East European Enamelled Ornaments

The article systemizes information about  nds of objects in East European enameling style from the Gomel region (Dnieper basin). All of them were found in the rivers Dnieper and Sozh basins; such objects are unknown by now in the Pripyat area. A series of  nds originating from archaeologically investigated complexes are of particular interest. The objects belong to different kinds: triangular  bulae,  bulae-brooch, penannular  bulae, lunula pendants and spurs. Two cases of co-occurrence of enameled objects with copper provincial Roman coins of the 3rd c. are known. New data  lls considerably the gap existing earlier in the area of spreading the enamels to the south-east of Belarus.

At the post-Zarubintsy Pochep settlement (sec- ond half of the 1st — early 2nd century AD) (Fig. 1, 1) excavated in the 1950s, were found remains of a bronze-casting workshop (Fig. 2, А, 3) and rare metalworking tools (Fig. 4, 2–4). Among the latter, a unique find is represented by an iron puncheon with an S-shaped working butt (Fig. 4, 4). For a long time these important finds have not attracted proper attention of researchers. In the present article, the ties between the metalworking at the Pochep set- tlement and the style of East European Enamelled Ornaments are discussed (Fig. 5, 7, 8). It is exactly the lamellar ornaments in the latter style (Fig. 5, 1–3) that demonstrate imprints similar to thosewhich the puncheon found in the Pochep settle- ment would have left. The technological parameters of the jewellery tools (Figs. 4, 3, 4) attest that these instruments were imported to the Dnieper region, therefore they presumably came there together with the artisans — natives of cultures of the west Baltic circle. The foreign masters can have come to the Dnieper owing to the migration of groups of Baltic people in the 1st century AD as it was reconstructed by M. B. Shchukin on the basis of late eye brooches from the Dnieper region. The present study adds a weighty argument for the hypothesis that the origins of East European Enamelled Ornaments were in the southern Baltic region.

This article provides data on most of the finds of objects with champlevé enamels from the late Roman
period from the territory of Belarus and adjacent regions of Russia, known from various sources. Detailed
mapping of points by category has been completed. A total of 165 places with finds were noted in all regions
of Belarus, Pskov and Smolensk regions of Russia.
The northern border of the mass distribution of things with enamels of «Dnieper» types is outlined.
The finds are distributed rather unevenly in the territory under consideration, forming concentration zones
(Upper Nioman, the watershed of the rivers of the Dnieper and Western Dvina basins, the Homieĺ and
Mahilioŭ Dnieper and Sozh river region). The chronology of the things we cataloged in the region is very
wide and includes all the time of their existence. Some of the finds in the settlements are quite obviously
associated with the late Zarubintsy-Kiev tradition.
Probably the «carriers of enamels» themselves played an important and, possibly, dominant role in the
Dnieper region and in the most important transit zones on the Baltic-Black Sea and Dnieper-Volga routes.
And it is on the territory considered in this publication that most of these transit areas are concentrated,
which undoubtedly influenced the wide distribution of things of the range of champlevé enamels, which
have become a bright distinctive feature of the costume.

""The present article is devoted to warrior emanel goods: spurs, whips and drinking horns. The author fixes the main territories of their distribution in upstream of Niemen, upstream and middle stream of Dnieper. Most part of the presented goods belongs to so called stray finds and it makes the purpose of research in chronology and ethnicity more complicated.
The present typology of spurs based on morphological signs. Three variants are singled out. The first (I) variant is characterized by simple bail, the second (II) – by platforms and crosscut bar; the Third (III) – by bosses and rossettes on bail. Spurs were mostly bimetallic –body was produced of bronze, the calk – of iron.
The chronology of the spurs is based in direct analogies from European barbaricum. The earliest appear at B2 phase, the peak of their advance is dated to C1, the latest ones continue to exist at C2 and C3 phases.
Finds or drinking horn decorated with emanel demonstrate the possibility of  existence of customs connected with chieftain armed forces. The same assumption concerned of whips as the part of military equipment which finds some analogies both in Roman Empire and Nothern Europe.
""

