Eggshells

Fresh eggs are natural and inexpensive source of high quality micronutrients. Egg products are used widely by the foodservice industry in a variety of forms with white, yolk and whole liquid. Thermal processing remains the most commonly used method for achieving safe and convenient these food products including eggs. However, the high temperatures cause detrimental effects on nutritional components such as coagulation and also changes in taste and texture. It is necessary for fresh eggs products to reach the final consumer with high quality. Ultrasonication is a one of the fast, versatile, emerging, and promising green technology used in the food industry from last few years with extended the shelf life including egg processing.

Global Egg Processing Trends - Production of Egg and Egg Products Worldwide - Morphological Structure of Eggs - Chemical Composition of Eggs - Changes in Eggs Quality attributes during Storage - Egg Preservation/Processing Methods - Functional Properties of Egg Products and Egg White - Factors Affecting Egg's Quality - Processing of Egg products Overview -  Commercial Egg Processing and Practices - Enzymes Applications in Egg Processing - Laboratory Analysis Methods & Applications and other topics of egg processing science are covered in this book.

Limestone was crumbled into fine particles (LF) of 0.1-0.4 mm or to a particulate grit (LG) of 2-4 mm. One hundred and eighty individually kept Hy-Line Brown laying hens were used in the experiment and divided into 10 groups. Diets containing 8.1% of LF or LG substituted for LF at a proportion of 10, 20, 40, 50, 60, 80 and 100% were compared with diet containing 8.1% oyster shells. At moderate substitution levels, the particulate limestone grit increased the thickness of eggshells in the first laying period (60-80% LG), improved yolk pigmentation (20-100% LG) and enlarged calcium deposition in eggshells (10-100% LG). Partial (20-90%) and complete substitution of LG for LF increased eggshell breaking strength, but improvement of tibia bone strength was observed only at 20% LG limestone. Analysis of feed refusals suggests that the limit value of voluntary intake of grit particles LG is 5.5 g daily per hen.

BACKROUND: In this study, hen eggs which were experimentally contaminated withEsherichia coliATCC 25922 were used.
Contaminated eggs were washed statically (S5 to S30; 0 kHz) and by ultrasonic waves (U5 to U30; 35 kHz) for given applications
of time (5, 15 and 30 min), then the eggs were stored at 22
◦
C for 14 days.
RESULTS: Depending on the time of ultrasonic application, a significant increase in egg shell strength (P<0.01) was recorded.
The highest value of the Haugh unit (67.93, 1 day) was observed on the eggs which were washed by ultrasonic waves. Yolk
width values of ultrasonic washed eggs diminished.E. coliwas completely removed by 30 min of ultrasonic application. During
storageE. coligrowth was not detected on the eggs which were washed by ultrasonic waves except the eggs in U5 group (2.04
log CFU eggshell
−1
) on the first day of storage.
CONCLUSION: Depending on the time of ultrasonic application a significant increase in egg quality parameters (shell strength,
albumen height, Haugh units, and yolk height) were observed. The application of ultrasound led to a significant reduction inE.
colinumbers on egg shells.

Within the expanded field of drawing, my Master of Fine Art project explores this liferidden planet's journey through time and space by investigating the role played by cataclysm and renewal in planetary deep time. Instead of binaries, this exegesis asks, can destruction and creation be seen as a single evolutionary force and, if so, how does an artist interpret such a force? Using Earth's evolutionary development as its foundation, my project aims to suggest a visual story of the interconnectedness of matter through deep time, viewing a brief but impactful human presence in perspective amidst an unfolding epic. To reinforce this aim my practice materially apposes the domestic and the numinous. Answers and inspiration are sought within three main research platforms: art history and practice, the natural sciences, and posthuman critical theory. Incomprehensible reaches of deep time and the interconnectedness of matter within the cosmos, as revealed by recent science, inspire ineffable awe, a fundamental principle of the sublime. This is where I trace my art practice's field and history. Produced in tandem with research, my artwork features domestic materials, directed chance and recycled elements using, as the Earth does, products from earlier experiments in revised ways.

This research paper reports on the feasibility and viability of eggshells ash and its effects on the water content and setting time of cement. An experiment was carried out to determine the quantity of water required in order to follow standard cement paste of normal consistency in accordance with MS EN 196-3:2007. The eggshells ash passing the 90µm sieve was used in the investigation. Eggshells ash with percentage of 0%, 0.1%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% and 2.0% were constituted to replace the cement. Chemical properties of both eggshells ash and cement are compared. From the results obtained, both eggshells ash and cement have the same chemical composition and primary composition which is the calcium compounds. Results from the setting time show that by adding the eggshells ash to the cement, the setting time of the cement decreases. In short, the higher amount of eggshells ash, the faster the rate of setting and apply to all percentage of eggshells ash that were used in this investigation. Both initial and final setting times fulfill the setting time requirements by Malaysian Standard. Hence, it is suggested that eggshells ash can be used as an admixture in concrete mix.

