Big Bang

Several approaches to the matter creation problem in the context of cosmological models are summarily reviewed. A covariant formulation of the general relativistic imperfect simple fluid endowed with a process of matter creation is presented. By considering the standard big bang model, it is shown how the recent results of Prigogine et alii \cite{1} can be recovered and, at the same time their limits of validity are explicited.

In general relativity space-time ends at singularities. The big bang is considered as the Beginning and the big crunch, the End. However these conclusions are arrived at by using general relativity in regimes which lie well beyond its physical domain of validity. Examples where detailed analysis is possible show that these singularities are naturally resolved by quantum geometry effects. Quantum space-times can be vastly larger than what Einstein had us believe. These non-trivial space-time extensions enable us to answer of some long standing questions and resolve of some puzzles in fundamental physics. Thus, a century after Minkowski's revolutionary ideas on the nature of space and time, yet another paradigm shift appears to await us in the wings.

Cosmological discoveries over the past century have completely changed our picture of our place in the universe. New observations have a realistic chance of probing nature on heretofore unimaginable scales, and as a result are changing the nature of fundamental science. Perhaps no other domain of science has an equal capacity to completely change our perspective of the world in which we live.

Vedic cosmology which gives rational theories on creation that are found to concur with the findings of modern science, has some clues on what the Universe looked like before Big Bang. This article discusses whether this is the same as a research finding that a mirror image of our Universe existed before Big Bang.

All alleged black hole solutions pertain to a universe that is spatially infinite, is eternal, contains only one mass, is not expanding, and is asymptotically flat or asymptotically curved. But the alleged big bang cosmology pertains to a universe that is spatially finite (one case) or spatially infinite (two different cases), is of finite age, contains radiation and many masses including multiple black holes (some of which are primordial), is expanding, and is not asymptotically anything. Thus the black hole and the big bang contradict one another – they are mutually exclusive. The black hole is almost universally claimed to be predicted by General Relativity. It is surprisingly easy to prove that this is not true. Similarly it is very often claimed that Newton’s theory of gravitation also predicts the black hole, but this too is very easily proven to be erroneous. Despite numerous claims for discovery of black holes in their millions, nobody has ever actually found one.  In addition it is not very difficult to prove that General Relativity violates the usual conservation of energy and momentum, with only a little use of mathematics. The simple proofs also demonstrate that all ‘singularity theorems’ related to General Relativity are invalid. Fundamentally there are contradictions contained in the very physical principles of General Relativity, combined with invalid mathematics, which render the theory untenable. It is the object of this paper to provide the proofs without the complicated mathematics usually associated with the subject.

This document is the Special Issue of the First International Conference on the Evolution and Development of the Universe (EDU 2008). Please refer to the preface and introduction for more details on the contributions. Keywords: acceleration, artificial cosmogenesis, artificial life, Big Bang, Big History, biological evolution, biological universe, biology, causality, classical vacuum energy, complex systems, complexity, computational universe, conscious evolution, cosmological artificial selection, cosmological natural selection, cosmology, critique, cultural evolution, dark energy, dark matter, development of the universe, development, emergence, evolution of the universe evolution, exobiology, extinction, fine-tuning, fractal space-time, fractal, information, initial conditions, intentional evolution, linear expansion of the universe, log-periodic laws, macroevolution, materialism, meduso-anthropic principle, multiple worlds, natural sciences, Nature, ontology, order, origin of th...

It is fair to say that the deepest mystery in our understanding of nature is the birth of our universe. Much of the dilemma over the last decades comes from the extraordinarily small probability that the universe started with the high energy Big Bang as compared to the chance of nucleating any other event. How can Big Bang cosmology be

Santo Tomas propone la creación a partir de la nada, propuesta fundamentada en la fe, pero también puede ser comprendida por la razón que permite conocer los efectos de la causa de la creación que es Dios. La razón que es limitada en el hombre debe someterse a la fe para aceptar verdades reveladas. Tomás de Aquino puede dialogar con las teorías contemporáneas del origen del universo puesto que lo importante es el hecho de la creación, no los cambios o la formación del universo.

We study the possible distortions of the evolution of the early universe caused by the oscillations of a standard neutrino (ν c , ν μ or ν τ ) into a light “sterile” neutrino state, a gauge group singlet ν s . The effects on the standard big bang nucleosynthesis are considered in the full ...

In general relativity, one is supposed to derive the metric by solving the relevant Einstein equations. However, the metric for the Friedmann–Lemaitre–Robertson–Walker (FLRW) metric has so far been obtained by starting from Weyl’s postulate and eventually by geometric considerations alone. But here, instead, we rigorously derive the same by solving the Einstein equations appropriate for gravitational collapse/expansion of a perfect fluid. The fact that FLRW metric can indeed be obtained by solving a Einstein equations shows the physical correctness of the Weyl postulate. This exercise thus complements rather than rivals the traditional derivation of the FLRW metric. During this exercise, we derive rather than merely obtain the Hubble’s law. This exercise also confirms that the total energy of the FLRW universe, including matter and gravitation, is indeed given by the well known “Misner-Sharp mass”. With this firm identification, we confirm the intuitive idea that while the “closed model” is gravitationally bound, the “open model” is gravitationally unbound.

