Entanglement (Physics)

We study the entanglement entropy of a block of contiguous spins in excited states of spin chains. We consider the XY model in a transverse field and the XXZ Heisenberg spin-chain. For the latter, we developed a numerical application of algebraic Bethe Ansatz. We find two main classes of states with logarithmic and extensive behavior in the dimension of the block, characterized by the properties of excitations of the state. This behavior can be related to the locality properties of the Hamiltonian having a given state as ground state. We also provide several details of the finite size scaling.

A scientific relationship between the Eastern Confucian philosophy and quantum physics is not clearly known in science and philosophy because of lack of concrete data that would substantially enable us to clearly explain it. Recent findings and discoveries in quantum physics and other relevant science, and the Eastern Confucian philosophy are reviewed in this study. The review of Confucian philosophy, quantum physics and personal experiences of precognitive dreams of the author and others reveal considerable parallels between Confucian philosophy and quantum physics from the ontological perspective.

The physical nature of psi phenomena such as telepathy is an important problem in present science of consciousness. Scientists have basically confirmed the existence of telepathy phenomena through many strict experiments. Then can modern science (e.g. quantum theory) provide a scientific explanation for telepathy phenomena? In this paper, we will seek the possible quantum nature of telepathy from both theoretical and experimental aspects, and will present a primary quantum model of telepathy process. It is well known that even though present quantum theory permits the existence of quantum nonlocality, it does forbid the realization of nonlocal communication or quantum superluminal communication (QSC). However, the usual no-go theorems don’t consider the possible active role of consciousness during quantum measurement process. In a recent paper (see Found. Phys. Lett, 17(2), 167-182), it has been demonstrated that a proper combination of quantum process and conscious perception will permit the distinguishability of nonorthogonal quantum states, and further result in the realization of QSC or nonlocal communication. This is called the QSC principle. On the basis of the QSC principle, we propose a primary theoretical model of telepathy process. According to the model, the telepathy process mainly includes three phases. The first phase is to form the quantum entanglement state of brains, the second phase is to hold the entanglement state of brains, and the third phase is to collapse the entanglement state of brains. When the entanglement state of brains is collapsed by a certain measurement on one of the subjects, the brain states of both subjects turn to be definite states from entanglement state, and the other subject will perceive the change at a distance according to the QSC principle. When in the entanglement state or superposition state, no definite perception relating to the state exists, whereas when the superposition state collapses into a definite state, a definite perception relating to the collapse state appears. Then the telepathy between the subjects may appear. It should be stressed that, even though the above quantum model may in principle provide a primary scientific explanation of telepathy phenomena, there are still some left technical problems such as the expression of high-level telepathy information etc. Lastly, in order to test the QSC principle and the above quantum model of telepathy, some feasible schemes of quantum perception experiments and perception entanglement experiments are further proposed on the basis of present technology. We urge that such quantum perception experiments need to be conducted as soon as possible. If the experiment results are positive, they will have far-reaching influence on the present science of consciousness and psi research, and will help to bridge the gap between the parapsychology and present science.

The German-language interdisciplinary journal “Gehirn & Geist (G&G, Brain & Mind)” has chosen "consciousness" as its cover topic in the March 2022 issue.
It is centered on a translation of an article by Emma Young and David Robson in the New Scientist and features also an interview with the neuroscientist Melanie Wilke and the philosopher Michael Pauen.
From my point of view, a critical and progressive note should be warranted here. Below is the translation of a letter to the editors of G&G.

Could there be a new factor that we were not aware of that would logically explain the results of quantum mechanics experiments?
See
https://www.academia.edu/42859585/A_possible_way_to_explain_how_the_real-world_function
for a possible way to explain how the real-world function.