— According to Butcher and Miles (1990) the composition of eggshell is approximately 97% of calcium carbonate. The use of calcium carbonate in the pharmacy is as antacid because it has ability to neutralize acid in the stomach. The antacids spreading among the community, so far, are within the shape offering uncomfortable sense on the mouth, such as suspension, effervescent, and rigid tablet. Hence, this experiment has aim to generate antacid from chicken eggshell with shape of FDT (Fast Dissolve Tablet), that is tablet designed to easily quickly dissolve without needing the mechanical process on the mouth. The procedures of experiment include sample preparation, FDT formulation, and effectiveness of antacid assessment. Within 665 gram of chicken eggshell, it can obtain 611 gram of ash. The extraction of calcium from the ash using HCl 3N and concentrated (NH4)2CO3 solution is obtained 50,75 gram calcium carbonate. Afterward, the FDT formulation are fixed and gained the effectiveness of it, wherein has the average of disintegration time approximately 20 seconds. The effectiveness of antacid assessment using USP (United State Pharmacopeia) techniques gets neutralization time approximately 1 minute 42 seconds and the final pH is 5,7, stable for 30 minutes. Keywords—eggshell, antacid, FDT (Fast Dissolve Tablet) Abstrak— Menurut Butcher dan Miles (1990) komponen cangkang telur terdiri atas 97% kalsium karbonat. Penggunaan kalsium karbonat dalam bidang farmasi adalah sebagai antasida karena kemampuannya dalam menetralisir asam (Soine, 1961). Bentuk sediaan antasida yang beredar di masyarakat anatara lain dalam bentuk suspense, effervescent, atau tablet kunyah yang kesemuanya mengharuskan kontak rasa asing dengan lidah. Oleh karenanya, cangkang telur akan dibuat sebagai antasida tipe FDT (Fast Dissolve Tablet), yaitu tablet yang didesain untuk cepat larut segera setelah obat melewati kerongkongan. Cara kerja yang dilakukan terdiri dari penyiapan bahan, formulasi FDT, uji tablet, dan uji simulasi antasida. Dari 665 gram cangkang telur ayam diperoleh 611 gram abu. Pengekstrakan kalsium dari abu tersebut menggunakan HCl 3N dan larutan (NH 4) 2 CO 3 pekat diperoleh 50,75 gram kalsium karbonat. Kemudian, penentuan formula FDT yang tepat dan diperoleh efektifitasnya yang ditinjau dari rata-rata waktu disintegrasinya, yaitu 20 detik. Uji simulasi asam lambung menurut USP (United State Pharmacopela) diperoleh waktu netralisasi asam lambung dari antasida cangkang telur FDT, yaitu 1 menit 42 detik, dengan pH akhir sebesar 5,79 yang dapat bertahan selama 30 menit. Kata Kunci—cangkang telur, antasida, FDT (Fast Dissolve Tablet)

This paper studied the effect of common salt on the compaction and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) properties of eggshell stabilized lateritic soils with a view of obtaining a good compliment for eggshell as a useful stabilizer for road works. Classification and consistency tests were performed on the soil samples which were also subjected to compaction and CBR tests. Stabilization was performed at optimum eggshell and with 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10% of common salt. The addition of common salt reduced the Plastic Indices (PI) of the samples. The values reduced from 14.82, 11.11 and 7.99% to 8.03, 1.25 and 1.23% in samples A, B and C respectively. Maximum Dry Density (MDD) increased from 1995 to 2140 kg/m 3 and 2000 to 2110 kg/m 3 in samples B and C respectively. The unsoaked CBR values also increased from 34.78 to 50.99 kN/m 2 , 15.64 to 28.89 kN/m 2 and 27.31 to 34.20 kN/m 2 at optimum stabilization in samples A, B and C respectively. The result showed that the addition of common salt improved the compaction and CBR characteristics of eggshell stabilized soils.