Did the universe have a beginning or does it exist forever, i.e. is it eternal at least in relation to the past? This fundamental question was a main topic in ancient philosophy of nature and the Middle Ages. Philosophically it was more or less banished then by Immanuel Kant's Critique of Pure Reason. But it used to have and still has its revival in modern physical cosmology both in the controversy between the big bang and steady state models some decades ago and in the contemporary attempts to explain the big bang within a quantum cosmological framework. This paper has two main goals: First a conceptual clarification and distinction of different notions of "big bang" and "universe" is suggested, as well as a multiverse taxonomy and a classification of initial and eternal cosmologies. Second, and with the help of this analysis, it is shown how a conceptual and perhaps physical solution of the temporal aspect of Immanuel Kant's "first antinomy of pure reason" is possible, i.e. how our universe in some respect could have both a beginning and an eternal existence. Therefore, paradoxically, there might have been a time before time or a beginning of time in time. - Keywords: cosmology, big bang, big crunch, universe, multiverse, time, general relativity, quantum cosmology, loop quantum cosmology, string cosmology, world models, quantum vacuum, cosmic inflation, anthropic principle, closed timelike loops, Abhay Ashtekar, Hans-Joachim Blome, Martin Bojowald, George F. R. Ellis, Maurizio Gasperini, John Richard Gott III, Alan Guth, Jim Hartle, Stephen Hawking, Mark Israelit, Claus Kiefer, Li-Xin Li, Andrei Linde, Wolfgang Priester, Eckhard Rebhan, Paul Steinhardt, Neil Turok, Gabriele Veneziano, Alexander Vilenkin, H. Dieter Zeh.

Exponemos y comentamos en este artículo la teoría cosmológica presentada en el libro de Stephen Hawking y Leonard Mlodinow El Gran Diseño (The Great Design, 2010), una perspectiva global sobre la física y el universo que pretende dar cuenta de la excepcionalidad aparente del mismo, y reducirla a parámetros racionales recurriendo al concepto del multiverso. Señalamos algunas analogías del multiverso de Hawking con las hiperficciones ergódicas, así como con las figuraciones del multiverso presentadas en la novela de ciencia-ficción especulativa de Olaf Stapledon Star Maker (1937). Situamos las concepciones de ambos libros en las tradiciones de la teodicea, viéndolas en concreto como una actualización de las teorías sobre la plenitud de la naturaleza.

English abstract: This paper expounds and comments the cosmological theory put forward in Stephen Hawking and Leonard Mlodinow's book The Great Design (2010), a global perspective on physics and the universe which tries to account for the apparent exceptionality of the physical universe and reduce it to rational parameters, by resorting to the concept of the multiverse. We point out some existing parallels between Hawking's multiverse and ergodic hyperfictions, as well as previous figurations of the multiverse presented in Olaf Stapledon's speculative science-fiction novel Star Maker (1937). We situate both books within the traditions of theodicy, more specifically as a bringing up to date of traditional conceptions on the plenitude of nature.

Many scientists believe that any true unification theory of physics must include a concept of consciousness as well as a model for the mind that interprets our three-dimensionally biased and limited sensations of the external physical/material world. And, that number is growing. The single field theory goes even further than that, in fact, well beyond the simple notion of mind and consciousness as mere human bound perceivers and interpreters of the external material/physical world by placing the physical origin of consciousness within every geometrical point in the universe itself. Some higher level permanent ‘pattern’ structure must be at work in the background of mind to lend more than temporary stability and even ‘permanence’ to the electrical field patterns that constitute the action of mind, since mind, as such, is ephemeral and would disappear (decohere or destabilize) after a few moments as individual electrical potentials neutralized or canceled each other out, positive for ...

No hay sabiduría suficiente para abarcar el conocimiento  del autor de la Creación y de su génesis. Hay posturas, hipótesis filosófica que intentas sustraer esos saberes, racionalizándolos o  negando su origen divino . Aquí una breve pincelada sobre este complejo asunto.

One of the most spectacular scientific breakthroughs in past decades was using measurements of the fluctuations in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) to test precisely our understanding of the history and composition of the Universe. This report presents a roadmap for leading CMB research to its logical next step, using precision polarization measurements to learn about ultra-high-energy physics and the

Dios es eterno. Puedes confiar en él perpetuamente porque es la fortaleza de los siglos (Isaías 26:4). Abraham invocó el nombre de Dios eterno (Génesis 21:33).  El mandamiento de Dios eterno es declarado a todas las gentes para que obedezcan a la fe (Romanos 16:26). La creación revela el eterno poder y la eterna divinidad de Dios (Romanos 1:20).  Dios es uno y eterno: Juan 1:1-2. En el principio era el Verbo, y el Verbo era con Dios, y el Verbo era Dios. Dios es desde el siglo y hasta el siglo (Salmo 90:2).
    El concepto de eternidad puede dividirse en dos. Primero, una duración infinita y sin límites.  Segundo, una existencia sin tiempo o fuera del tiempo, como si fuese otra dimensión. En ambos casos, la eternidad es atemporal. Pasado, presente y futuro no se le pueden imputar. El tiempo se desarrolla en la creación. El mundo no tiene paralelismo con la eternidad.