We address four physics opportunities. First, suggest new elementary particles and forces. Second, explain phenomena such as dark matter. Third, augment and unite physics theories and models. Fourth, point to opportunities for further research.
We use models based on solutions to equations featuring isotropic pairs of isotropic quantum harmonic oscillators.
First, we show solutions that match the known elementary particles. We propose that other solutions correlate with elementary particles that people have yet to detect and with dark energy forces leading to three known eras - early acceleration, subsequent deceleration, and current acceleration - pertaining to the rate of expansion of the universe.
Second, we extend solutions to encompass known conservation-law symmetries. Extended solutions correlate with known kinematics. We suggest that extended solutions describe dark matter, explain ratios of density of dark matter to density of ordinary matter, correlate with dark energy density, and explain other phenomena.
Third, we propose that our work unites, suggests details regarding, extends, suggests complements to, and suggests limits regarding aspects of traditional physics theory. Those aspects include classical physics, special relativity, general relativity, quantum mechanics, the elementary particle Standard Model, the cosmology timeline, and galaxy evolution scenarios. The work provides possible insight regarding foundation of physics topics.
Fourth, we suggest opportunities for people. We suggest opportunities for observational, experimental, and theoretical physics research. We suggest quantum field theory that features few interaction vertices, sums of few terms as alternatives to conditionally convergent sums of infinite numbers of terms, and no needs to deal with some infinities. We point to possible opportunities to further develop and apply modeling and math we use.

The complex web of the global information grid will undergo explosive changes over coming decades. As advances in science and technology converge, a myriad array of discoveries in biotechnology, nanotechnology and information technology will produce unpredictable effects that must be accounted for in any estimate of what the world will look like in this future. A strategically important feature of this world will be the emerging trend of information warfare. Though still immature at present day, this trend will become increasingly dominant in the years to come. The information warfare of tomorrow will be radically different from its prototype today. No longer will it be confined to the mainframes of the Internet or to corporate databases: the battleground of the future will draw into its scope the scientific advances being made today in bio and nano technologies. The divisions between man and machine will blur. When networked technologies are ubiquitous, a state-sponsored attack on electronic networks can have far-reaching, and devastating, physical consequences.

Gravity and Entanglement as a conscious quantum interdimensional compass

In practice it is "only" a matter of juggling the terms "consciously" to manage any mathematical simulation of reality, as it is between real sex and pornography.  But will Neanderthal's anthropological propensity for comfortable mental illusions, as in "Plato's Cave", ever collapse in front of the "light" of consciousness, thus making the necessary yet further quantum evolutionary leap of a mental "erection" ?!!

Think of the emptiness of countless unrealistic "monistic" attempts to unite "everything" by inCoScientists of any field, when everywhere there is duality + and - acting in eternal overlap ...

Faced with the consciously conscious collapse of the wave formation determined by the quantum observer, no one can maintain serendipity.  Unless you accept that it counts for nothing: for this assumption of conscious "local NOT local" consciousness BOTH gravity and entanglement are the main interdimensional evolutionary clues that point in that direction ...

Gravity and Entanglement come bussola interdimensionale quantistica cosciente

In pratica si tratta “solo” di destreggiarsi tra i termini “consapevolmente” per gestire qualsiasi simulazione matematica della realtà, come è tra sesso reale e pornografia.  Ma la propensione antropologica dei Neanderthal per comode illusioni mentali, come nella “Grotta di Platone”, crollerà mai davanti alla “luce” della  coscienza, facendo così il necessario ulteriore ennesimo salto quantico evolutivo di una “erezione” mentale?!

Pensa al vuoto di innumerevoli tentativi velleitariamente “monistici” di unire “tutto” da parte di inCoScientisti di qualsiasi campo, quando dappertutto c’è la dualità + e - che agiscono in eterna sovrapposizione…

Davanti al consapevolmente cosciente collasso della formazione d’onda determinato dall’osservatore quantistico nessuno può mantenere la serendipità. Salvo che non accetti che non conta nulla: per tale presupposto di cosciente coscienza "locale NON locale" SIA la gravità che l'entanglement sono i principali indizi interdimensionali evolutivi che puntano in quella direzione...