Yumurta bir insanın ihtiyaç duyduğu tüm bileşenleri içermesi açısından fonksiyonel gıda olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Yumurta ve yumurta ürünleri asırlardır insanlar tarafından tüketilmektedir. Günümüzde endüstriyel yumurta ürünleri gıda sektörü açısından fonksiyonel önem olan bir girdi olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Yumurta proteini (albümin) en iyi protein kaynağı olup, birçok işlenmiş gıdanın üretim prosesinde köpük oluşturma, jelleşme, bağlayıcı, hacim verme ve kabartıcı gibi farklı amaçlarla sıvı veya toz formunda kullanılmaktadır. Ancak yumurta fiyatlarının stabil olmaması ve haftalık değişkenlik göstermesi, kuş gribi bulaşıcı hastalığı riski ile karşı karşıya olması ve dönemsel olarak hastalık-kalıntı riskleri taşıması sebebiyle günümüzde yumurta ikameleri özellikle gıda endüstrisi tarafından yumurta girdisinin yerine kullanılabilmektedir. Yumurtanın yerini alabilecek birçok gıda alternatifi olmasına rağmen yumurtanın kendine has olarak oluşturduğu bağlama, köpük oluşturma veya lezzet gibi fonksiyonel özelliklerin tamamını sağlayan ikame bulunmamaktadır.

Telur merupakan salah satu bahan makanan yang berasal dari ternak unggas. Telur mengandung protein yang tinggi dan memiliki kandungan asam amino yang lengkap dan daya cerna yang tinggi, sehingga digunakan sebagai pembanding dalam menentukan mutu protein bahan makanan yang dikenal dengan isitilah PST (protein setara telur). Terdapat beberapa jenis telur yang dihasilkanoleh hewan dan biasa di konsumsi oleh masyarakat dan banyak diperdagangkan. Jenis telur tersebut adalah telur ayam, itik/bebek, puyuh,penyu, dan telur ikan. Telur ayam ada dua jenis yaitu telur ayam kampung (buras) dan telur ayam negeri (ras).
Sebagai bahan makanan penghasil protein, telur sangat digemari oleh masyarakat karena pengolahannya yang praktis dan mudah. Telur merupakan produk yang mudah rusak, sifatnya mudah pecah dan kualitasnya cepat berubah, baik dalam proses transportasi maupun selama penyimpanan. Perubahan yang terjadi tersebut dapat mempengaruhi kesehatan manusia sebagai pengkonsumsi telur. Oleh karena itu konsumen selalu mencari telur yang memiliki kualitas yang bagus, bersih, dan segar. Kualitas telur dapat dilihat dari dua aspek, yaitu secara eksternal yang meliputi warna kerabang, kebersihan telur, berat telur, panjang telur, dan lain sebagainya. Sedangkan secara internal meliputi diameter albumen atau putih telur, kuning telur, tinggi dari putih telur dan kuning telur, tebal kerabang, berat kerabang, dan lain sebagainya. Kedua kualitas tersebut harus dapat dipahami agar dapat memilih jenis telur yang baik dan segar. Maka dari itu praktikum tentang pengamatan kualitas eksternal dan internal telur segar ini dilakukan. Agar dapat memahami dan mengetahui ciri-ciri dan bentuk dari telur yang berkualitas baik.

Günümüzde tarımsal atık yönetimi, gıda işletmecilerinin en sık karşılaştıkları sorunlarından biridir. Birleşmiş Milletler Gıda ve Tarım Örgütü (Food and Agriculture Organization, FAO)’e göre üretilen/meydana çıkan atık miktarı ve atık bertaraf maliyeti ülkemizde ve dünya genelinde her geçen gün artmaktadır. Türkiye Dünya tavuk yumurtası üretiminde 10. sırada yer almaktadır. Avrupa’da ise 3. sırada yer almaktadır. Yumurta üreticileri için, yumurta kabuğu atıklarının bertaraf edilmesi sorunuyla yüzleşmek bir zorluk olarak güncelliğini korumaktadır. Bazı yumurta işleyicileri, çöp sahalarındaki atıklarından kurtulmak için ciddi bir meblağ öderken, diğerleri yumurta kabuğu atıklarını öğütüp yakarak hayvan yemine ve düşük katma değerli ürünlere dönüştürmek için işlemektedir. Yumurta kabuğu atık olarak çevresel problemler oluşturmakta ve bunun geri dönüşümünün kolay olmadığı ve birçok karmaşık yöntem gerektirdiği bilinmektedir. Bu nedenle kabuk atıklarındaki zarın etkin ayrımı konusundaki çalışmalar ve çözüm pratikleri sınırlı kalmıştır.  Bununla birlikte, yumurta kabuğu, mineral kabuk ve iç zar ayrılabildiğinde diğer materyallerin değerli bir kaynağıdır. Kabuğun kendisinden elde edilen kalsiyum karbonat, kâğıt üretiminde, gübre veya boyamada kullanılabilmektedir. Ancak en değerli kısım ise iç zar/membrandır (yumurta kabuğu zarı), çünkü ilaç, kozmetik, tıp için, özellikle kolajen ve hyaluronik asit içeriği nedeniyle önemli bir ürün kaynağı olabilmektedir. Ayrıca yumurta kabuğu zarı biyobozunur ve yenilenebilir malzeme olarak sürdürülebilir ambalajlamada da kullanımı yanında kişisel bakım ürünleri olan yüz maskesi, yüz yıkama jeli, yüz kremi, diş macunu ve diş parlatıcısında değerlendirilmektedir.