This article examines the materials of a new group of archaeological sites from the end of the 4th till the beginning of the 5th century situated on the northeastern border of the Chernyakhov culture in Kursk Seym region. They were first discov- ered in 2002. Currently, more than 25 settlements are known. The sites were given the name Lgov- Fatezh group, abbreviated as LFG. It is located between the Seym, Tuskar’ and Svapa rivers (S – 5000 km2). Most of the settlements are found in the upper streams of the right tributary of the Seym. Earlier settlements of Chernyakhov cul- ture of the C2–C3 period in the region were lo- cated to the south and east of the rich black soil (‘chernozem’) valleys. We do not have accurate information about earlier materials on the LFG sites at the moment.
The first sites that we relate to LFG were re- vealed in 1960–1970 by È. A. Symonovič, who, however, did not allocate them to the main group of the Chernyakhov settlements. From most of the sites numerous surface finds were received. By means of effective excavations È. A. Symon- ovič studied the Kolosovka village (1971). Excava- tions and a survey were carried out by the author (2005–2015) on the settlements of Nikolaevka, Marmyži, Razdol’e-1 and -2, Fillipova. All findings refer to the last stages of the Chernyakhov culture and the early Huns Period. In all cases, fragments of Chernyakhov wheel-made vessels were found.
The chronoindicators are coins of the emperors (Valens – Arcadius – Honorius), shield buckles with hemispherical tongues, flattened-oval belt buckles, various types of brooches, three-bladed arrowhead, late varieties of enamel disk-brooche and several other categories of items.
At this stage of research the materials allow us to make cautious assumptions that by the end of the 4th century the local Chernyakhov popula- tion was dramatically reduced and left their terri- tory, while some groups migrated into the upper reaches of the right tributary of the Seym. Finds of periods D1–D2 are also known on other sites of the Seym region in some cases, usually associated with the sites of pre-existing settlements, which indicates the preservation of the population and the rest of the interfluve of the Seym and Psel. The central part of the LFG microregion was difficult to access due to strong forestation and a deep gul- ly landscape. The existence of numerous finds of items of weaponry which may point to the death of settlements as a result of military operations. Undoubtedly, the penetration of foreign cultures associated with the population of the forest zone (brooches of late-enamel style, axes of the ‘East Balts’ type).
Sites of the Lgov-Fatezh group are at the mo- ment among the later ones, maintaining direct links with the Chernyakhov culture in the east of the Dnieper left bank. The exact time of the origin and ethnic composition of the final settlements for the Chernyakhov culture in the upper reach- es of the Prutishсhe/Прутище river can not be determined as yet, but as a brief survey of dating the artefacts showed, they existed reliably in the end of the 4th century beginning of the 5th century, and most likely only for a short time. Further cul-
ture genesis in the region was due with the ‘early Slavonic’ Kolochin culture which had a complete- ly different structure and appearance of materi- al culture. At the same time, the participation of the remnants of the Chernyakhov population in its formation at an early stage is quite possible, as indicated by some LFG materials.

A lot of new champleve enamel goods dated back to the 2-3 centuries AD has been recently discovered in the Upper Dniepr regio and neighboring territories. Increased amount of finds of Roman period spurs makes it possible to characterize their peculiarities. Spread of spurs, whips and drinking horns confirms the existence of warrior`s culture associated with the local horsemen elite in the end of the 2 and in the 3 century AD.