Leibniz's cybernetics rather than Bohm's and Descartes' error Descartes , followed by Bohm, mistakenly divided spacetime and the mental into two entangled categories (one influencing the other) rather than treating them, as Leibniz did, analogously as a single stereo channel (a monism) which had two perspectives or sound channels. Leibniz referred to this distinct cosmology as singular but aspectual, namely that the mental and the physical were simply two ways of viewing a single continuum, not two separate kingdoms, the physical and the mental, but in perfect synchrony, as if operated by two synchronous perfectly timed clocks, a "pre-established harmony". The physical and the mental are in effect distinct but under the singular control of a single master clock (Plotinus' One). Thus the physical and mental could not influence one another but could only be controlled conjointly by the One. There are like the two tracks of a stereo recording. As independent substances, the physical and mental could not sctually control one another but operated as if they could:

Quantum Mechanics is Anthropological, “Ontologically” Anthropological: By Sean Carroll
As Hugh Everett claim in 1957, being EVERYTHING (please than mind ALSO ternary logic to account for transient indeterminacy self-consistent with Gödel incompleteness) “quantum mechanical” ANY consciously conscious quantum “observers” as per Delphi’s Oracle è Gödel IS always in “superposition”, so it is History, Paleontology, evolution, and space-time …
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5hVmeOCJjOU
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F6FR08VylO4

From the few missing moments of the so-called Big Bang to the event horizon of the double slit, time does not and will never exist, except as a simple dimensional illusion of the condensed mass ... in some way manifesting its non-existence precisely by contrasting the infinite present ...

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Viktor T. Toth
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IT pro, part-time physicistDec 23
Why did Albert Einstein say that "The distinction between past, present, and future is only a stubbornly persistent illusion."? Why did some scientists say that past, present, future exist simultaneously?
Einstein wrote the quoted words in a letter to the family of his close friend Michele Besso, upon learning of his death. A more complete quote reads like this:

“Now he has departed from this strange world a little ahead of me. That means nothing. People like us, who believe in physics, know that the distinction between past, present, and future is only a stubbornly persistent illusion.”

Einstein was prescient: “a little ahead of me” proved to be literally true, as Einstein died just a little over a month after the passing of Besso.

The words were intended to comfort a grieving family, not to reveal some profound truth about physics. Still, if I wanted to seek deeper meaning, I think the point is that while we experience the present, imagine the future, and remember the past, they all “exist” in a sense: the fact that a person’s life has come to an end does not erase that life and the reasons to celebrate it if it was a good life, a meaningful life.

I said similar things to my mom just a few months ago, when she lost her husband, my stepfather, after a marriage that lasted nearly 47 years. (They’d have had their 47th wedding anniversary yesterday.)

Here is another confirmation that time is still and blocks light at its "speed": as Einstein said?!  Space over time means nothing …

Answer to Why can't light travel faster than 3x10 ^ 8 meters per second?  What prevents this from going even faster?  by Filippo Gandolfi https://it.quora.com/Perch%C3%A9-la-luce-non-riesce-a-viaggiare-pi%C3%B9-veloce-di-3x10-8-metri-al-secondo -What-prevents-this-from-going-further% C3% B9-fast / answer / Filippo-Gandolfi-2? Ch = 15 & oid = 154960006 & share = 62c2d9b9 & srid = Sr2A7 & target_type = answer


La meccanica quantistica è antropologica, "ontologicamente" antropologica: di Sean Carroll

Come sostenne Hugh Everett nel 1957, essendo TUTTO (per favore, ricorda anche la logica ternaria per rendere conto dell'indeterminatezza transitoria auto-coerente con l'incompletezza di Gödel) "quantum meccanico" QUALSIASI "osservatore" quantistico coscientemente consapevole secondo l'Oracolo di Delphi è Gödel È sempre in "sovrapposizione ”, così è Storia, Paleontologia, evoluzione e spazio-tempo…