Digital image processing techniques (DIP) have been widely used in various types of application recently. A variety of these techniques are now being used in many types of application area such as object classification, intelligent system, robotics, biometrics system, medical visualization, military, law enforcement, image enhancement and restoration, industrial inspection, artistic effect and human computer interfaces. This paper proposes the implementation of digital image processing techniques to classify three different categories of commercial eggs. The proposed system consists of the study on different types and sizes of commercial eggs, real size measurement of these eggs using Coordinate Measure Machine (CMM) and camera, classification algorithm and the development of vision based egg classification system. Image processing techniques such as image filtering and image enhancements have been applied in the system. Results have shown that the proposed system has been able to successfully classify three categories of commercial eggs with accuracy of more than 96%.

The objective of this review article is to update and discuss the current findings from studies with laying hens on dietary factors that can beneficially affect eggshell quality, with special emphasis on microelements and feed additives. The crucial importance of dietary calcium, phosphorus and vitamin D3 levels and sources for eggshell quality has been well documented in scientific literature. Many recent studies regarding the effect of nutrition on eggshell parameters have focussed on dietary micromineral levels and sources. There has been also growing interest in the influence of feed additives on the improvement of intestinal health and mineral availability. The results of the of the experiments presented in this review demonstrate that efficacy of the layer diet supplementation with microelements and feed additives is not consistent, however findings of several trials indicate, that eggshell quality may be positively affected in certain conditions by optimal dietary level and form of manganese, as well as by addition of pre- and probiotics, organic acids, and herb extracts.

A new troodontid dinosaur, Almas ukhaa, from the Late Cretaceous deposits of the Djadokhta Formation at Ukhaa Tolgod, Mongolia, is described here. The holotype specimen (IGM 100/1323) comprises an almost complete and articulated cranium and partial articulated postcranial skeleton. This specimen has a small body size and a short snout as in basal paravians, but it exhibits a number of derived troodontid features that differentiate Almas ukhaa from the Early Cretaceous troodontids reported from China and unite this new taxon with other Late Cretaceous troodontids. Relative to other troodontids, Almas ukhaa is autapomorphic in the presence of a posteriorly curved pterygoid flange, absence of a lateral groove on the anterior part of the dentary, presence of a distinct spikelike process on the ischium, and elongate chevrons. The eggshell associated with IGM 100/1323 can be assigned to Prismatoolithidae indet. based on the smooth surface, eggshell thickness, and micro-structural characteristics, and also preserves attributes similar to Protoceratopsidovum minimum. A unique relationship between Byronosaurus and the perinate troodontids IGM 100/972 and IGM 100/974 is no longer supported based on the new observations of Almas ukhaa and Gobivenator.

Çalışma kapsamda; ultrases ve pastörizasyon uygulanan  kabuklu yumurta kullanılarak üretilen beze ürününün karakterizasyonu gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu amaçla kabuklu yumurtaya ultrases ve pastörizsyon işlemi uygulanmış ardından kırılarak beyazı ayrılmış ve beze yapımında kullanılmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında geleneksel pastörizasyon ve yenilikçi uygulama olan ultrases ile muamele edilen kabuklu yumurta ile üretilen bezeler, işlem uygulanmamış (çiğ yumurta ile) üretilenler arasındaki kalite (beze hamur yoğunluğu, reolojik davranışı) farkı ve fonksiyonel özelliklerindeki değişim ile reolojik davranışların karakterize edilmesi hedeflenmiştir.  Çalışma sonucunda, ultrases ve pastörizasyon muamelesinin beze ürününün fiziko-fonksiyonel özelliklerini (düşük özgül yoğunluk değeri) iyileştirdiği belirlenmiştir. Ancak ultrases uygulamasının beze hamur kalitesi ve akışkanlığının pastörize yumurtadan elde edilen örneğe göre creep eğrilerinde kayma gerilimi ve deformasyon ile akıcılığın diğer gruplara göre istatistiki açıdan daha düşük olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Sürünme toparlanması (Creep-recovery) testinde uygulanan çok küçük bir sabit kayma gerilmesinin etkisi altında beze hamurunun yapısında toparlanma etkisi görülmüştür. Çalışma kapsamında beze hamurunun yoğunluğunun değerleri sırası ile ultraseste 0,36; pastörizasyonda 0,37 ve kontrol grubunda ise 0,41 olarak tespit edilmiştir.

