Cosmic Microwave Background

We calculate the incoherent resonant and non-resonant scattering production of sterile neutrinos in the early universe. We find ranges of sterile neutrino masses, vacuum mixing angles, and initial lepton numbers which allow these species to constitute viable hot, warm, and cold dark matter (HDM, WDM, CDM) candidates which meet observational constraints. The constraints considered here include energy loss in core collapse supernovae, energy density limits at big bang nucleosynthesis, and those stemming from sterile neutrino decay: limits from observed cosmic microwave background anisotropies, diffuse extragalactic background radiation, and Li-6/D overproduction. Our calculations explicitly include matter effects, both effective mixing angle suppression and enhancement (MSW resonance), as well as quantum damping. We for the first time properly include all finite temperature effects, dilution resulting from the annihilation or disappearance of relativistic degrees of freedom, and the scattering-rate-enhancing effects of particle-antiparticle pairs (muons, tauons, quarks) at high temperature in the early universe.

We argue that the cosmic microwave background (CMB) provides a stupendous opportunity for the Creator of our universe (assuming one exists) to have sent a message to its occupants, using known physics. Our work does not support the Intelligent Design movement in any way whatsoever, but asks, and attempts to answer, the entirely scientific question of what the medium and message might be IF there was actually a message. The medium for the message is unique. We elaborate on this observation, noting that it requires only careful adjustment of the fundamental Lagrangian, but no direct intervention in the subsequent evolution of the universe.

We consider the consequences of a neutral dark-matter particle with a nonzero electric and/or magnetic dipole moment. Theoretical constraints, as well as constraints from direct searches, precision tests of the standard-model, the cosmic microwave background and matter power spectra, and cosmic gamma rays, are included. We find that a relatively light particle with mass between an MeV and a few GeV and an electric or magnetic dipole as large as ˜3×10-16e cm (roughly 1.6×10-5μB) satisfies all experimental and observational bounds. Some of the remaining parameter space may be probed with forthcoming more sensitive direct searches and with the Gamma-Ray Large Area Space Telescope.

This is a short review, aimed at a general audience, of several current subjects of research in cosmology. The topics discussed include the cosmic microwave background (CMB), with particular emphasis on its relevance for testing inflation; dark matter, with a brief review of astrophysical evidence and more emphasis on particle candidates; and cosmic acceleration and some of the ideas that have been put forward to explain it. A glossary of technical terms and acronyms is provided.

In this paper we give a pedagogical review of the recent observational results in cosmology from the study of type Ia supernovae and anisotropies in the cosmic microwave background. By providing consistent constrainst on the cosmological parameters, these results paint a concrete picture of our present-day universe. We present this new picture and show how it can be used to answer some of the basic questions that cosmologists have been asking for several decades. This paper is most appropriate for students of general relativity and/or relativistic cosmology.

“Theory of Grand Settlement” is a new Theory of Everything (TOE) that brings out a fundamental change in the physical and cosmological understanding of the Universe.

Gravity, Space-Time and Origin of the Universe are all redefined. The “Hot Big Bang” concept is denied while giving room for the exponential growth of the Universe from a single (infinitesimal) speck of energy that rose out of a vacuum fluctuation, which finally ended up in a sustained and “Steady State” evolution of the cosmological bodies. The origin is stretched back to an infinitely past-point in time and the end to an infinitely future-point in time with respect to a given (finite) rate of time-flow of the Universe.

It resolves the issues around the prevailing theories of Big Bang, Cosmic Inflation/ Accelerated Expansion, Dark Energy, Dark Matter, Matter-Antimatter Asymmetry, Mass Defect and other observed properties of the Universe, like, Isotropy, Flatness and Homogeneity.

It better explains the Quantum weirdness like Uncertainty Principle, Wave-Particle Duality, Entanglement, etc. The new theory once again claims that there is a fundamental space called, “Absolute Empty Space”, that accommodates both “Zero” and “Infinity” and upon which the Universe is fully built. Perhaps, human intellect, which can dwell only in finite and discrete domains can never reach out to this new (hypothetical) entity.

It replaces Einstein’s Space-time with Energy-space-time. It explains the geometrical curvature of space-time around energy bodies as a characteristic of the energy-space-time continuum around them. It reviews the speed of EM Waves and justifies its constancy more practically.