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5hVmeOCJjOU
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F6FR08VylO4

Dai pochi momenti mancanti del cosiddetto Big Bang all'orizzonte degli eventi della doppia fenditura il tempo non è e non esisterà mai, se non come semplice illusione dimensionale della massa condensata … in un qualche modo manifestando la sua inesistenza proprio contrastando l’infinito presente …

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Viktor T. Toth
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Professionista IT, fisico part-timeDic 23

Perché Albert Einstein ha detto che "La distinzione tra passato, presente e futuro è solo un'illusione ostinatamente persistente."?  Perché alcuni scienziati hanno affermato che passato, presente e futuro esistono contemporaneamente?

Einstein scrisse le parole citate in una lettera alla famiglia del suo caro amico Michele Besso, dopo aver appreso della sua morte.  Una citazione più completa recita così:

“Ora è partito da questo strano mondo un po' prima di me.  Questo non significa niente.  Le persone come noi, che credono nella fisica, sanno che la distinzione tra passato, presente e futuro è solo un'illusione ostinatamente persistente".

Einstein era preveggente: “un po' più avanti di me” si dimostrò letteralmente vero, poiché Einstein morì poco più di un mese dopo la scomparsa di Besso.

Le parole avevano lo scopo di confortare una famiglia in lutto, non di rivelare qualche profonda verità sulla fisica.  Tuttavia, se volessi cercare un significato più profondo, penso che il punto sia che mentre sperimentiamo il presente, immaginiamo il futuro e ricordiamo il passato, tutti "esistono" in un certo senso: il fatto che la vita di una persona è arrivata e  fine non cancella quella vita e le ragioni per celebrarla se fosse una vita buona, una vita piena di significato.

Ho detto cose simili a mia mamma solo pochi mesi fa, quando ha perso suo marito, il mio patrigno, dopo un matrimonio durato quasi 47 anni.  (Ieri avrebbero festeggiato il loro 47° anniversario di matrimonio.)

Ecco un’altra conferma che il tempo è fermo e blocca la luce alla sua “velocità”: come diceva Einstein?! Spazio fratto tempo non significa niente …

Risposta a Perché la luce non riesce a viaggiare più veloce di 3x10^8 metri al secondo? Cosa impedisce a questa di andare ancora più veloce? da Filippo Gandolfihttps://it.quora.com/Perch%C3%A9-la-luce-non-riesce-a-viaggiare-pi%C3%B9-veloce-di-3x10-8-metri-al-secondo-Cosa-impedisce-a-questa-di-andare-ancora-pi%C3%B9-veloce/answer/Filippo-Gandolfi-2?ch=15&oid=154960006&share=62c2d9b9&srid=Sr2A7&target_type=answer

An introduction of entanglement (non-locality). The discovery of a data based informa-tional wave pattern that infuses entanglement into the system. This discovery of how to add entanglement into the model is the missing key, that has opened the door to understanding the universe. It is found that the inclusion of entanglement at the start of the system is extremely simple and in fact it is so simple that it has simply been overlooked. Entanglement is the must fundamental aspect of our universe when we include it, we find a hidden math system called Wave Pattern Entangled Math. A data system created by entanglement. Creating an unbreakable pattern of information, including entangled energy entropy, entangled spin, entangled universal expansion and compression, entangled velocity of light C 2 .