The goal of this project was to observe the effect of egg treated with ultrasound and pasteurization on meringue preparation. The study aimed to characterize the rheological behavior of meringues produced with pasteurized and ultrasound-treated shell eggs, the effect on the quality (meringue dough density, rheological behavior) were investigated. The difference between traditional techniques (pasteurization) and novel techniques (ultrasound) and non-treated (raw egg) samples were analyzed. Egg samples were untreated-unpasteurized, ultrasound treated, and pasteurized. Under the constant shear stress applied in the creep-test, the effect of recovery in the structure of the meringue batter was observed. It was observed in the study, the batter density values of meringue were 0.36 in ultrasound; 0.37 in pasteurization and 0.41 in the control group, respectively. Values between 0.35-0.40 are accepted as success criteria.

Adult dinosaurs preserved attending their nests in brooding positions are among the rarest vertebrate fossils. By far the most common occurrences are members of the dinosaur group Oviraptorosauria. The first finds of these were specimens recovered from the Djadokhta Formation at the Mongolian locality of Ukhaa Tolgod and the Chinese locality of Bayan Mandahu. Since the initial discovery of these specimens, a few more occurrences of nesting oviraptors have been found at other Asian localities. Here we report on a second nesting oviraptorid specimen (IGM 100/1004) sitting in a brooding position atop a nest of eggs from Ukhaa Tolgod, Omnogov, Mongolia. This is a large specimen of the ubiquitous Ukhaa Tolgod taxon Citipati osmolskae. It is approximately 11% larger based on humeral length than the original Ukhaa Tolgod nesting Citipati osmolskae specimen (IGM 100/979), yet eggshell structure and egg arrangement are identical. No evidence for colonial breeding of these animals has been recovered. Reexamination of another " nesting " oviraptorosaur, the holotype of Oviraptor philoceratops (AMNH FARB 6517) indicates that in addition to the numerous partial eggs associated with the original skeleton that originally led to its referral as a protoceratopsian predator, there are the remains of a tiny theropod. This hind limb can be provisionally assigned to Oviraptoridae. It is thus at least possible that some of the eggs associated with the holotype had hatched and the perinates had not left the nest.

Utilization of waste materials as construction material is necessary to achieve sustainable construction, and reduce CO2 emissions. This paper examined the effect of egg shell as cement replacement on properties of cement paste composites for sustainable construction. To this end, granulated egg shell (GES), egg shell dust (ESD), and egg shell dust-marble powder (MP) substited composites were produced. Fresh mixtures subjected to flow table test, while hardened composite samples subjected to compressive strength, permeable voids, and porosity tests. The results further show that addition of MP along with ESD is beneficial for performance of cement paste composites.

One of the greatest threats to the survival of avian eggs is the risk of infection by microbes; as such, a large number of parental defense mechanisms have evolved in response to the decreased fitness imposed by microbial infection. The existing literature on this topic has focused largely on the mechanisms of microbial invasion through eggshells and the identification of molecules with antimicrobial properties in eggs of commercial species. However, little is still known about antimicrobial mechanisms in wild birds or how they vary with environmental pressures. This review concentrates on recent findings that shed new light on the role of parental behaviors (including incubation and placement of vegetation with antifungal activity in the nest) and the physical properties of eggshells (including nanometer-scale spheres that prevent microbial attachment) that protect eggs from contamination in high-risk environments. In addition to presenting a summary of current information, we identify evident gaps in knowledge and highlight research avenues for the future.