In the present scheme of things, most of the physical (that includes both quantum-physics and astrophysics) phenomena were initially conjectured, hypothesized, mathematised and then experimentally verified. So, the new “Theory of Grand Settlement” gives a new set of conjectures and hypotheses, keeping almost the same mathematics and the experimental observations, Surprisingly, it resolves a lot of hitherto unsolved physical and astrophysical issues, paving the way for a new “Theory of Everything”.

One of the most spectacular scientific breakthroughs in past decades was using measurements of the fluctuations in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) to test precisely our understanding of the history and composition of the Universe. This report presents a roadmap for leading CMB research to its logical next step, using precision polarization measurements to learn about ultra-high-energy physics and the

The main objective of a paper is to discuss the most important Concepts for any Cosmological model: universality of physical laws; cosmological principle (homogeneous and isotropic universe); Space, Time, and Gravitation; speed of light in vacuum; structure and content of the World; dark matter and ordinary matter; origin of matter (singularity or continuous creation); Law of Conservation of Angular Momentum; Primary Cosmological Parameters; Four Pillars of Standard Cosmology (SC)expansion of Universe, nucleosynthesis of light elements, formation of large-scale structures, origin of cosmic background radiation. The performed analysis shows that SC fails to account for most of these concepts. The most intriguing result is that there was no Initial Singularity: all galaxies are gravitationally bound with their Superclusters. Proposed Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) is, in fact, a Paradigm Shift in Cosmology. According to WUM, Superclusters are, in fact, the principal objects of the World. Macroobjects form from the top (Superclusters) down to galaxies and extrasolar systems in parallel around different Cores made up of different Dark Matter Particles. Formation of galaxies and stars is not a process that concluded ages ago; instead, it is ongoing.

In this paper we review in detail a number of approaches that have been adopted to try and explain the remarkable observation of our accelerating Universe. In particular we discuss the arguments for and recent progress made towards understanding the nature of dark energy. We review the observational evidence for the current accelerated expansion of the universe and present a number of dark energy models in addition to the conventional cosmological constant, paying particular attention to scalar field models such as quintessence, K-essence, tachyon, phantom and dilatonic models. The importance of cosmological scaling solutions is emphasized when studying the dynamical system of scalar fields including coupled dark energy. We study the evolution of cosmological perturbations allowing us to confront them with the observation of the Cosmic Microwave Background and Large Scale Structure and demonstrate how it is possible in principle to reconstruct the equation of state of dark energy by also using Supernovae Ia observational data. We also discuss in detail the nature of tracking solutions in cosmology, particle physics and braneworld models of dark energy, the nature of possible future singularities, the effect of higher order curvature terms to avoid a Big Rip singularity, and approaches to modifying gravity which leads to a late-time accelerated expansion without recourse to a new form of dark energy.

The accelerating expansion of the universe is the most surprising cosmological discovery in many decades, implying that the universe is dominated by some form of "dark energy" with exotic physical properties, or that Einstein's theory of gravity breaks down on cosmological scales. The profound implications of cosmic acceleration have inspired ambitious experimental efforts to measure the history of expansion and growth of structure with percent-level precision or higher. We review in detail the four most well established methods for making such measurements: Type Ia supernovae, baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO), weak gravitational lensing, and galaxy clusters. We pay particular attention to the systematic uncertainties in these techniques and to strategies for controlling them at the level needed to exploit "Stage IV" dark energy facilities such as BigBOSS, LSST, Euclid, and WFIRST. We briefly review a number of other approaches including redshift-space distortions, the Alcock-Paczynski test, and direct measurements of H_0. We present extensive forecasts for constraints on the dark energy equation of state and parameterized deviations from GR, achievable with Stage III and Stage IV experimental programs that incorporate supernovae, BAO, weak lensing, and CMB data. We also show the level of precision required for other methods to provide constraints competitive with those of these fiducial programs. We emphasize the value of a balanced program that employs several of the most powerful methods in combination, both to cross-check systematic uncertainties and to take advantage of complementary information. Surveys to probe cosmic acceleration produce data sets with broad applications, and they continue the longstanding astronomical tradition of mapping the universe in ever greater detail over ever larger scales.