There are misconceptions that entanglement (e.g. with environment) causes decoherence, and that decoherence causes classicality. Yet in an entanglement, barring classical communication, no action taken by one party has any effect on another party, a fact known as no-signaling theorem. The presented analysis reveals, it is the measurement, not entanglement, which turns quantum state into classical event sample, resulting in a loss of correlation terms of density matrix

The aim of this work is identification and localisation of the interaction between mind and matter, specifically with respect to random number generators, and identification of the type of energy that can alter the degree of randomness of bit-string outputs of these electronic devices.
Regarding localisation of the mind/random-number-generator interaction, we believe it occurs through the production of electron+gap pairs in the inversely polarised P-N junction of the Zener diode that is used as a white noise generator, with resulting peaks of non-random current.
Conversely, regarding the type of energy acting on the analogue signal, we believe it is made of photons of wavelength ranging from 0.2 to 1.1 μm, each therefore carrying an energy of between 6.2 and 1.14 eV.
The most controversial part concerns the means by which the human mind can produce this type of energy from a distance to act directly on a chosen target, in that it is not possible for it to have been emitted by either the body or brain as biophotons.

Presented Here, An introduction of entanglement (non-locality). The discovery of a data-based informational wave pattern that infuses entanglement into the system. Creating an unbreakable pattern of information, including entangled energy entropy, entangled spin, entangled universal expansion, entangled velocity of light C2.

This discovery of how to add entanglement into the model is the missing key, that has opened the door to understanding the universe.

Demonstrating that the reason Relativity did not reach the final explanation is due to the inability to incorporate entanglement into the system. With the inclusion of entanglement into the system we find in complete detail exactly how Causality, (Relativity)is replaced by Complementary.

Showing that Complementary, (entanglement), is indeed more fundamental than relativity. More fundamental than the four basic forces in nature, and thus no longer hemmed in by the relativistic limitations such as the speed of light.

It is shown that entanglement is of greater importance than relativity. Arriving at new universal rules of a Complementarity entangled universe, explaining most of the remaining questions in fundamental physics with no need for an inflationary phenomenon.

Allowing for simple calculation of all fundamental forces and elements in the universe. This simple pattern provides us with the universal matrix and turns the universal matrix, into a spectacular visual representation of wave-particle duality, allowing us to witness for the first time how waves form particles.

This paper presents the general Schmidt decomposition of two-photon fields generated in spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC). It discusses in particular the separation of the radial and azimuthal degrees of freedom, the role of projection in modal analysis, and the benefits of collinear phase mismatch. The paper is written in a review style and presents a wealth of numerical results. It aims at emphasising the physics beyond the mathematics, through discussions and graphical representations of key results.

An introduction of entanglement (non-locality). The discovery of a data based informational wave pattern that infuses coherent entanglement into the system. This discovery of how to add coherent entanglement into the model provides the missing key, that has opened the door to understanding the universe. It is found that the inclusion of coherence and entanglement at the start of the system is extremely simple and in fact it is so simple that it has simply been overlooked. Entanglement and coherence are the most fundamental aspects of our universe. It is demonstrated that the basic model of the hydrogen atom is made from the CMB. If we add entanglement into this basic model of the hydrogen atom a math system called Wave Pattern Entangled Math emerges. A data system created by entanglement and coherence. Creating an unbreakable pattern of information, including entangled energy, entropy, entangled spin, entangled universal expansion and compression, entangled velocity of light C 2 and Quantum Coherence.

We derive an analytical form of the Schmidt modes of spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) biphotons in both cartesian and polar coordinates. We show that these correspond to Hermite-Gauss (HG) or Laguerre-Gauss (LG) modes only for a specific value of their width, and we show how such value depends on the experimental parameters. The Schmidt modes that we explicitly derive allow one to set up an optimised projection basis that maximises the mutual information gained from a joint measurement. The possibility of doing so with LG modes makes it possible to take advantage of the properties of orbital angular momentum eigenmodes. We derive a general entropic entanglement measure using the R\'enyi entropy as a function of the Schmidt number, K, and then retrieve the von Neumann entropy, S. Using the relation between S and K we show that, for highly entangled states, a non-ideal measurement basis does not degrade the number of shared bits by a large extent. More specifically, given a non-ideal measurement which corresponds to the loss of a fraction of the total number of modes, we can quantify the experimental parameters needed to generate an entangled SPDC state with a sufficiently high dimensionality to retain any given fraction of shared bits.