Collagens have unique biocompatible and biodegradable properties that are widely used in food, cosmetics, and biomedical applications. However, collagen derived from land-based animals pose problems as a risk to transmissible disease as Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) and footand- mouth diseases, the risk of autoimmune and allergic reaction in its biomedical applications, and skepticism amongst faith-based niche market particularly for Muslims and Jewish consumers. Collagen extracted from eggshell membrane was thus proposed as an alternative. Extraction efficiency and characterization of collagen of acetic acid-soluble collagen (ASC) and papain-soluble collagen hydrolysates (PSCH) from eggshell membrane were investigated. Studies were carried out under three variables (enzyme concentration, temperature, and pH), it was found that the most efficient conditions for ASC was at 15 °C, pH 3, with a yield of 0.23% on a dry weight basis, while PSCH was at 15 °C, pH 3 and enzyme concentration of 300K U/g of raw material with a yield of 0.55% on a dry weight basis. The isoelectric points of ASC and PSCH were found to be at pH 6.61 and 6.89, respectively. The FTIR spectra of both ASC and PSCH demonstrated similar absorption bands to that of porcine. The maximum transition temperature of ASC and entropy were observed at 61.84°C and 0.139 J/g, whilst PSCH was at 59.12°C and 0.046 J/g, indicating such thermal profile was almost at the par of the mammalian thermal profile. The color determination of ASC revealed that it had bright intensity of lightness, low intensity of redness and yellowness, whilst the colour determination of PSCH revealed that it had a slightly higher intensity of redness. ASC in 0.5 M acetic acid had high solubility till pH 3 and then remain relatively stable till pH 10, whilst PSCH in 0.5 M acetic acid had high solubility till pH 4 then remain relatively stable to pH 10. For the effect of NaCl concentration on collagen solubility, ASC demonstrated a distinguishable decrease in solubility especially at concentrations above 2% and then decreased slightly at above 4%, whilst PSCH demonstrated drastic decrease at 3% and remain steady at above 4%. The odor patterns of ASC displays a low intensity, PSCH revealed that it had considerable intensity of odor which require careful consideration in its application.

Vitamin D plays many important function in the animal organism; among others, it is necessary for proper calcium (Ca) absorption and Ca use in different biological processes. The aim of several recent experiments with poultry was to evaluate the efficacy of different forms and levels of vitamin D3 in the diets for broiler chickens and laying hens. The results of these studies are presented and discussed in this review paper. Based on these results, it can be stated that the modern high-performing poultry requirement for supplemental vitamin D to maximise minerals digestibility, performance and immunity indices, bone health, and eggshell quality is about 3,000 IU/kg, i.e. is much higher than NRC (1994) recommendations. The results of several recent poultry studies have also shown that 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OH-D3) is more efficient in commercial poultry nutrition than the basic form of vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol).

Özet Bu çalşmada, tavuk yumurtasının yüzeyine farklı konsantrasyon (2 ppm, 4 ppm ve 6 ppm) ve sürelerde (2 dk ve 5 dk) ozon uygulanarak yumurtanın mikrobiyel kalitesi üzerindeki etkileri araştırılmıştır. Yumurta yüzeyinde Enterobacteriaceae, Staphylococcus aureus, toplam koloni, maya ve küf sayımları 24 °C'de 5 hafta depolama süresince haftalık periyotlarda gerçeklefltirilmifltir. Ozon yumurtanın mikrobiyel floras›n› hızlı bir biçimde azaltmas›na ra¤men, depolama ile mikrobiyel geliflim devam etmifl ancak gelişme hızı kontrol grubunun altında seyretmifltir. Yumurtalarda Enterobacteriaceae, Staphylococcus aureus, toplam koloni, maya ve küf popülasyonu üzerine önemli düzeyde azalma sağladığı; artan ozon konsantrasyon ve uygulama süreleri ile inaktivasyon düzeyinin önemli düzeyde artt›¤› belirlenmifltir. Oda flartlar›nda depolama boyunca ozon uygulanan yumurtalarda kontrol grubuna göre mikrobiyel yük yaklafl›k 2 log daha düflük ç›km›fl ve uygulaman›n mikroorganizmalar üzerindeki inhibisyon etkisi önemli bulunmufltur. Buna göre ozon uygulamas›n›n yumurtalar›n raf ömrü üzerine pozitif etkisi oldu¤u tespit edilmifltir. Çal›flmayla ozonun yumurtan›n muhafazas›nda önemli bir potansiyele sahip oldu¤u belirlenmifltir. Anahtar kelimeler: Yumurta, ozon, mikrobiyel inaktivasyon, depolama, raf ömrü, oda s›cakl›¤›. Abstract In this study, the effects of different ozone concentrations (2; 4 and 6 ppm) and times (2 min and 5 min) on microbiological quality on eggs were investigated. Enterobacteriaceae, Staphylococcus aureus, total colony, yeast and mold populations were determined on the eggs surface at weekly intervals during storage (5 weeks at 24°C). Although the applications of ozone were reduce quickly the microbial flora on the eggs, microbial growths were continued during storage, but the number of microorganisms remained below the growth rate of the control group. Ozone application has provided a significant reduction on Enterobacteriaceae, Staphylococcus aureus, total colony, yeast and mold populations. It was determined that effectiveness on microbial inactivation increased with increasing exposure time and ozone concentration. Microbial load of eggs compared to the control group of ozone applications were decreased to about 2 logs comparing to the control group during storage, and the inhibitory effect of applications on the microorganisms were significant. In conclusion, it was determined that a positive effect on the shelf life of the eggs of ozone treatments during storage. Gaseous ozone has potential to become significant breakthrough in the industry and in preserving egg during ambient room temperature storage.

