  been  developed  through  MATLABs  time  domain  analysis.Simulation  result  shows  good  agreement  with  expected  profile  of EDM spark. To verify the model, simulated material removal rates (MRRs) from series of simulation are compared with the experimental ones reported by previous researcher. Ability of the model to predict the dynamic behavior profile  of  the  EDM  system  is  successfully  confirmed  by  low  average percentage error in predicting MRR.

Electrical discharge machining (EDM) is non-traditional machining processes. EDM process is based on thermoelectric energy between the work piece and a tool electrode. A pulse discharge occurs in a small gap between the work piece and the tool electrode and removes the unwanted material from the material through melting and vaporizing. The present study discusses about having an overview of the Electrical discharge machining process, and influence of process parameters like input current, pulse on time and pulse off time on performance parameter such as MRR, EWR and over cut. This study discusses about controlling the process parameters and optimization of process parameters in EDM process. From the review, it has been observed that the machining process can be improved by process parameters like current, pulse on time and pulse off time and also observed that electrodes material also effect on the material removal rate, electrode wear rate and over cut.