Die ersten Informationen über Dinge mit lokalen Emails in Osteuropa erschienen vor fast 180 Jahren.  Diese Dinge geschahen hauptsächlich aus dem Gebiet des modernen Litauens und Weißrusslands.  Bis zum Ende von XIX wurden Dutzende solcher Funde bekannt.  A.A. Spitsyn sammelte 1903 Informationen über 295 Dinge mit Emails verschiedener Typen vom Nordkaukasus bis zur Ostsee.  Die in den 1930er Jahren von H. Moora durchgeführten Kartierungen ergaben zwei Konzentrationen von Dingen in den baltischen Staaten und im mittleren Dnjepr.  1978 wurde eine Reihe von "gekerbten" Emails von G. F. Korzukhina veröffentlicht, in denen bereits 248 Punkte (über 400 Artikel) berücksichtigt wurden.  In den 2000er Jahren  Die Arbeit von 1978 wurde ergänzt, wobei die meisten Funde in Litauen, Weißrussland, Desna-basin, Ober-Oka-gebiet und der Wolga-Region berücksichtigt wurden.
In den frühen 2000er Jahren war Osteuropa mit einem bisher nicht gelösten Problem konfrontiert - unkontrollierten Ausgrabungen mit Metalldetektoren.  Tausende Siedlungen wurden geplündert, Zehntausende archäologischer Funde fielen auf den Schwarzmarkt und illegale Sammlungen.  Angesichts der Helligkeit des Emaille-Stils ziehen „barbarische“ Emails auf dem Schwarzmarkt der Antiquitäten besondere Aufmerksamkeit auf sich.  In den späten 2000er Jahren.  Die Notwendigkeit, die maximale Anzahl von Funden im Auge zu behalten, ist vielen Forschern klar geworden.  Die Arbeit mit solchen Quellen wurde unter Berücksichtigung der für numismatisches Material entwickelten Methodik möglich.
Diese Arbeit fasst die Erstellung einer Datenbank und die Kartierung der überwiegenden Mehrheit der Funde zusammen, die sowohl aus offiziellen Ausgrabungen als auch aus „zufälligen“ Sammlungen stammen.  Derzeit wurden mehr als 950 Punkte von der Ostsee bis zum Schwarzen Meer, von der Weichsel bis zur Wolga erfasst.  Neben geografischen Bindungen stellte sich heraus, dass eine große Anzahl von Objekten im Dnjepr nur an Verwaltungsregionen gebunden war.  Insgesamt wurden mehr als 3900 Artikel mit Emaille berücksichtigt.
Die ersten Ergebnisse erlauben es uns, über das Fehlen einer Unterteilung in Bereiche zu sprechen, was in der Arbeit von G. F. Korzukhina angenommen wurde.  Das Verteilungsfeld von Emails ist praktisch das gleiche.  In den letzten Jahren wurden Lücken in der Don-Region in Polesie nördlich der Karpaten im Oberlauf der Oka geschlossen.
Durch die Zuordnung nach Kategorien konnten wir zwei Gruppen von Dingen unterscheiden, von denen die erste die breitesten Bereiche aufweist - hufeisenförmige Broschen, scheibenförmige Broschen, Sporen, Hörner zum Trinken, während sich die zweite hauptsächlich auf den mittleren Dnjepr und das linke Ufer des Dnjepr konzentriert.
In einigen Kategorien bilden die Dinge auch Mikrokonzentrationen, hauptsächlich sind sie mit hufeisenförmigen Broschen verbunden.  Spezielle lokale Arten sind hauptsächlich in den baltischen Staaten sowie in der Mitte von Oka-gebiet und der oberen Wolga-Region verbreitet.
Funde aller Kategorien finden sich nur im mittleren und oberen Dnjepr, im Oberlauf des Oka und im mittleren Don.  Diese Gebiete fallen im Wesentlichen mit der Verbreitungszone von Denkmälern der späten Zarubinets-Kiew-Tradition zusammen. Offensichtlich ist dieses Gebiet das Epizentrum der Verbreitung von Emaille-Traditionen.  Ihre Hauptquelle befand sich jedoch eindeutig im Westen und war mit der Kontaktzone zu deutschen Kulturen verbunden.  Im Oberlauf des westlichen und südlichen Bug, Dnister, fällt die Verteilung der Emails territorial und chronologisch mit den militärischen Bestattungen in Przeworsk des II der ersten Hälfte des III Jahrhunderts.
Die Grundlage für dieses Phänomen könnte ein komplexes System der Fluss- und Landkommunikation sein, das die Ostsee mit dem Schwarzen Meer verbindet und die Wolga in den II-III Jahr. überblickt  könnte unter der Kontrolle der Bevölkerung von Trägern eines Komplexes "barbarischer" Emails stehen.