We show how the entangled photons produced in parametric down conversion can be used to improve the sensitivity of a Sagnac interferometer. Two-photon and four-photon coincidences increases the sensitivity by a factor of two and four respectively. Our results apply to sources with arbitrary pumping and squeezing parameters.

Presented here, is a Thermal Dynamic Interior Wave System, manifested as a single microwave , that creates the entire universe and reality. By using the measured quantities, given by current science and a newly discovered math system, that is found existing in our reality called WPEM (Wave Pattern Entangled Math). The discovery and use of this simple math system, has unveiled that relativity, is not the most fundamental aspect of the universe. WPEM system further demonstrates, in complete detail exactly how Causality, is replaced by Complementarity. Showing that Complementarity, (entanglement), is indeed more fundamental than relativity. More fundamental than the four basic forces in nature, and thus no longer hemmed in by the relativistic limitations such as the speed of light. WPEM gives us the insight to see that entanglement is of greater importance than rela-tivity. WPEM provides complete mathematical explanations, sets new universal rules of a Complementarity entangled universe, complete with constants. Explaining most of the remaining questions in fundamental physics with no need for inflationary phenomenon. The Complementarity reality system, along with WPEM makes it easy to calculate Universal Entropy Constant from a simple function. Spin entanglement, wave entanglement, velocity entanglement, energy entanglement, expansion entanglement are all now very easy to calculate. Allowing for simple calculation of all fundamental forces and elements in the universe. WPEM further provides us with the universal matrix and turns the universal matrix, into a spectacular visual representation of wave-particle duality, allowing us to witness for the first time how waves form particles.

We show how stimulated parametric processes can be employed in experiments on beyond the diffraction limit to overcome the problem of low visibility obtained by using spontaneous down conversion operating in the high gain regime. We further show enhancement of the count rate by several orders when stimulated parametric processes are used. Both the two photon counts and the visibility can be controlled by the phase of the stimulating coherent beam.

The equations for an electron modeled as an internally-superluminal electrically-charged half-photon having toroidal topology are presented here. A longer paper is planned. This electron model is derived from the internally-superluminal double-helix photon model described in the article "Entangled Double-Helix Superluminal Photon Model Defined by Fine Structure Constant Has Inertial Mass M=E/c^2" at https://richardgauthier.academia.edu/research .

It has been known for some years that entanglement entropy obtained from partial trace does not provide the correct entanglement measure when applied to systems of identical particles. Several criteria have been proposed that have the drawback of being different according to whether one is dealing with fermions, bosons, or distinguishable particles. In this Letter, we give a precise and mathematically natural answer to this problem. Our approach is based on the use of the more general idea of the restriction of states to subalgebras. It leads to a novel approach to entanglement, which is suitable to be used in general quantum systems and especially in systems of identical particles. This settles some recent controversy regarding entanglement for identical particles. The prospects for applications of our criteria are wide ranging, from spin chains in condensed matter to entropy of black holes.

Entanglement of multipartite systems is studied based on exchange symmetry under the permutation group S_N. With the observation that symmetric property under the exchange of two constituent states and their separability are intimately linked, we show that anti-symmetric (fermionic) states are necessarily globally entangled, while symmetric (bosonic) states are either globally entangled or fully separable and possess essentially identical states in all the constituent systems. It is also shown that there cannot exist a fully separable state which is orthogonal to all symmetric states, and that full separability of states does not survive under total symmetrization unless the states are originally symmetric. Besides, anyonic states permitted under the braid group B_N should also be globally entangled. Our results reveal that exchange symmetry is actually sufficient for pure states to become globally entangled or fully separable.