The accelerating expansion of the universe is the most surprising cosmological discovery in many decades. In this short review, we briefly summarize theories for the origin of cosmic acceleration and the observational methods being used to test these theories. We then discuss the current observational state of the field, with constraints from the cosmic microwave background (CMB), baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO), Type Ia supernovae (SN), direct measurements of the Hubble constant (H0), and measurements of galaxy and matter clustering. Assuming a flat universe and dark energy with a constant equation-of-state parameter w=P/ρ, the combination of Planck CMB temperature anisotropies, WMAP CMB polarization, the Union2.1 SN compilation, and a compilation of BAO measurements yields w=−1.10+0.08−0.07, consistent with a cosmological constant (w=−1). However, with these constraints the cosmological constant model predicts a value of H0 that is lower than several of the leading recent estimates, and it predicts a parameter combination σ8(Ωm)0.5 that is higher than many estimates from weak gravitational lensing, galaxy clusters, and redshift-space distortions. Individually these tensions are only significant at the ~2σ level, but they arise in multiple data sets with independent statistics and distinct sources of systematic uncertainty. The tensions are stronger with Planck CMB data than they were with WMAP because of the smaller statistical errors and the higher central value of Ωm. With the improved measurements expected from the next generation of data sets, these tensions may diminish, or they may sharpen in a way that points towards a more complete physical understanding of cosmic acceleration.

According to the general theory of relativity, the current paradigm for gravitation and concordant observational data, about 95% of the Universe’s content is only perceivable through gravitational effects. Consolidating the predictions of this theory is then of primordial importance. Those predictions are structured around two dimensional constants : Newton’s and Einstein’s constants. The former, namely the universal constant, yields the universality of free fall of light and compact objects. The latter, also named cosmological constant, explains the late expansion acceleration of the Universe on cosmological scales. The main goal of this thesis is to explore the foundations of general relativity by promoting these constants as dynamical fields.

First of all, we propose a generic test seeking for possible Newton’s constant variations in the primeval plasma. The modified weight of baryons translates the equilibrium point of the acoustic oscillations. A constraint on the amplitude of such variations is extracted from the anisotropies of the cosmic microwave background.
Secondly, we scrutinize a simple modification of general relativity providing a minimal violation of the strong equivalence principle. Although the additional scalar field acts as a dark radiation at the cosmological expansion level, the imprint left on the matter field perturbations is clearly distinguishable from other radiations because of the particular scalar field anisotropic stress. Several constraints for this alternative gravitational theory are derived from the analysis of the cosmic microwave background, Type Ia supernovae and the measure of the Lemaître-Hubble constant.

Finally, we replace the cosmological constant by a quintessence field. For selected realistic models agreeing with current cosmological data, it is shown that the non-linear processes driving the growth of matter’s large scale structures encode the nature and the dynamics of dark energy.

Although the confrontation between the investigated alternative models and available cosmological data currently does not raise deviation to the concordant ΛCDM model, the present study shows that predictions and signatures of these models are unique compared to the standard scenario.

“THE GALAXY DISTRIBUTION IS IN CONCENTRIC CIRCLES AROUND THE EARTH.  A SITUATION THAT DOES NOT OCCUR AROUND ANY OTHER POINT IN THE UNIVERSE.”  IS RATHER OBVIOUS.  ALSO THE ONLY TWO ANOMALIES IN THE UNIFORM BACKGROUND RADIATION FORM AN X MARKS THE SPOT RIGHT ON EARTH!!!!  THUS, WE ARE THE CENTER OF THIS UNIVERSE & THUS, THE MULTIVERSE.

An introduction of entanglement (non-locality). The discovery of a data based informational wave pattern that infuses entanglement into the system. This discovery of how to add entanglement into the model is the missing key, that has opened the door to understanding the universe.  It is found that the inclusion of entanglement at the start of the system is extremely simple and in fact it is so simple that it has simply been overlooked.  Entanglement is the must fundamental aspect of our universe when we include it, we find a hidden math system called Wave Pattern Entangled Math. A data system created by entanglement.  Creating an unbreakable pattern of information, including entangled energy entropy, entangled spin, entangled universal expansion and compression, entangled velocity of light C2.

In recent years the possibility of measuring the temporal change of radial and transverse position of sources in the sky in real time have become conceivable thanks to the thoroughly improved technique applied to new astrometric and spectroscopic experiments, leading to the research domain we call Real-time cosmology. We review for the first time great part of the work done

The potential role of cosmic topological defects has raised interest in the astrophysical community for many years now. In this set of notes, we give an introduction to the subject of cosmic topological defects and some of their possible observable signatures. We begin with a review of the basics of general defect formation and evolution, we briefly comment on some general features of conducting cosmic strings and vorton formation, as well as on the possible role of defects as dark energy, to end up with cosmic structure formation from defects and some specific imprints in the cosmic microwave background radiation from simulated cosmic strings. A detailed, pedagogical explanation of the mechanism underlying the tiny level of polarization discovered in the cosmic microwave background by the DASI collaboration (and recently confirmed by WMAP) is also given, and a first rough comparison with some predictions from defects is provided.