An understanding of the evolutionary morphology of extraembryonic membranes in reptiles requires information about oviparous as well as viviparous species. We are studying histology and ultrastructure of the extraembryonic membranes of snakes to clarify the evolutionary history of reptilian fetal membranes, including determination of basal (ancestral) ophidian and squamate patterns. Microscopic anatomy of the membranes of oviparous corn snakes (Elaphe guttata) was examined using light and electron microscopy. At mid – development the inner surface of the eggshell is lined by two extraembryonic membranes, the chorioallantois and the omphalallantoic membrane. The chorioallantois consists of a bilayered cuboidal epithelium that overlies the allantoic blood vessels. During development, allantoic capillaries become more abundant, and the chorionic epithelium thins, decreasing the diffusion distance for respiratory gas exchange. The abembryonic pole of the egg is delimited by a bilaminar omphalopleure and isolated yolk mass, the latter of which is lined on its inner face by the allantois. The isolated yolk mass regresses developmentally, and patches of yolk droplets become isolated and surrounded by allantoic blood vessels. By late development, the abembryonic hemisphere has been fully vascularized by allantoic vessels, forming a “secondary chorioallantois.” With regard to its extraembryonic membranes, Elaphe gutatta is similar to viviparous snakes. However, this species exhibits features that have not previously been reported among squamates, perhaps reflecting its oviparous reproductive habits. Morphological evidence for the uptake of eggshell material by epithelia of the chorion and omphalopleure suggests that the potential for absorption by extraembryonic membranes predates the origin of viviparity.

This study aimed to evaluate eggshell wastes, which have the potential to turn into high value-added products in paper industry. Membrane-removed eggshell wastes were subjected to certain processes of washing, drying, grinding, and sieving. The final product of eggshell calcium carbonate (ECC) was used in office paper production as filler, and its possible effect on physical and optical properties of papers was investigated. Mixed office wastes were turned pulp using as raw material of office paper production. Moreover, the effects of ECC was compared with the use of industrial calcium carbonates of ground (GCC) and precipitated (PCC) forms as filler. Breaking lengths of the papers were shown to reduce up to 65.2, 76.6, and 64.1% by a 30% usage of GCC, PCC, and ECC fillers, respectively. PCC and GCC were more effective in improved optical properties of papers than ECC. The brightness values were measured to be 96.8, 98.4, and 93.1 ISO% with a 30% dosage of GCC, PCC, and ECC fillers, respectively. These results suggested that ECC can be used as filler in paper industry.

In the present study a computer vision system is used to sort Japanese quail eggs into pre-defined categories. The system uses the output values of the image histogram. The developed system can be a milestone for developing egg sorting machines on the basis of colour of egg shell. The accuracy of the system can reach even people without experience who can use this system to identify colour of egg shell. With the use of computer vision in the testing process instead of personal  judgments, time-saving can be achieved, and the quality can also be improved in the quail farm operation.

The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Zn and Mn source (inorganic vs. organic) in the diet for hens on laying performance, eggshell and bones quality. The experiment was carried out on 84 Hy Line Brown hens, from 25 to 70 weeks of age, allocated to seven experimental groups, each containing 12 hens individually caged on wire-mesh floor. All layers were fed the same basal diet with 52 mg Zn/kg and 30 mg Mn/kg. Experimental diets were supplemented with 30 mg Zn/kg and 50 mg Mn/kg and inorganic forms of Zn (ZnO) and Mn (MnO) were gradually replaced (in 0, 50 or 100%) with their organic sources (amino acid complexes). Egg production, egg weight, feed intake and feed efficiency were not affected by dietary treatments. Substitution of Zn and Mn oxides with amino acid complexes of microelements had no effect on physical and geometrical characteristics of tibia, ash content in tibia and in toes, eggshell percent, eggshell thickness and eggshell density, but improved (P less than 0.05) the eggshell breaking strength in the late phase of the laying cycle (at 62 and 70 weeks of age). Our results indicate that feeding Zn and Mn organic complexes could alleviate the negative effect of hen age on eggshell breaking strength.