After the demise of the Zarubintsy culture in the middle of the I century AD, the vast areas between the Upper Dnieper and South Bug were occupied by groups of Post-Zarubintsy sites, which existed till the appearance of the Kiev culture at the end of the II century AD. M. B. Shchukin singled out within this period a particular chronological phenomenon, which he designated as the Rakhny-Pochep horizon (after the names of two most representative sites). The horizon was dated to the interval from the middle of the I century BC to the beginning of the II century BC. The paper deals with modern understanding and usage of the term «Post-Zarubintsy horizon». The author comes to the conclusion that the notion «Rakhny-Pochep horizon» is often used incorrectly being taken as a synonym of the notion «Post-Zarubintsy horizon». He proposes to distinguish one more chronological horizon, which followed the Rakhny-Pochep one and existed till the emergence of the Kiev culture.

1973-ban egyetemi doktori, "kisdoktori" fokozatot szerzett. Mint ismeretes a Szent Korona Amerikából visszatérve Magyarországra először a Magyar Nemzeti Múzeumba került. Ebben az időben Lovag Zsuzsa a MNM-ban dolgozott, így Kovács Éva művészettörténész mellett intenzíven foglalkozhatott a Szent Koronával is. Amíg Kovács Éva 1978 után csak olyan dolgokkal foglalkozott melyekre bizonyítékot talált, azt értelmezte, addig Lovag merész állításokat tett a korona műszaki kivitelezésére is. Itt ebben a cikkben foglalkozunk az általam ismert Szent Koronára vonatkozó cikkeinek műszaki értékelésével.

Главной целью статьи является освещение основных этапов становления и развития в России иконописи на финифти. Финифть-характерный для России вид художественной эмали, на которой в конце XVIII столетия ростовские мастера стали писать небольшие нательные иконки. Путем анализа отдельных объектов-финифтяных образков XIX-начала XX вв.-автор определяет иконографические и стилистические особенности данных произведений. В качестве дополнительных источников приводятся также и литературные произведения.
The article describes the main stages of the formation and development of finift icon painting in Russia. Finift is a type of artistic enamel typical for Russia which Rostov masters began painting small wearable icons on at the end of the 18th century. After analysing individual objects known as finift icons of the 19th and early 20th centuries the author defines the iconographic and stylistic features of these works. Literary works are also cited as additional sources.

The paper deals with Sarmatian mirror and scissors – the set that is quite untypical of hoards of “enamelled-style” items. In the late Sarmatian culture, the two objects make a ceremonial set. Usukh hoard is the second complex of the type including items and images associated with the sacred sector of Sarmatian culture. This might be considered as proof of the fact that hoards of “enamelled” items were made by people somehow involved in the Sarmatian world, those who were aware of their cult practices. The conclusions made in the paper support the interpretation of some hoards of “enamelled” items as votive ones.

Статья посвящена публикации и атрибуции двух подвесок-лунниц из раскопок К.К. Косцюшко-Волюжинича в Херсонесе. Предметы относятся к средней
стадии эволюции восточноевропейских украшений с выемчатыми эмалями
(конец II – III в. н. э.). Предполагается, что кочевники позднесарматской
культуры были посредниками, через которых предметы стиля варварских
эмалей попадали из лесной и лесостепной зоны Поднепровья и Днепровского
Левобережья на Крымский полуостров.

Amongst different types of East European enamelled ornaments, the neck–rings (torques) made of three twisted wires and with ringlet–shaped ends, are a conservative stuff category. In the South Eastern Baltic Area, these are known from stray finds (Tauragė) and from burial complexes (Mėžionys, Veršvai). In the Dnieper–Oka region, such neck–rings originate from hoards (Moshchiny, Mezhigor’ye, Glazhevo, Usukh). Amongst the neck–rings of the Mėžionys burial ground, there is a specimen cut in two—what could serve as a piece of evidence of ‘killing’ the stuff. In three hoards from the Dnieper–Oka region, cut neck-rings are known, too. The latter could indicate the sacrificial or votive character of the hoards of enamelled ornaments.