Euler’s formula gives an exponential and a constant growth rate in the form of a  trigonometric function and the exponential function. It is essentially two waves that have interfered or combined. One wave is the real number e and the other is imaginary (i), together these two waves propagate on both sides of the complex plane due to this unique relationship.
I present that the imaginary wave is real. It is the other side of the infinite harmonic series. Thus, by finding this other side we arrive at a wave and frequency, a real number that replaces the imaginary wave or number used by Euler and mathematicians. I am suggesting that the imaginary number (i) is a real number that has not been discovered until now.

This article is based on EFT (Expansive Field Theory) which began development in 1996 and was first published in 2009. It provides a Field Model for Dark Energy Spacetime. General Relativistic Fields would be used as an argument in the Dark Energy Field whereas Quantum Mechanical Fields could be an argument or could use the Dark Energy field as an argument as it is inconclusive as to which way would be best in that case. In this article, Astrophysical Velocity Field Models are used as arguments to derive the relative Dark Energy states of astronomical objects relative to our local frame of reference.

“Theory of Grand Settlement” is a new Theory of Everything (TOE) that brings out a fundamental change in the cosmological understanding of the Universe. It replaces the existing “Big Bang” model with a new cosmological model called, “White Singularity-Black Singularity (WS-BS) Model”, which accommodates a modified “Steady State” concept within itself.

The present form of gravity is replaced with a new phenomenon called, “Energy Rejecting Space (ERS) Gravity”. Einstein’s “Space-Time” is replaced with “Energy-Space-Time” and the curving of space-time around energy bodies becomes a characteristic of the energy-space-time structure around them.

It claims that there is a fundamental space called, “Absolute Empty Space”, which accommodates both “Zero” and “Infinity” within itself. That means, for a finite entity (or an observer) of the Universe, the absolute empty space becomes infinite when it is explored and becomes a point (nothing) when it is not.

The mass-less energy (Light-Photon) components spread instantaneously in the absolute empty space, resulting in an infinite speed of light with an infinite rate of time-flow with respect to any observer, whose rate of time-flow is finite. At the same time, the speed-ratio of light is maintained at the constant “c”, with respect to the local rate of time-flow, everywhere.

A Quantum world or Sub-Atomic World is a region that interfaces the Classical world with Absolute Empty Space. Hence there, the speed of light becomes super-luminal with a higher rate of time-flow, as we observe from the classical world. Because of this super-luminal nature of the light, the sub-atomic particles appear to be present in multiple locations of the quantum world, same time. And, this explains the Quantum Weirdness like Uncertainty, Wave-particle duality, Entanglement etc.

As far as the origin of the Universe is concerned, it is an event infinitely past in time, with respect to our local (finite) flow of time, since an exponential function of time (e^t) assumes zero value, only when “t” is negative infinity. Also, as per this new model, every energy component of this universe is the anti-energy component of the remaining energy components, put together. Hence, the “Matter-Antimatter Asymmetry” issue doesn’t arise too.

As far as the end of the Universe is concerned, it would be an infinitely future point in time with respect to our local (finite) flow of time at a “hypothetical endpoint” in space, beyond all black holes. It is here, the sequence of mergers of cosmological bodies like Black Holes, Super Massive Black Holes etc. within galaxies and further within and among the local groups, would hypothetically find an end. But the Universe would survive forever, as there is no scope for stopping the in-flow of energy into the Universe from the point (absolute empty space) of origin.

In the old scheme of things, most of the physical (including quantum-physical and astrophysical) phenomena were initially conjectured and hypothesized, and then mathematised and experimentally verified. The “Theory of Grand Settlement” now gives a new set of Conjectures and Hypotheses, keeping at the same time the mathematics and the experimental observations, almost the same. And, surprisingly, this new theory resolves a lot of hitherto unsolved physical and astrophysical issues, paving the way for a new “Theory of Everything”.

Edmund J. Copeland,1 M. Sami,2, 3 and Shinji Tsujikawa4 1School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom Email:ed.copeland@nottingham.ac.uk 2Centre for Theoretical Physics, Jamia Millia ...