Eggshells are being generated as bio-waste across the world which is estimately about million tons per day. This study demonstrates the synthesis of hydroxyapatite (HA) powder and eggshell powders via open beaker synthesis and subsequent heat treatment. It can be a suitable material to be used in bone substitute and tissue regeneration. Our research is purposely to present the synthesizing of carbonated hydroxyapatite from chicken eggshell in a simplest and easiest method. The chemical formula of HA is Ca 10 (PO 4) 6 (OH) 2). Two sample mixture of eggshell and ortho phosphoric acid was heated for 1 hours and 6 hours with 400 rpm. The produced grafts were characterized via FTIR, TGA, DSC and microstructure analysis. Powders were pressed by applying forces of 10 ton in a hydraulic press. There were no significant changes of comparison between the three samples which are 1 hour of CHA and 6 hours of CHA. FTIR peaks graph used to compare functional group exist in dried eggshells and sample CHA reaction for 1 and 6 hours. TGA graph was used to identify weight loss when heating at room temperature. DSC graph was used to identify the decomposition of calcium carbonate into calcium oxides.

A chicken with high quality resulted from a clean egg, not broken, and not containing cracks. This experiment was performed with the goal to evaluate the effect of contaminated eggs on hatchability, egg water loss, chick weight, chick yield, DIS, A grade and B grade chicks. Eggs (Cobb 300, Ross 308, Hubbard classic n=8616960) from six different farms were collected and divided into two groups. Group A containing good quality eggs and group B contaminated eggs or floor eggs. Each farm participated (n=1436160) eggs for sixteen replicates. Candling was significantly better (P<0.001) in all flocks of group A as compared to B regardless of the age and breed of broiler eggs. The eggs from group B presented significantly less water loss as compared to group A. Chick yield was significantly better for group A than group B. Similarly, Chick weight, quantity of A grade chicks was significantly better for group A than group B. In short floor or contaminated eggs negatively affects the hatchery parameters and becomes a source of contamination for chicks in the hatchery and farms.

Several specimens of Mydaea lateritia (Rondani, 1866) were collected during studies of arthropod succession on pig carrions in western Poland. This is the first record of this species in Poland and the northernmost occurrence of the species. Scanning electron microscopy documentation of egg morphology of M. lateritia is presented for the first time. Hexagonal chorionic network, foliate hatching pleats, short lateral respiratory horns, dorsomedian flange and median area with smooth hexagonal network and craters are described. The egg could be classified as Mydaea-type with short respiratory horns.

Egg Morphology of Some Noctuidae (Lepidoptera). Dolinskaya, I. V. — Th e eggs of 10 species Noctuidae
from 6 subfamilies (Acronictinae, Metoponiinae, Cuculliinae, Heliothinae, Condicinae and
Bryophilinae) occurring in Ukraine are examined, described, and illustrated with SEM. Th e diagnostic
characters of examined species are carried out.

The Chorionic Sculpture of the Eggs of Some Noctuinae (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) from Ukraine.
Dolinskaya I. V., Geryak Yu. A. — Descriptions and scanning electron microphotographs of the eggs
of 10 species from 7 genera of the subfamily Noctuinae occurring in Ukraine are provided. The
diagnostic characters of the genera and species are selected.

Recognition of individual animals is crucial to being able to answer many pure and applied research questions in zoology. Marking members of species that undergo large changes in size during development can be particularly challenging. This paper describes successful methods used to mark Australian Pelicans Pelecanus conspicillatus, which show mass changes of over two orders of magnitude during development. Re-sightings until the end of 2011 were recorded for birds marked between 1990 and 2003. Comparison of re-sighting rates among the different marking techniques used, their cost, practicality of application in the field and associated animal welfare issues were taken into account when choosing the best techniques. Marking eggs with non-toxic, felt-tipped pens worked well, except under wet conditions. Custom-made " velcro " wing tags worked well for nestlings. The " velcro " tags can also be used on the leg to mark small crèche-young until they are large enough for Allflex™ cattle ear tags to be used as patagial tags. The high re-sighting rates of patagial tags on fledged pelicans (>61%) demonstrated their superior utility compared with butt-ended, stainless steel leg bands (re-sightings 1.3%). Stainless steel leg bands detached from 22/311 (7%) pelicans concurrently leg-banded and patagially-tagged. The techniques described here were used sequentially to mark individual pelicans throughout their life span. They provide practical, cost-effective and safe methods for marking individual pelicans and other similar-sized birds.

Dolinskaya I. V. The chorionic sculpture in eggs of some Hadeninae (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) from Ukraine. Summary. The eggs of 17
species from 12 genera of some Hadeninae from Ukraine (Noctuidae) are described and illustrated with using scanning electron microscopy.
The diagnostic characters of genera and species are selected.