The entanglement spectrum, i.e., the full distribution of Schmidt eigenvalues of the reduced density matrix, contains more information than the conventional entanglement entropy and has been studied recently in several many-particle systems. We compute the disorder-averaged entanglement spectrum, in the form of the disorder-averaged moments Tr(rho_A) of the reduced density matrix A, for a contiguous block of many spins at the random-singlet quantum critical point in one dimension.
The result compares well in the scaling limit with numerical studies on the random XX model and is also expected to describe the (interacting) random Heisenberg model. Our numerical studies on the XX case reveal that the dependence of the entanglement entropy and spectrum on the geometry of the Hilbert space partition is quite different than for conformally invariant critical points.

A physical approach to a category of motives must account for the emergent nature of spacetime, where real and complex numbers play a secondary role to discrete operations in quantum computation. In quantum logic, the cardinality of a set is initially replaced by a dimension of a linear space, making contact with the increasing dimensions in an operad. The operad of associahedra governs tree level scattering, and is closely related to the permutohedra and cube tiles, where cube vertices can encode components of a spinor in higher dimensional octonionic approaches. A study of rest mass generation begins with the cosmological infrared scale, set by the neutrino masses, and its related seesaw mechanism. We employ the anyonic ribbon spectrum for Standard Model states, and consider its relation to magic star algebras, giving a context for the Koide rest mass phenomenology of charged leptons and quarks. 1. Overview What is motivic quantum gravity? Algebraic geometers study periods associated to Feynman integrals in particle physics. Periods form a ring P ⊂ C, and we might construct this ring from smaller rings in the plane. As physicists, we seek canonical discrete structures for quantum gravity, rich enough to underlie a universal cohomology theory within which all physical amplitudes are computed. In particular, the lattice of e 8 is embedded in Z 8 /2, which in turn is mapped densely into C [1] using only the integers of the golden ring extension of Q, where φ = (1 + √ 5)/2 and σ = √ φ + 2 define real numbers of the form a + bφ + cσ + dφσ, (1) for integral a, b, c, d. The lattice defines the Penrose pentagonal tiling. Thus our philosophy is not to begin with ordinary varieties or manifolds, but to consider the difficult question of their emergence from combinatorial data associated to quantum gravitational logic. Then any real or complex space, including spacetime or the full algebra of e 8 , become secondary to the algorithms that generate them. Since quantum mechanics naturally defines a symmetric monoidal category [2][3], one expects that its extension to gravity will also employ higher dimensional category theory in a fundamental way, combining generalized associahedra with canonical algebraic data. Physically, the hypothesis of non local right handed neutrino states is capable of solving many cosmological conundrums. After the 2010 discovery [4][5][6] of the exact correspondence between a neutrino rest mass and the present day temperature of the CMB, it was natural to consider a new IR scale defined by the overall neutrino scale at around 0.01 eV, as considered

That quantum entanglement is nothing special, it is perfectly normal to Leibnizians (Quantum entanglement as explained by Leibniz vs Bell) Bell's Theorem is a way of differentiating between random entanglement and what is known experimentally as quantum entanglement. In quantum entanglement, the behavior of two atomic components intentionally separated physically by substantial distances remain correlated in behavior, substantially beyond what can be be predicted from chance alone. See : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell%27s_theorem Concerning this, physicist Henry Stapp declared: "Bell's theorem is the most profound discovery of science," because "Bell's theorem states that any physical theory that incorporates local realism cannot reproduce all the predictions of quantum mechanical theory. Because numerous experiments agree with the predictions of quantum mechanical theory, and show differences between correlations that could not be explained by local hidden variables, the experimental results have been taken by many as refuting the concept of local realism as an explanation of the physical phenomena under test. For a hidden variable theory, if Bell's conditions are correct, the results that agree with quantum mechanical theory appear to indicate superluminal effects, in contradiction to the principle of locality." If one accepts Leibniz's metaphysics, however, Bell's theorem, while correct in its conclusion, is unnecessary. Many attribute this to "hidden variables" because they believe that such phenomena are physical, ie that quanta are physical. But according to Leibniz's dual-aspect mental-quantum/physical universe, quanta are not physical, they are mental. And mental or platonic space is spaceless and timeless, meaning that lawful correlation occurs necessarily, instantly and across substantial distances. This is because in Leibniz's world, all causation is top down and mental. No special explanation is needed. All happens lawfully-provided that quanta are mental, not physical. So to Leibnizians, quantum entanglement is nothing special, it is perfectly normal. By perfectly normal we mean that only those components that are lawfully entangled through the third party-Mind-are entangled.-Ever since Hume, science has imprisoned us in the dark cave of materialism and blind empiricism and needs to restore us to the rational sunlight of plato (plotinus)-see my website https://independent.academia.edu/RogerClough or search in Google with a search term such as Clough platonic theory of mind Site: https://independent.academia.edu/ RogerClough

