Economics of Inequality

लोकायत पूना के साथियों ने देश में बेरोज़गारी के महासंकट पर बहुत गहरायी से शोध और सच्चाईयां जमा करके हिन्दी में यह बेमिसाल काम किया है। यह किताब इस मयाने में ख़ास ही कि बौद्धिक तौर पर इस मसले को समझाती है, इस का हल पेश करती है जो अनयथा नरेबाज़ी या सरलीकरण का शिकार हो जाता है। यह पुस्तक बेरोज़गारी के बारे में देश और दुनिया के शासक वर्गों के ज़रिये फेलाय जा रहे झूट के पुलनदे का भंडा-फोड़ करती है। जब देश के हिंदुतवादी शासक लोगों को बांटने के लिये हर रोज़ नया हथकंडा इस्तेमाल कर रहे हों, यह किताब जनता के बीच में एकता स्थापित करने का भी ज़रूरी काम करेगी क्योंकि बेरोज़गारी सब को ही बराबर से तबाह कर रही है। 
इस पढ़ें और लोगों तक पहुचायें।

New Institutional Economics advocates that institutional type determines developmental outcomes. For example, Acemoglu and Robinson (2012) in Why Nations Fail attribute prosperity to inclusive institutions. Within this institutional framework, the United States is consistently portrayed as an archetype of inclusive states. Aggregate economic data supports this claim. However, such data obscures within-country inequality. In light of this, the following dissertation conducts a case study of the United States using disaggregate data divided by race and class. It concludes that institutional type alone is insufficient for achieving positive developmental outcomes. Rather, power relations within institutions are arguably more important for development.

This paper seeks to shed light on some of the factors limiting opportunities for the middle class and driving wealth inequality around the globe. It makes a case for a rethink of the fundamental principles of capitalism, and concludes by advocating the need for innovative ways of charting the course of economic history for the next generation.

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We invite you to take part in one of the largest editorial projects on
Inequality - Mapping Global Inequality - Major Reference Work Book
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We review the 'skill-biased technological change (SBTC) versus North-South trade (NST)' debate in order to explain widening wage inequality between skilled and unskilled workers. The traditional explanations based on ex-ogenous SBTC and on the North-South Heckscher-Ohlin-Samuelson approach, as well as the early estimates that diagnosed a clear prevalence of the former, are firstly exposed and discussed. A presentation is then made of the recent theoretical literature that endogenizes SBTC, introduces new channels of impacts from NST, and combines both explanations. Finally, the current estimates show that (i) both explanations are relevant, (ii) their impacts differ according to industries and countries, (iii) outsourcing is the main vector of impact from NST and (iv) SBTC and NST interact.

A monetary system in which money and debt are two sides of the same ‘thing’, sustaining the monetary system is predicated on two fundamental conditions: (i) that old debts are repaid with new debt and (ii) that interest on existing debt is paid out of fresh debt. The political economy of money depends on issues such as (i) how much of money is created by public deficit vis-a-vis private deficit (ii) inequality in access to borrowings within the private sector and (iii) inequality in access to refinancing of debt-principal and interest. All these factors determine access of different sections of the population to productive resources and hence the manner in which wealth and income are eventually distributed.

Economic inequality is one of the main issues of modern societies, and one of the ways to reduce it is through decreasing inequality tolerance and increasing support for economic redistribution. However, there are no consistent results in previous research about the relationship between perceived economic inequality, tolerance to inequality, and support for redistributive policies. In this paper, we argue that rather than measuring the effects of abstract perceived inequality (e.g., measured at the country level), it is important to consider Perceived Economic Inequality in Everyday Life (PEIEL) and close relationships. In one correlational study (N = 207) we found that a PEIEL scale predicts intolerance toward inequality controlling for the common measures of perceived inequality. Moreover, we developed a novel manipulation which was validated in a pilot study (N = 293), and in four experimental studies (N = 261; N = 373; N = 289, N = 289), we found that PEIEL decreases tolerance to inequality. Furthermore, we found a preliminary indirect effect of PEIEL on attitudes toward redistribution through intolerance to inequality. A mini meta-analysis using political ideology, social class, sex, and age as covariates, corroborated these results. All studies were preregistered. In short, these results highlight the importance of perceived inequality in everyday life as an additional tool when considering the psychosocial effects of economic inequality.

RESUMO A desigualdade global, ou a desigualdade de renda entre os indivíduos no mundo é foco deste ensaio, que visa entender as implicações desse fenômeno para a sociedade contemporânea. Para tanto, procura-se entender como se formou a atual distribuição de renda e como vem sendo medida para obter um diagnóstico atual da distribuição de recursos entre indivíduos no mundo. A partir daí, comenta-se sobre as consequências desse fenômeno social, com a premissa de que se pode atingir um nível de desigualdade de renda a partir do qual os esforços para empreender e inovar são inibidos, e o desenvolvimento sustentável das sociedades é comprometido. É importante compreender a evolução da desigualdade, sua situação atual e suas consequências, para vislumbrar mecanismos de nivelamento para a formulação de de uma sociedade mais justa.