    Como ya dijimos, el tiempo se desarrolla en la creación.  El libro de Apocalipsis trata de la revelación dada por Dios a Jesucristo, el cual envió su ángel para que mostrara a Juan las cosas que iban a suceder. Leamos Apocalipsis 1:8: Yo soy el Alpha y la Omega, principio y fin, dice el Señor, que es y que era y que ha de venir, el Todopoderoso (Ver también Apocalipsis 2:8, 21:6, 22:13. Isaías 41:4).

    Esta declaración la podemos interpretar como que Dios, que no tiene principio ni fin, le habla al hombre de cara a la creación y a su entendimiento limitado. Dios es el Alfa y el Omega del universo, ese paréntesis en la eternidad que tiene principio (Génesis 1.1) y fin (2 Pedro 3.10).  En este lapso se da el origen y el desenlace de los sucesos que harán que el ser humano pueda pasar el resto de la eternidad a su lado, o en el lago de fuego. Como dijimos al principio, el concepto de la eternidad sobrepasa nuestro entendimiento.

Rising to Mach, the problem of establishing the unity of the physical essence of the Universe on all space-time scales of its evolution is, apparently, one of the main problems in contemporary epistemology. The issues are primarily related to the problems of the dynamics of the Universe, namely, the need to postulate hypothetical entities - dark energy and dark matter, whose nature is unknown, but whose contribution to the energy content of the Universe is about 95%. A "severe trial for the entire fundamental theory" turned out to be a discrepancy of 120 orders of magnitude between the experimentally established value of the cosmological constant and the calculated value of the energy density of the physical vacuum. Sharp questions arise also regarding the physical essence of gravitation and the nature of its unique smallness as compared with other interactions - nuclear ones, strong and weak, as well as electromagnetic ones. Sufficiently acute problems in the perception of the Universe as a single holistic system arise also at the level of microscales. First of all, we mean here the so called low-energy nuclear reactions, which are realized in the conditions of nonequilibrium low temperature plasma. The fundamental problems of such processes are usually not widely discussed, and many physicists are very critical of the very possibility of implementing such processes. Our main hypothesis for understanding the key problems of contemporary fundamental physics, including the indicated cosmological problems as well as a new class of electron-initiated nuclear chemical processes, is to introduce the basic reference system associated with the electromagnetic component of physical vacuum - EM vacuum of the expanding Universe, with a selection of global time t, being common for all points of the expanding Universe and measured starting from the time of t = 0, which corresponds to the Big Bang.

The General Theory of Relativity has been an extremely successful theory, with a well established experimental footing, at least for weak gravitational fields. Its predictions range from the existence of black holes, gravitational radiation to the cosmological models, predicting a primordial beginning, namely the big-bang. All these solutions have been obtained by first considering a plausible distribution of matter, and

In this thesis, we explore three phenomenological alternatives to the current paradigm of the standard inflationary big bang scenario. The three alternative themes are spin torsion (or Einstein-Cartan-Kibble-Sciama) theories, extra dimensions (braneworld cosmology) and changing global symmetry. In the spin torsion theories, we found new cosmological solutions with a cosmological constant as alternative to the standard scalar field driven inflationary

La velocità della luce e l'espansione dell'Universo Voglio lasciare al giudizio di chi, più di me, è esperto e conoscitore della Fisica, materia che ho studiato tanti anni fa, questa osservazione sulla "Costanza della velocità della luce". Secondo la relatività ristretta, la velocità della luce nel vuoto è una costante fisica universale, indipendente dal sistema di riferimento utilizzato: quindi in qualsiasi sistema ci troviamo il suo valore è sempre 299.792.458 m/s, convenzionalmente 300.000 Km/s (Fonte Wikipedia).

¿De qué está hecho nuestro universo? Esta no es una pregunta nueva; de una manera u otra, el mismo interrogante ha acompañado a nuestros antepasados curiosos desde la noche de los tiempos. Los estudiosos del cosmos de hoy, sin embargo, creen haber hallado la respuesta. A partir de novedosas teorías y de observaciones y experimentos de gran precisión, se ha establecido un modelo para la evolución y el contenido de este universo, que nuestros abuelos (y, en algunos casos, incluso nuestros padres) jamás habrían podido siquiera imaginar. El resultado, de más está decir, es extraño, muy extraño. Pues todo aquello que nos rodea y aquello que los astrónomos pueden localizar con sus potentes máquinas de atrapar luces lejanas (a veces también llamadas “máquinas del tiempo”) representa un magro porcentaje de todo lo que sabemos –o pensamos que sabemos– que hay allá afuera. Y el resto que no vemos ¿qué es y qué aspecto tiene? Este libro trata precisamente de describir esos componentes oscuros que solo se dejan detectar indirectamente y que se comportan de manera inusual. Se los ha llamado materia y energía oscuras; se trata, sin ninguna duda, de nombres un poco confusos pero que se relacionan fuertemente con nuestra cultura global (pues representan el lado oscuro de nuestro universo).