We study the low-energy states of the 1D random-hopping model in the strong disordered regime. The entanglement structure is shown to depend solely on the probability distribution for the length of the effective bonds P(lb), whose scaling and finite-size behavior are established using renormalization-group arguments and a simple model based on random permutations. Parity oscillations are absent in the von Neumann entropy with periodic boundary conditions, but appear in the higher moments of the distribution, such as the variance. The particle-hole excited states leave the bond-structure and the entanglement untouched. Nonetheless, particle addition or removal deletes bonds and leads to an effective saturation of entanglement at an effective block size given by the expected value for the longest bond.

We present a novel formulation of quantum game theory based on the Schmidt decomposition, which has the merit that the entanglement of quantum strategies is manifestly quantified. We apply this formulation to 2-player, 2-strategy symmetric games and obtain a complete set of quantum Nash equilibria. Apart from those available with the maximal entanglement, these quantum Nash equilibria are extensions of the Nash equilibria in classical game theory. The phase structure of the equilibria is determined for all values of entanglement, and thereby the possibility of resolving the dilemmas by entanglement in the game of Chicken, the Battle of the Sexes, the Prisoners' Dilemma, and the Stag Hunt, is examined. We find that entanglement transforms these dilemmas with each other but cannot resolve them, except in the Stag Hunt game where the dilemma can be alleviated to a certain degree.

Working within the framework of parity-time-symmetric quantum mechanics, we look into the possibility of entanglement generation and demonstrate that the feature of non-violation of no-signaling principle may hold for the simplest nontrivial case of bipartite systems. Basically, our arguments are based on the computation of the reduced density matrix of one party to justify that the entropy of the other does not change.

Entanglement has puzzled people and communities for decades. It kept Einstein out of his sleep and some generations to come as well. But pondering over it, it is actually very simple and straight forward. Opposite measurements is required due to laws of conservation and faster than light speed ? why ? The particles already travelled at lower than light speeds and the only thing that happened is that the mathematical wave function connection is broken. Does a telephone call ending travel faster than the speed of light ? No ! as soon as the switch in the telephone system detaches the telephone call / the relationship is over, instantaneously same with entanglement.

We exploit the tripartite negativity to study the thermal correlations in a tripartite system, that is, the three outer spins interacting with the central one in a spin–star system. We analyse the dependence of such correlations on the homogeneity of interactions, starting from the case where central–outer spin interactions are identical and then focusing on the case where the three coupling constants are different. We single out some important differences between the negativity and the concurrence.

We quantify the extractable entanglement of excited states of a Lieb-Liniger gas that are obtained from coarse-grained measurements on the ground state in which the boson number in one of two complementary contiguous partitions of the gas is determined. Numerically exact results obtained from the coordinate Bethe ansatz show that the von Neumann entropy of the resulting bipartite pure state increases monotonically with the strength of repulsive interactions and saturates to the impenetrable boson limiting value. We also present evidence indicating that the largest amount of entanglement can be extracted from the most probable projected state having half the number of bosons in a given partition. Our study points to a fundamental difference between the nature of the entanglement in free-bosonic and free-fermionic systems, with the entanglement in the former being zero after projection, while that in the latter (corresponding to the impenetrable boson limit) being non-zero.